Alloying Steels

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Effects of Alloying Elements in Steel

Steel is basically iron alloyed to carbon with certain

additional elements to give the required properties

to the finished melt. Listed below is a summary of

the effects various alloying elements in steel.

Carbon SulphurManganese Selenium

Chromium Niobium

Nickel Nitrogen

Molybdenum Silicon

Titanium Tantalum

Phosphorus Cobalt

Copper
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Manganese

Manganese is added to steel to improve hot

working properties and increase strength,

toughness and hardenability.

Silicon

Silicon is used as a deoxidising (killing) agent in

the melting of steel, as a result, most steelscontain a small percentage of silicon.


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Chromium

Chromium is added to the steel to increase resistance to

oxidation.

chromium can increase the response to heat treatment, thus

improving hardenability and strength.

Nickel

Nickel is added in large amounts, over about 8%, to high

chromium stainless steel to form the most important class of

corrosion and heat resistant steels.

Nickel also improves resistance to oxidation and corrosion.

It increases toughness at low temperatures when added in

smaller amounts to alloy steels.


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Molybdenum

Molybdenum, when added to chromium-nickel

austenitic steels, improves resistance to pittingcorrosion especially by chlorides and sulphur

chemicals.

When added to low alloy steels, molybdenum

improves high temperature strengths and

hardness.

When added to chromium steels it greatly

diminishes the tendency of steels to decay inservice or in heat treatment.


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Titanium

The main use of titanium as an alloying element

in steel is for carbide stabilisation.It combines with carbon to for titanium carbides,

which are quite stable and hard to dissolve in

steel, this tends improve resistance against

corrosion.


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Cobalt

Addition of cobalt to steels improve the strength

Decreases hardenability

Copper

Copper is normally present in stainless steels as a

residual element.

It increases corrosion resistance

VanadiumIt increases strength, hardness, creep resistance

and impact resistance due to formation of hard

vanadium carbides, limits grain size.
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TYPES OF ALLOY STEELS

STAINLESS STEELS

TOOL STEELS

MARAGING STEELS HSLA STEELS(high strength low alloy steels)


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Stainless steels


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Tool steels


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Maraging Steels


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HSLA Steels


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TYPES OF STAINLESS STEELS

AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL

FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL

MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL


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AUSTENITIC STAINLESS STEEL


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FERRITIC STAINLESS STEEL


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MARTENSITIC STAINLESS STEEL


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CAST IRON

Ferrous alloys with greater than 2% carbon is

generally known as cast irons.

And also they contain small amount of

1. Silicon

2. Sulphur

3. Manganese4. Phosphorus


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TYPES OF CAST IRON

GREY C.I

WHITE C.I

MALLEABLE C.I SPHEROIDAL GRAPHITE C.I


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MICROSTRUCTURE OF GREY C.I


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BRAKE DRUMS,VALVES,BEARING HOUSING


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MICROSTRUCTURE OF WHITE C.I


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MOTOR FRAMES,PIPE VALVES,


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STRUCTURE MALLEABLE C.I


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CONSTRUCTION SCREWS,FLANGE,WHITE C.I FRAME


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MICRO STRUCTURE OF SPHEROIDAL

GRAPHITE C.I

Alloying Steels

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