‘All understanding begins with our not accepting the world as it appears.’ — Alan C. Kay.

‘All understanding begins with our not accepting the world as it appears.’

— Alan C. Kay

inventDesign of a

programming language for children

ByPranav Mistry

Guided byProf. Ravi Poovaiah

I want to design a . . .

Programming language for children

n. 1: (a) Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. (b) Such a system including its rules for combining its components, such as words. 2: (a) A system of signs, symbols, gestures, or rules used in communicating: the language of algebra.

n. 1: Setting an order and time for planned events 2: Creating a sequence of instructions to enable the computer to do something

n. pl. of childChild n. 1: A person between birth and puberty.2: An unborn infant; a fetus.3: One who is childish or immature.

I explored . . .

Programming languagesHow children think and learn?Views on child behavior, learning and psychologyBooksPapersProjectsMy thoughts…

programming Language

Programming languages – A LISP MOD {log} 20-GATE 2.PAK 3-LISP 473L Query 9PACA A# A+ A0 A0[2] AACC AADL[1] AADL[2] AAL[1] AAL[2] AAL VL AAS Macro ABAP/4 ABC[1] ABC[2] ABC ALGOL ABCL/1 ABCL/c+ ABCL/R ABCL/R2 Abel[1] ABEL[2] ABEL[3] ABLE ABSET ABSYS 1 Abundance

ACCEL Accent Access ACE ACL[1] ACL[2] ACOM ACOS ACP ACT++ ACT ONE Act1 Act2 Act3 Actalk Active Language I Actor Actors Actra Actus Acumen Ada Ada-83 Ada-95 Ada++ Ada' ADAM ADAMCL Ada-O Adaplex ADAPT AdaTran ADD 1 TO COBOL GIVING COBOL ADELE

ADES ADL[1] ADL[2] ADL[3] ADL[4] AdLog ADM ADR/DL ADR/IDEAL/PDL ADS AdvSys ADW AE AED Aeolus AESOP[1] Aesop[2] AFAC AFML AgenTalk AGORA AHDL[1] AHDL[2] AHPL AID AIDA[1] AIDA[2] AIMACO AIML[1] AIML[2] AGP-L AKCL AKL AL[1] AL[2]

ALADIN[1] ALADIN[2] ALAM Alan A-language ALC Alcool-90 ALCOR Aldat ALDES ALDiSP ALEC ALEF ALEPH[1] Aleph[2] Alex[1] Alex[2] Alexis ALF Alfl Algae ALGEBRAIC ALGOL ALGOL 58 ALGOL 60 ALGOL 60 Modified ALGOL 60 Revised ALGOL 68 ALGOL 68-R ALGOL 68 Revised ALGOL 68C ALGOL 68RS ALGOL 68S ALGOL C ALGOL D

ALGOL N ALGOL W ALGOL X ALGOL Y ALGY ALIAS ALJABR Alki ALLOY ALM ALMA ALP ALPACA ALPAK ALPHA[1] ALPHA[2] Alphard[1] AlpHard[2] ALPS[1] ALPS[2] ALTAC ALTRAN A-MaCCS Amanda Amber[1] Amber[2] AMBIT AMBIT/G AMBIT/L AMBIT/S AMBUSH AML[1] AML[2] AML[3] ACPI Machine

Language AML/E AMP AMPL[1] AMPL[2] AMPLE AMPPL-II AMTRAN ANCP ANDF Andorra-I Andorra-Prolog Animus Anna ANSWER/DB ANTLR APAL APAREL APDL APESE Aphrodite APL APL2 APLGOL APPLE AppleScript Applesoft BASIC APPLOG APRIL APS APSE APT APTools APX III AQL

Arago ARC ARCHI Arctic ARENA ARES Argus Ariel ARITH-MATIC ARITY ART ART-IM Artemis ARTSPEAK ASDIMPL ASDL[1] ASDL[2] ASF Ashmedai ASIS ASIC ASL[1] ASL ASM ASN ASP AspecT ASPOL ASPEN ASPIK Aspirin ASPLE ASSEMBLY AS/SET ….

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/%7Blog%7D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/20-GATE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/2.PAK.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/3-LISP.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/473L,Query.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/_/9PAC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A=.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A+.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A0.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A0%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AACC.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AADL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AAL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AAL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AAL,VL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AAS,Macro.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABAP_4.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABC%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABC,ALGOL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABCL_1.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABCL_c+.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABCL_R.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Abel%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABEL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABEL%5B3%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABLE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABSET.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ABSYS,1.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Abundance.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACCEL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Accent.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Access.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACOM.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACOS.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACP.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACT++.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACT,ONE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Act1.htm



http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Actalk.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Actra.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Actus.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Acumen.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada-95.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada++.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada++.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada'.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada'.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ada-O.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADAPT.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AdaTran.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADD,1,TO,COBOL,GIVING,COBOL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADD,1,TO,COBOL,GIVING,COBOL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADELE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADES.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADL%5B1%5D.htm




http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AdLog.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADM.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADR_DL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADR_IDEAL_PDL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADS.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AdvSys.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ADW.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AED.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Aeolus.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AESOP%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Aesop%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AFAC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AFML.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AgenTalk.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AGORA.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AHDL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AHDL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AHPL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AID.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AIDA%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AIDA%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AIMACO.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AIML%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AIML%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AGP-L.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AKCL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AKL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALADIN%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALADIN%5B2%5D.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alcool-90.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALCOR.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Aldat.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALDES.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALDiSP.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALEC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALEF.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALEPH%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Aleph%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alex%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alex%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alexis.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALF.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alfl.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Algae.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGEBRAIC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,58.htm



http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,60,Modified.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,60,Revised.htm


http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,68-R.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,68,Revised.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,68C.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,68RS.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,68S.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,C.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,N.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,W.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,X.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALGOL,Y.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALJABR.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALPHA%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Alphard%5B1%5D.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALPS%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ALTAC.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A-MaCCS.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/A-MaCCS.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Amber%5B2%5D.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AMBUSH.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AML%5B1%5D.htm



http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACPI,Machine,Language.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ACPI,Machine,Language.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AML_E.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AMP.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AMPLE.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AMTRAN.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Andorra-I.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Andorra-Prolog.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Animus.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Anna.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AppleScript.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Applesoft,BASIC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Applesoft,BASIC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APPLOG.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APRIL.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APSE.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APT.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APTools.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/APX,III.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AQL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Arago.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARCHI.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Arctic.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARENA.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARES.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Argus.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ariel.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARITH-MATIC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARITY.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Artemis.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ARTSPEAK.htm

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http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASDL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASDL%5B2%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASF.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/Ashmedai.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASIS.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASIC.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASL%5B1%5D.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASM.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASN.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASP.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/AspecT.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASPOL.htm

http://people.ku.edu/~nkinners/LangList/Langs/A/ASPEN.htm


More than 3,000 programming languages


More than 3,000 programming languagesGenetic classification

1957 FORTRAN 1958 ALGOL 1960 LISP 1960 COBOL 1962 APL 1962 SIMULA 1964 BASIC 1964 PL/I 1966 ISWIM 1970 Prolog 1972 C 1975 Pascal 1975 Scheme 1977 OPS5 1978 CSP 1978 FP 1980 dBASE II 1983 Smalltalk-80 1983 Ada 1983 Parlog 1984 Standard ML 1986 C++…


More than 3,000 programming languagesGenetic classificationGeneric classification

Logic programming languagesFunctional programming languagesImperative programming languagesConcurrent programming languagesObject-oriented programming languagesStructural programming languages…


More than 3,000 programming languagesGenetic classificationGeneric classificationClassification from users’ perspective?


More than 3,000 programming languagesGenetic classificationGeneric classificationClassification from users’ perspective?Kids and programming

Smalltalk, LOGO, JUDO, Basic, …

Children, thinking and learning

How children think and learn?Interaction with children

MARBO‘Ghost in the machine’ACT computer center, NIITTeaching table-tennis5th std. Computer class at VidyaMandir, PalanpurNew Era school, MumbaiKendriya Vidyalaya, IIT Bombay

From Pavlov to Piaget and from Papert to

PranavIvan PavlovJean PiagetLev VygotskyJ. BrunerSeymour Papert…I think …

Why…

A medium to thinkConstructivism and ConstructionismThe language to communicateLearning problem solvingLearning how to learn…

For …

Concrete Operational Stage (7 to 11 yrs.)

Imagine . . . Explore . . . learn

Role playingWorld CreationStorytellingDo, Relate, PerformLearning by experiencingLearning by exploringLearning by failing

Ideas…

Prototype based approach to Object-Oriented ProgrammingOne can create something (objects)Create worldsAnimate worldsModify, Share, redefine,… objectsStrategies, challenges, problems, ….learningVisual programming environment ?…A medium to think and explore

“I think I know ‘how to do’ something. I want to learn ‘what to

do’.”

References

Papert on Piaget. Papert, Seymour. “Papert on Piaget.” Time (March 29, 1999): p.105. http://www.papert.org/articles/Papertonpiaget.html (accessed February 07, 2005).Ghost in the Machine: Seymour Papert on How Computers Fundamentally Change the Way Kids Learn. Interview of Seymour Papert by Dan Schwartz. http://www.papert.org/articles/GhostInTheMachine.html (accessed February 01, 2005).How children think and learnWood, D. How children think and learn: Understanding children’s worlds. Cambridge, MA: Basil Blackwell. 1988MindstormsPapert, Seymour. Mindstorms: Children, Computers, and Powerful Ideas. Basic Books. New York. 1980Effects of Computer Programming on Young Children's CognitionClement, D., and Gullo, D. "Effects of Computer Programming on Young Children's Cognition," Journal of Educational Psychology (vol. 76, no. 6). 1984Child Power: Keys to the New Learning of the Digital Century Lecture by Seymour Papert. The eleventh Colin Cherry Memorial Lecture on Communication on June 2, 1998, at the Imperial College in LondonPrototype-Based Programming: Concepts, Languages and Applications by James Noble, Antero Taivalsaari, Ivan Moore

http://www.papert.org/articles/Papertonpiaget.html

http://www.papert.org/articles/Papertonpiaget.html

http://www.papert.org/articles/GhostInTheMachine.html

http://www.papert.org/articles/GhostInTheMachine.html

References

History of Programming Languages-IIBergin, Thomas J. and Richard G. Gibson, eds. History of Programming Languages-II. New York: ACM Press, 1996.Cultivating Minds: A Logo CasebookSylvia Weir, Cultivating Minds: A Logo Casebook. New York: Harper & Row, 1987Watch What I Do: Programming by DemonstrationEdited by Allen Cypher. The MIT Press. 1993Programmers at Work: Interviews With 19 Programmers Who Shaped the Computer Industryby Susan Lammers. Tempus Books. 1989Into the world of the “really not real”.Sen, Ajanta and Poovaiah, Ravi. Into the world of the “really not real”. Leveraging a child’s make-belief abilities for design clues to build a cross-cultural collaborative environment on the Internet. LEGO serious playhttp://www.seriousplay.com (accessed February 01, 2005).To Understand Is To InventPiaget, J. (1972). To Understand Is To Invent. New York: The Viking Press, Inc.Piaget’s Constructivism, Papert’s Constructionism: What’s the difference?Ackerman, Edith, Piaget´s Constructivism, Papert’s Constructionism, What’s the Difference? http://learning.media.mit.edu/publications.html…

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http://www.seriousplay.com/

http://www.seriousplay.com/

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Design is how it works.”

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Acknowledgements

Prof. Ravi PoovaiahSrini KoppuluDr. Ajanta Sen PoovaiahPerry (Perraju Bendapudi)NiranjanKirti Mistry (My father)Amisha BankerMicrosoft India R&D Ltd All the kids of the world…

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ByPranav Mistry


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ByPranav Mistry


& Learn Design of a


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Thanks

“ The best way to predict the future is to invent it. ”

- Alan C. Kay

‘All understanding begins with our not accepting the world as it appears.’ — Alan C. Kay.

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Transcript of ‘All understanding begins with our not accepting the world as it appears.’ — Alan C. Kay.