All You Wanted To Know About The Gaia Theory Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio 23 January 2008 Proseminar...
-
date post
19-Dec-2015 -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of All You Wanted To Know About The Gaia Theory Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio 23 January 2008 Proseminar...
All You Wanted To Know About The Gaia Theory
All You Wanted To Know About The Gaia Theory
Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio
23 January 2008
Proseminar Presentation Techniques
Pietro Paolo Bertagnolio
23 January 2008
Proseminar Presentation Techniques
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
22
Gaia is NOT (only) a goddess.Gaia is NOT (only) a goddess.
FACTS: Chemical Disequilibrium, Time Records, Daisyworld
FACTS: Chemical Disequilibrium, Time Records, Daisyworld
HYPOTHESIS: “The Earth System actively (Gaia Hypothesis) self-regulates.”HYPOTHESIS: “The Earth System actively (Gaia Hypothesis) self-regulates.”
PARADIGM: “The Earth is like(Gaia Theory) a living being.” PARADIGM: “The Earth is like(Gaia Theory) a living being.”
RESEARCH: Feedback loops, (Geophysiology) Self-regulation mechanismsRESEARCH: Feedback loops, (Geophysiology) Self-regulation mechanisms
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
33
The History of GaiaThe History of Gaia
• 1785: James Hutton (the “father of geology”) the Earth as a superorganism.
• 1927: Vladimir Vernadskythe biosphere drives geological evolution.
• 1966: Lynn Margulis the cells are communities of once-
independent microorganisms (endosymbiosis)• 1979: James Lovelock
“Gaia: A new look at life on Earth”.
• 1785: James Hutton (the “father of geology”) the Earth as a superorganism.
• 1927: Vladimir Vernadskythe biosphere drives geological evolution.
• 1966: Lynn Margulis the cells are communities of once-
independent microorganisms (endosymbiosis)• 1979: James Lovelock
“Gaia: A new look at life on Earth”.
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
66
From Lovelock (1990)
Living planets, dead planetsLiving planets, dead planets
Venus Earth Mars
CO2 96.5% 0.03% 95%
N2 3.5% 79% 2.7%
O2 trace 21% 0.13%
CH4 0.0 1.7 ppb 0.0
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
77
What do they have in common?What do they have in common?
• Defined boundary:Atmosphere
• Constant properties:– Oxygen conc.– Ocean salinity– Surface temperature
• Defined boundary:Atmosphere
• Constant properties:– Oxygen conc.– Ocean salinity– Surface temperature
• Defined boundary:Membrane
• Constant properties:– pH– Osmotic pressure– Ionic charge
• Defined boundary:Membrane
• Constant properties:– pH– Osmotic pressure– Ionic charge
HOMEOSTASIS
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
88
Homeostasis and DaisyworldHomeostasis and Daisyworld
€
˙ T = S 1−α planet( ) − ˜ σ T 4
˙ F white = −DFwhite + G T( )FwhiteFfree
˙ F black = −DFblack + G T( )FblackFfree
α planet = α whiteFwhite + α blackFblack + α freeFfree
€
˙ T = S 1−α planet( ) − ˜ σ T 4
˙ F white = −DFwhite + G T( )FwhiteFfree
˙ F black = −DFblack + G T( )FblackFfree
α planet = α whiteFwhite + α blackFblack + α freeFfree
Daisy Growth G(T)
Temperature
Growth
From Olbers (2001)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
99
Homeostasis and DaisyworldHomeostasis and Daisyworld
From Lenton (1998)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1010
Homeostasis and EarthHomeostasis and Earth
O2 and CH4 are produced by bacterial metabolism.Could these be the Earth’s “daisies”?
From Lovelock (1990)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1111
Definition of ParadigmDefinition of Paradigm
Scientists develop problems, theories, models and experiments in a given
frame, called paradigm.
Thomas S. Kuhn(1922 - 1996)
Thomas S. Kuhn(1922 - 1996)
At the core of each paradigm there is often an analogy.
From Kuhn (1962)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1212
Examples of Paradigm (1)Examples of Paradigm (1)
The universe
≈is like Earth-centered spheresSun-centered spheresan infinite space
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1313
a quantum wavefunction
Examples of Paradigm (2)Examples of Paradigm (2)
Light
≈is like microscopic particlesmicroscopic waves
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1414
an electronic circuita living being
Gaia as a paradigmGaia as a paradigm
The Earth system
≈is like
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1515
DMS cycle: Main charactersDMS cycle: Main characters
Phytoplankton Clouds
Dimethylsulfonio propionate
Dimethylsulfide (DMS)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1616
DMS cycle: CLAWDMS cycle: CLAW
From Charlson et al. (1987)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1717
DMS cycle: Anti-CLAWDMS cycle: Anti-CLAW
From Charlson et al. (1987)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1818
SummarySummary
• Lovelock speculates that the Earth system could have some self-regulating mechanisms. (Gaia hypothesis)
• This leads to investigate the Earth system as it was a living organism. (Geophysiological paradigm)
• New research has been stimulated by this new way to look at the Earth. (DMS cycle - CLAW hypothesis)
• Lovelock speculates that the Earth system could have some self-regulating mechanisms. (Gaia hypothesis)
• This leads to investigate the Earth system as it was a living organism. (Geophysiological paradigm)
• New research has been stimulated by this new way to look at the Earth. (DMS cycle - CLAW hypothesis)
PEP WS 07/08PEP WS 07/08 All You Wanted To Know About GaiaAll You Wanted To Know About Gaia
1919
That‘s all, folks!That‘s all, folks!
References:
• Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G., (1987), Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655-661.
• Kuhn, T. S. (1968), The structure of scientific revolutions, University of Chicago Press.
• Lenton, T. M. (1998), Gaia and natural selection, Nature 394, 439-447.
• Lovelock, J. E. (1990),The Ages of Gaia, Bantam Books.
• Olbers, D. (2001), A gallery of simple models from climate physics, Stochastic Climate Models, Progress in Probability, 49, 3-36.
References:
• Charlson, R. J., Lovelock, J. E., Andreae, M. O., and Warren, S. G., (1987), Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate. Nature 326, 655-661.
• Kuhn, T. S. (1968), The structure of scientific revolutions, University of Chicago Press.
• Lenton, T. M. (1998), Gaia and natural selection, Nature 394, 439-447.
• Lovelock, J. E. (1990),The Ages of Gaia, Bantam Books.
• Olbers, D. (2001), A gallery of simple models from climate physics, Stochastic Climate Models, Progress in Probability, 49, 3-36.