Alternative Waste Management: Composting General and Special Uses Dr. Lynne Carpenter-Boggs BIOAg...
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Transcript of Alternative Waste Management: Composting General and Special Uses Dr. Lynne Carpenter-Boggs BIOAg...
![Page 1: Alternative Waste Management: Composting General and Special Uses Dr. Lynne Carpenter-Boggs BIOAg Coordinator WSU CSANR Sustainable BIOAg Organic Biologically-](https://reader030.fdocuments.in/reader030/viewer/2022032606/56649e885503460f94b8d0c6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Alternative Waste Management: Composting
General and Special Uses
Dr. Lynne Carpenter-Boggs
BIOAg Coordinator
WSU CSANR
Sustainable
BIOAgBIOAg
Organic Biologically-
Intensive
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Sustainable
BIOAgBIOAg
Organic
Biologically-
Intensive
BIOAg = Organic and/or bio-intensive, if it’s sustainable.
Organic agriculture: A legally defined and regulated practice that focuses on use of natural materials & non-use of synthetic pesticides, fertilizers, etc.
Biologically Intensive: using renewable biological materials & processes.
Sustainable: Producing high quantity and quality food & fiber with long-term economic, environmental, & social viability.
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CompostingAdvantages
• Reduces odors• Volume reduction• Nutrient concentration• May result in a marketable product• Potential income by incorporating other waste
streams• Reduced pathogens• Relatively simple
Disadvantages• Requires two handling systems – liquid and solid• Does NOT address excess nutrient problem• May not have an available market for product
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What is composting?• Decomposition en masse
The transformation process is similar to that
which occurs in every topsoil
• Transformation of raw materials biologically chemically physically
• Bacterial and fungal activity thermophilic = heat-loving organisms Microaerobic = not fully aerobic, not anaerobic
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Raw materials
•Organic matter
•Oxygen
•Water
•Microbes
Heat CO2
Finished compost with humic matter
Composting is a biological process wherein organic raw materials or “feedstocks” are transformed by organism activities into a stabilized soil-like material called compost.
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Compost Temperature Tem
pera
ture
Time
active phase
130 F
Tremendous microbial activity produces heat.
At ~130 F, most plant and animal pathogens and weed seeds die.
Thermophiles
curing phase
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Good compost builds rich topsoil•Complex humic acids (humus) form. •Composted material is darker, particles are smaller and softer, texture is fine like good topsoil.
•Good compost is often unrecognizably different from its feedstocks.
•No unpleasant odor, no undecomposed material, and stable in long-term storage.
•Approx. ½ of C, volume, and mass have been lost but most nutrients were retained.
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Create a Composting Environment
Factor OK range Optimum
C:N 20:1 – 50:1 25-30:1
Moisture 40 – 65% 50 – 60%
Oxygen >5% >>5%
pH 5.5 – 9.0 6.5 – 8
Particle size1/8 – ½” varies
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Animal carcass 5:1Narrow or low C:N
Soil humus 10:1
Young grasses 20 - 40:1
Manure 20 - 50:1
Wheat straw 80:1
Tree leaves 60 - 100:1
Material C:N ratio
Wood 400:1 Wide or high C:N
Energy materials
Balanced materials
Bulking materials
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Passive composting pile
• Temperature will rise, stabilize, slowly drop.
• Minimal management
• Inconsistent results.
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Aerated Windrow Composting
NRCS National Engineering Handbook Part 637 -Chapter 2 Composting
BlowerPerforated pipe
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Compost Temperature –Passive or static system
Tem
pera
ture
Time
active phase
130 F
curing phase
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Turned composting
• Heavy equipment used to mix compost every 1 - 14 days
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Compost Temperature – Turned System
Tem
pera
ture
Time
curing
active
turn turnturn
130 F
•When compost no longer reheats after turning, curing begins.
Decomposition continues to slow, but never really ends.
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Composting Bins
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4-bin composter - Iowa
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Compost quality determines its best use
• 3 primary uses for compost: 1. potting soil (best quality required)2. soil amendment, turf topdressing3. mulch (esp. for compost with C:N>25)
• The closer the plant contact (in space and time), the greater the quality and maturity must be. Lower quality composts may be used as mulch, or less mature compost may be incorporated in soil several months prior to planting.
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Special-use compost: livestock bedding
• Starting and ending materials have higher C:N
• Some “high energy” feedstock necessary for producing high temperature
• Larger particle sizes ok
• Final product drier (25-40% moisture)
• Compost as bedding may reduce mastitis
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Specialized composting: livestock carcass disposal
• Not rocket science, but must be done right
• Some high carbon feedstock necessary for collecting moisture, odor, balancing the high-N carcass
• Composting saves money and nutrients
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Mortality is a Waste Management Issue
• A carcass is a concentrated source of organic matter it is a source of odors it is a source of undesirable critters it is a potential source of pathogens it is a source of nutrients
• Thus, the mortality problems are similar to manure problems
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Planning for the Impossible...
• Natural disasters can and do happen Flooding (IA, 1993 & NC, 2000) Heat Waves (CA, 2005) Snow (Blizzard of 1993)
• millions of broilers and chicks lost to building collapse and loss of power for heating
Whole herds may be destroyed
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Responding to tragedy
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Place the carcass on >24” high-carbon base to absorb moisture & allow airflow
Passive Piles or Windrows
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Cover the Carcass, Build the Pile
Minimum 24” co-composting material around the carcass to help decompose, discourage critters, and allow airflow
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WAIT -- Composting takes time
• With carcasses, wait ~2-6 months before disturbing the pile
• An active pile stays hot. This pile was 135-152 F through December.
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Typically only large bones are left identifiable
after 2-6 months.Re-compost these
quickly.
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Allow 1-2 more composting periods
• Temperature will rise again, but not as hot.
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Special-use compost: organic agriculture
• Moderate-to-high quality compost• Must follow special NOP regs: Feedstock mix C:N must be 15 – 60:1 Temperature must reach 131 F at least 3 days Turn or ensure that all parts of pile reach temp
• Test for E. coli, Salmonella• Use a turned or aerated system, not passive• No biosolids, no prohibited materials used• If requirements not met, use as if it’s manure
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Composting – It’s hot!