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Abdurrahman 1
ABSTRACT
Water represents the source of cheap energy and relative easy to got, where on water saved
potential energy and kinetic energy. Energy had by water can be exploited and used in the
form of mechanical energy and also electrics energy. Exploiting of water energy offtenly has
done by using water wheel or water turbine on a waterfall or river. Backgrounded by the
crisis of energy electrics that happened then all existing water resource must used optimally.
Power Station of Hydro Mini Energy (PLTM) represent one form of energy very alternative
possible to be developed in nations with source of widespread water, for example Indonesia.
Scheme of turbine for this PLTM is to determine turbine type matching with available stream
capacities and head in the form of high fall water, Heff = 61m and stream capacities, Q =
3.18 m3 / s.
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Abdurrahman 2
Introduction
Water represents the source of cheap energy and relative easy to got, where on water
saved potential energy in falling water and kinetic energy in flowing water. Water power
(Hydropower) is obtained energy of water emitting from flowing water. Energy that had in
water can be exploited and used in the form of mechanical energy and also electrics energy.
Exploiting of water energy offtenly has done by using water wheel or water turbine on a
waterfall or river.
Turbine is an activator machine, where fluid energy utilized direct to turn around
turbine wheel. Turbine wheel located in turbine house and turbine wheel turn around energy
to shaft that moving electrics generator. In natural fluid turbine having process of expansion,
which process that degradation the pressure, and emit the stream to be continue. the working
fluid can be form of water, steam, or gas. The turbine called as according to its fluid type.
Thereby, steam turbine, gas turbine, and water turbine means turbine with steam, gas, and
water as working fluid.
Water turbine developed 19th century and used widely for industrial energy for the
network of electrics. Nowdays it is commonly used for the generator of electrics. Turbine
nowadays exploited widely and represents the source of renweable energy.
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Abdurrahman 3
Water Turbine is turbine with water media. Water turbine conversi the potential
energy of water become shaft rotation mekanik energy. In general turbine is mechanic tools
which consist of shaft and convex blade. Stationery blade is not rotating following the rotate
of the shaft, and functioned to instruct fluid flow. While rotary blade (runner), controling the
direction and speed of fluid flow so that arise the force that turning around shaft. Water itself
considered as incompressible flow which means, a fluid that virtually its density does’nt
change if pressure changed. Usage of water turbine mostly for the activator of generator like
Hydro Power Plant (PLTA)
Indonesia represent state owning water resource which good abundance in the form of
waterfall, river, sea and lake. One kind of exploiting it is, as generating of electrics energy.
Backgrounded by the crisis of energy electrics that happened at the moment then all existing
water must benefited optimally. For That Power Station Of Hydro Micro Energy ( PLTM) is
one of power station of water power becoming choice where PLTM exploit water energy that
not require huge capacity of flowing water.
At PLTM water energy turned into energy moves the shaft that used to turn around
generator so that yield electrics energy. Appliance used to alter water energy become energy
move shaft is water turbine. The selection of the water turbine which will be used is based on
the capacity and head available. For PLTM is usually used a Franch turbine because requiring
capacities and head which got data in the form of height fall water (head), and available water
capacities. This is the exact reason why the researcher chooses the title of “Scheme of French
Turbine for the Mini Hydro Power Plant (PLTM)” as his research report title.
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Abdurrahman 4
Method
Power that produced by turbine
From capacities of water (Q) and is high of water fall (H), it can be obtained the
power that produced by turbine
P = ρ . g . Q . H . ηT
Fig 2.1 Graph about the effect of rated power to effeciency
(Source: Wibowo P. Turbin Air. Graha Ilmu)
Determination of turbine efficiency depended on used of turbine type, where the
scheme taken of rated power on maximal condition that is full power or 100%.
Bernoulli”s equation
Bernoulli”s equation which a commonly to use for calculation related to
pressure, and speed of elevation. At one particular stream in pipe, taken by the
difference height equal to z, between high of upper water and the high of under
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Abdurrahman 5
water, having pressure equal to P and speed equal to V, than researcher can know
the equation of energy that happened.
Fig 2.2 Form of energy at flawing water
(Source: White, F.M., Fluids Mechanics.Erlangga)
The equation got from degradation of the following equation :
Assumption :
ΔQ=0ΔU=0
Beginning Equation that used is equation of eternity of energy :
ΔQ−Δw=ΔU+ Δ Ek+Δ Ep
then the work variable (w) kinetic energy (Ek) dan potensial energy (Ep) can be replaced by :
−v (P2−P1 )=12
m (V 22−V 1
2 )+mg (z2−z1)
−mρ (P2−P1)=1
2m (V 2
2−V 12)+mg ( z2−z1)
By simply the equation, we can get the beganning equation of Bernoulli”s equation .
P1−P2
ρg=
V 22−V 1
2
2 g+( z2−z1 )
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Abdurrahman 6
Bernoulli”s equation commonly write in form of:
p1
ρg+
V 12
2 g+z1=
P2
ρg+
V 22
2g+z2
Basic to determine the spesification of turbine
In determining the spesification of turbine, there was few input data :
o Head (Heff) = 61 m
o Water Capacity (Q) = 1,59 m3/s
o Turbine type = Turbin Francis
o Turbine Rotation (n) = 1500 rpm
Selection type of turbine
Selection turbine type can be determined pursuant to specific speed. The specific
speed was an important unit in designing water turbine.
Spesific speed can obtained by the equation below :
nq=nx √QH 0.75
where :
nq = specific speed (rpm)
n = Turbine Rotation (rpm)
Q = Water Capacity (m3)
Heff = Head efektif (m)
nq=1500 rpmx√1 .59 m3 /s610.75 m = 86.65 rpm
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Abdurrahman 7
Based on calculation of specific speed hence adapted for the tables of turbine type
pursuant to specific speed of turbine, then turbine type the planned is Fanch turbine with low
rotation, which specific speed range from 80 - 120 rpm
Tabel 2.1 type of turbine based on specific rotation
nq (rpm) Jenis Turbin
4 – 35
17 – 50
24 – 70
80 – 120
120 – 220
220 – 350
350 – 430
300 – 1000
Pelton Turbine with 1 nosel
Pelton Turbine with 2 nosel
Pelton Turbine with 4 nosel
Franch Turbine with low speed
Franch Turbine with normal speed
Franch Turbine with high speed
Franch Turbine with ekspres speed
Propeller Turbine dan Kaplan Turbine
If seen pursuant of height of head is 61 m and specific rotation is 86.65 rpm, then turbine type
able to wear is Franch Turbine.
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Abdurrahman 8
Fig 2.3 Type of turbine in some condition
(Source: F Dietzel. Turbin, Pompa dan Kompresor.Erlangga)
Determation Power Turbine
Power turbine can be obtained from level of water capacities Q, high of water fall H
and turbine efficiency of T, that is by using equation :
P=ρ xgxHxQx ηT
P=998kg /m3 x 9 .81 m /s2 x1 .59 m3 /sx 61 mx 0 . 89
=845 ,116 .371W
=845.116 kW
Dimana :
P = Turbine power (kW)
ρ = Water density (kg/m3)
g = Gravitasion force (m/s2)
Q = Water capacities (m3/s)
Heff = Head (m)
ηT = Turbine Efisiensi
Then power that produced by by turbine [is] equal to 845.116 kW.
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Abdurrahman 9
Result
Result of designing calculation
From determination and calculation which have been done, then researcher got the
result of calculation of the following turbine device:
Turbine Spesification
o Turbine type = Franch Turbine (low speed)
o Turbine power = 845.116 kW
o Turbine speed = 1500 rpm
o Turbine spesific speed (nq) = 86.65 rpm
o Turbine Head = 61 m
o Capacity flow = 1.59 m3/s
Determination of turbine type got from height value of fall water (H) = 61 m, stream
capacities (Q) = 1.59 m3/s and turbine rotation (n) = 1500 rpm. From the value researcher got
specific speed value of turbine (nq) = 86.65 rpm, with the selected specific speed value
researcher decide to use franch turbines low rotation. Ideal power that produced by turbine
pursuant to stream capacities and head is 850 kW, but pursuant to scheme where turbine
efficiencies is T = 0,89. The power that will bo obtained equal to 845.116 kW. So the actual
power turbine is bigger than ideal power turbine
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Abdurrahman 10
Discusion
Turbine type that matches with available stream capacities and head is Franch Turbine
with low rotation. From the method, researcher receive Ideal power that produced by turbine
pursuant to stream capacities and head is 850 kW. From the resuit, Franch Turbine form
power that equal to 845.116 kW. So the actual power turbine is bigger than ideal power
turbine. This Franch Turbine is used for Hydro Mini Power Station. This resesarch is still
using standard mechanism. To get result of better device and more accurate then suggested
designing part of penstock base and clutch.
Bibliography
Dietzel, Fritz, Turbin, Pompa dan Kompresor, Penerbit Erlangga, Jakarta, 1990.
Paryatmo, Wibowo, Turbin Air, Graha Ilmu, Jakarta, 2007.
Weissberg, Robert and Suzanne Buker. Writing Up Research. Prentice hall regents, englewood
cliffis, 1990.
White, F.M., Fluids Mechanics, terjemahan Like Wilarjo “ Mekanika Zalir “, Penerbit
Erlangga, Jakarta, 1986.