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Index

accountabilitysee also, democracy, democratic

policingcitizen patrols, 157–64, 236–7community policing, 122–3,

228–35, 235consultation, 58–9, 83–6consumerism, 56, 59, 62–4, 66, 70,

79, 101Crime and Disorder Act (1998), 87direct accountability, 22–3, 25–6,

30, 32, 35, 37, 47–8, 58–9, 64–5,69, 72, 83–5 96, 101, 110,122–3, 228–33, 238

Home Office, 52, 55, 190, 203, 237indirect accountability, 22–3, 25–6,

30, 61, 69, 72, 79, 88, 200–1,207–11, 233–4, 238

information, 54, 84–5, 235Local Government Act, (1985),

53, 57Local Government Act, (1999), 87Localism Act (2011), 70New Localism, 47–8, 62, 64, 66,

67–8performance management, 52,

59–62, 66, 232Police Act (1964), 6, 52, 55, 57Police Act (1996), 6, 53, 79police authorities, 52, 53, 54–6, 79,

87, 188–93, 201, 236Police and Crime Commissioners,

200–1, 207–11Police and Criminal Evidence Act

(PACE) (1984), 77–80, 83–4, 87,99, 219

Police and Magistrates’ Courts Act(PMCA) (1994), 52–3, 79, 87

Police Reform and SocialResponsibility Act (PSRA)(2011), 201, 205–7, 210

Police Support Volunteers, 183–4,226, 236–7

political representation, 57–9Royal Commission on the Police

(1962), 6Special Constabulary, 180–3,

237Tripartite structure, 52–3, 58,

189, 191‘active citizen’

see also co-production,responsibilisation, rights andresponsibilities, 60, 64, 140–1,170, 179–80, 188–9, 193,224–7

Association of Chief Police Officers(ACPO), 91, 93, 94, 130, 148, 159,161, 171, 204

associations, 31–2, 41–3, 226

Bentham, Jeremy, 27, 29Blair, Tony, 41, 66–7Big Society, 68Black and Minority Ethnic (BME)

communitiescitizen patrols, 155, 158community policing, 119consultation, 81–2, 98, 222–3Neighbourhood Watch, 134,

139–40relationships with the police, 20,

46, 55–6Police Support Volunteers, 173Special Constabulary, 174–6, 185Police and Crime Commissioner

candidates, 200voting in general elections, 13

Blunkett, David, 41, 63, 65, 189Bogdanor, Vernon, 12, 23, 71,

199brixton riots, 55–6, 58, 74,

105, 174

263

264 Index

Broken Windows, 102Brown, Gordon, 66–7

Cameron, David, 68, 197Chief Constables, 6, 22, 53–5, 57,

189–92, 203, 205, 207–8, 210Chicago Alternative Policing Strategy

(CAPS), 102, 107–9, 110–12, 115,116–22, 219, 222

citizen patrolsaccountability, 157–64, 236–7citizen participation in, 149–51democratic policing, 154–64definition, 148–9impact, 152–4rationale for, 147–8SES factor, 149–51, 221–2

Citizenship Survey, 14–5civil renewal, 65–6, 170civil society, 9, 11, 15–6, 21, 36, 41–3,

48, 64–6, 68, 70, 102, 185, 215,224, 226

communitarianism, 9, 37–40community, 10–12community policing

accountability, 122–3, 228–5, 235citizen awareness of, 112–13citizen participation in, 113–19consumerism, 101democratic policing, 112–13definition of, 101, 106–7effectiveness, 103–4, 111–12legitimacy, 105–06practice of, 107–11role in decision making, 120–2Scarman, 105–06SES factor, 113–19, 221–2

competition, 8, 32, 63, 66, 68–9confidence in the police service, 54,

56, 62, 80, 91–3, 95, 97–8, 102,198, 111, 116, 122, 129, 148, 175,209, 216–7

consentsee also legitimacy, procedural

justice, 7, 23, 43, 51, 55–6,72–5, 79, 81, 96, 99, 105, 119,157, 164, 174, 193, 216–7, 220,230, 236

Conservative Party, 56–7, 67–71, 103,188, 190–1, 198–9, 209,

Conservative-Liberal-DemocratCoalition, 67–71, 103, 147, 166,191, 210–11, 220

consumerism, 59, 62–4, 66, 70, 72, 74,79, 101

consultationaccountability, 83–5citizen participation in, 80–2consumerism, 59democratic policing, 79–86deliberation, 94–6impact on decision making, 82–3information, 83–4SES factor, 80–2, 221–2Police Community Consultative

Groups (PCCGs), 58, 76–86,216, 219

Police and Criminal Evidence Act(PACE) (1984), 77–80, 83–4, 87,99, 219

Scarman, 58, 74–8, 99social media, 90–4

co-productionsee also responsibilisation, rights

and responsibilities 71, 110,115, 121, 195, 225

Crawford, Adam, 3–5, 7, 59–60,198, 206

crime mapping, 96, 98crime prevention, 40, 62, 78, 97,

101–02, 104, 108–09, 113–17,125–7, 129, 132, 139, 142, 148–9,160, 164, 183, 202–03, 205, 224

democratic accountability, (seeaccountability)

discretion, 20–1De Tocqueville, Alexis, 31, 42deliberation, 94–6, 100, 110, 195democracy

see also accountability, democraticpolicing, E-democracy,participation in policing,participation in politicalprocesses, voting

Athens, 26–8, 48, 88, 94definition of, 1, 17–18, 25–7

Index 265

for development, 28–9E-Democracy, 88–9, 90–4, 99for protection, 27–8representative democracy, 18, 26–8,

31–2, 34, 41–2, 44, 64–5democratic policing

see also accountability, democracy,citizen patrols, communitypolicing, consultation,E-democracy, NeighbourhoodWatch, participation inpolicing, Police SupportVolunteers, SpecialConstabulary, 17–22, 79–86,88–98, 112–23, 135–45, 154–64,173, 180–1, 173–80, 181–4,195–211, 219–38

e-democracy, 88–9, 90–4, 99, 221–2elitism, 32–6Etzioni, Amitai, 9, 39–41

fear of crime, 101, 104, 108, 111, 113,121, 125, 133, 153, 128, 142, 152

The First World War, 13, 176foot patrol, 103, 105, 107–08, 149,

152–3, 202, 212, 230

The General Will, 29–31, 34, 65, 96,229, 238,

Garland, David, 5, 7–9, 9–10, 60Giddens, Anthony, 9, 41, 63Guardian Angels, 149–56, 158, 160–3

‘hard to reach’ communities, 81–2,91, 94

Herbert, Stephen, 12, 72, 80, 113, 121,123, 228, 229–32

Held, David, 27, 29–30, 32, 34–5, 47

informationaccountability, 54, 84–5, 235asymmetry, 54, 84–5, 235citizen patrols, 161community policing, 111, 122consultation, 83–4crime mapping, 96, 98deliberation, 94–5

democratic policing, 21, 69,96–8

E-Governance, 88, 90, 96, 98Neighbourhood Watch, 133,

140, 142reporting crimes, 7police authorities, 53–4Police and Crime Commissioners,

196, 211service delivery, 21SES factor, 98, 221–2social media, 92–4social research, 94

Jones, Trevor, 1, 6, 21–2, 52–4, 56–7,61–2, 69, 77–8, 80–7, 94–5, 102,216, 239

legitimacy, 43–5, 51–6, 59, 74–5, 78,105–06, 170, 173–9

Liberal-Democrats, 67, 191, 198,209–10

Lister, Stuart, 190, 193–5, 198, 200–1,203, 211

Loader, Ian, 16, 45, 59, 72, 97, 109,139, 193–4, 210–12, 206, 220

Macpherson Report, 175Madison, James, 27, 30–2Manning, Peter, 16, 18–20, 106, 109,

172, 181, 231McLaughlin, Eugene, 12, 55, 59–62,

67, 102, 107, 110, 150Mill, John Stuart, 20–31Mill, James, 29–31, 34, 48the miners’ strike (1984–5), 54–5Morgan, Rod, 21, 58, 74, 76–8, 80,

82–5, 194, 203

National Reassurance PolicingProgramme (NRPP), 102, 107,108, 110

Neighbourhood Watchcitizen participation in, 135–41democratic policing, 135–45development of, 126–7impact, 132–5measurement of, 130–2remit of, 128–9

266 Index

Neighbourhood Watch – continuedresources, 141–3SES factor, 136–41, 221–2theory of, 127–8

neo-liberalism, 8–10, 38, 59, 66,70, 143

Newburn, Tim, 1, 6, 21–2, 52–8, 69,77–8, 80–7, 94–5, 188, 190–1, 216

New Left, 37New Localism

accountability, 47–8, 62, 64, 66,67–78

definition, 47–9New Labour, 62, 64, 66–7The Conservative Party, 67, 68,

70–1Neighbourhood Policing, 102, 107–08,

110–13, 117, 119, 120–2, 135,152, 169, 219, 222, 231

New Labourcivic renewal, 63–5, 68civil society, 63–5, 68consumerism, 59–60, 62–4, 66crime mapping, 97Neighbourhood Policing, 63,

102–03New Localism, 62, 64, 66–7performance management,

61–2Police and Crime Commissioners,

188–9rights and responsibilities, 41,

62–4social democracy, 41, 62–3special constables, 168the third tector, 65, 68the Third Way, 63

the New Police, 4, 146

operational independence, 5–6, 75–6,203–07

participation in policingcitizen Patrols, 149–51community policing, 113–19consultation, 80–2Neighbourhood Watch,

135–41

Police and Crime CommissionerElection 2012, 195–200

Police Support Volunteers, 169Special Constabulary, 168, 174,

176–7volunteering, 14–16

participation in political processesbenefits of, 2history of, 2problems of, 2re-discovery of, 7–8volunteering, 14–16voting in elections, 13SES factor, 13–15

payment by results, 68‘Peelian’ principles, 4, 51, 64,

106–07, 147Pericles, 28Plato, 2, 30, 33–4pluralism, 32, 35–6plural policing, 16, 202Police and Crime Commissioners

accountability, 200–1, 207–11candidates, 197–200democratic policing, 219–38effectiveness, 193–4evolution, 188–92Conservative Party, 190–1influence of USA, 191, 194New Labour, 188–9, 191Liberal Democrats, 191operational independence, 203–07police authorities, 192–93‘popularism’, 203powers, 201rationale, 192–5SES factor, 195–200voting, 195–7

Police Community SupportOfficers, 108

police authorities, 52–6, 77–9, 81, 87,94, 99, 187–94, 198–9, 201,208–09, 236

Police Support Volunteersaccountability, 183–4, 220, 226,

236–37citizen participation in, 169democratic policing, 173, 180–1,

183–4

Index 267

evolution of, 169rationale, 169–73SES factor, 169, 221–2

problem-solving, 92, 108–09, 110–11,117, 124, 230–3

procedural justice, 43–7, 74–5, 105,107, 115–16, 210, 230

professionalisation of policing,4–5

The Professional Model of policing,5–7, 102–04, 229

Putnam, Robert, 11, 23, 42–3,65, 226

responsibilisationsee also active citizen, rights and

responsibilities, 9–10, 19, 60,64, 111, 121, 143, 160, 170,194, 217, 225

Reiner, Robert., 3, 6, 16, 52–3, 54–5,57, 106, 192, 198, 209–10,230, 232

rights and responsibilitiessee also active citizen,

co-production,responsibilisation, 9, 11–2, 23,40–1, 49, 64, 70, 102–03, 111,102–03, 121, 125, 164, 170,194, 197, 217, 237

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 28–30

satisfaction with the police service, 60,104, 105, 111, 133, 169

Scarman, Leslie, 55–6, 58, 74–6,174–5, 230

social and economic status (SES) factorcitizen patrols, 149–51,

221–2community policing, 113–19,

221–2consultation, 80–2, 221–2definition, 13E-democracy, 98, 221–2information, 98, 221–2Neighbourhood Watch, 136–41,

221–2Police and Crime Commissioner

election 2012, 195–200

Police Support Volunteers, 169,221–2

Special Constabulary, 174, 176–7,221–2

volunteering, 14–6voting, 13

signal crimes, 110Sklansky, David, 18–9, 35–7, 72, 94,

106, 231social capital, 41social control, 17social democracy, 5, 8, 38, 40–1, 62, 67social media, 90–4social research, 94The Special Constabulary

accountability, 180–3, 237age, 177democratic policing, 173–83evolution of, 168gender, 176motivation, 179–80race, 174rationale, 169–73SES factor, 174, 176–7, 221–2

Stoker, Jerry, 2, 13, 15–16, 21, 47–8,66, 71, 221

Street Angels, 150Street Crime Initiative, 62Street Pastors, 150–1, 154, 156,

160–4Street Watch, 150–1, 159, 164

tripartite structure, 52–3, 58, 189, 191tyranny of the majority, 12, 30–2,

157–8, 164–5, 236

volunteeringsee also citizen patrols, civil society,

community policing,consultation, NeighbourhoodWatch, participation inpolicing, participation inpolitical processes, PoliceSupport Volunteers, Putnam,Robert, Special Constabulary

citizen participation in, 14–6definition of, 66

268 Index

volunteering – continuedSES factor, 15the third sector, 66, 68, 184

votingsee also democracyE-Voting, 88general elections, 1, 13, 15

Police and Crime CommissionersElection 2012, 95–7

SES factor, 13

Weber, Max., 34, 43–4The Welfare State, 4–5, 7–9The Will of All, 29, 34