All IP Cellular Network, 3G and Beyond

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Trends of Network Evolution2G3GWirelessWirelinecircuitpacket(Voip)ALL IPNetworkTremendous Growth in Data TrafficIts not a choice but an inevitable trend

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Advantage of All IP StructureSingle network that represents the convergence of multiple independent networks (voice, data, video) into a single unified networkOperational efficiencies of a single integrated networkFacilitate new service development and implementationShorten time-to-market for new servicesSeamless deployment of voice services across packet networkDistributed networking model for scalability, performance, and reliability

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3G Standard Activities3GPP (1)Global specifications for GSM/MAP network evolution to3G and the UTRA RTTAlmost Mature Standards3GPP2Global specifications for ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 networkevolution to 3G and global specifications for the RTTssupported by ANSI/TIA/EIA-41Standards under development

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ALL IP Network standardization efforts3GPP3GPP23G.IPIETFMWIFARIB/TTCETSIANSI/TIAFusitsuNokiaErricsonBTAT&TNECPanasonicMitsubishiDocomoLucentNortelCiscoToshibaTelcordiaHitachiQualcommVodafoneMotorolaSprint/PCS

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Generic All IP Network ArchitectureIP Core1G/2G GW1G/2G RAN 3G RANSA RTS WCCALegacy AppApplication serversHSSPacketGWSignalling GW3G RAN GWTrunk GWOther NetworksPacket Public Data NetworkSignallingNetworkPSTN

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Key components of all IP architectureRadio NetworkThe Core Packet NetworkThe Call ControlGateways to mobile systems and to external networksThe Service architecture

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3GPP3GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership ProjectDevelopment of 3rd generation cellular systems based on GSM architectureGSMGPRSWCDMAEDGESupported by several regional standardization bodies :ETSI (Europe)ARIB, TTC (Japan)CWTS (China)T1 (U.S.)TTA (Korea)

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All-IP wireless network discussed in 3GPP : History[July 99] 3GPP All-IP network feasibility study started[Sept 99] TSG-S2 R00 AdHoc submitted results of the TSG-S2 for approval[Oct 99] After TSG-S2 approval, TSG-S2 R00 AdHoc Group results were submitted to TSG-SA for approval to be the first Spec.[Oct 99] After TSG-SA approval, Project planning work for R00 (including All-IP option) was started at TSG-S2 project planning AdHoc groups.[Dec 99] After TSG-S2 approval, the detailed workplan for R00 (including All-IP network option) was submitted to TSG-SA for approval.[Jan 00 - Dec 00] Work within 3GPP TSGs and WGs proceed according to the TSG-SA approved R00 Project plan.[Dec 00] Release 00 specifications completed including All-IP option.

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3GPP All-IP wireless network reference architecture : Option- 1Option 1 is based on packet technologies and IP telephony for simultaneous real time and non real time services.

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3GPP All-IP wireless network reference architecture : Option- 2Option 2 is to support of release 99 CS domain terminals.Option 2 also supports the IP based services of option 1.

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3GPP Signaling Protocol Stack

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Features of 3GPP All-IPGPRS-basedMobility management - GSN+HSS(=HLR)Call control - Further study (H.323 and SIP are used as examples)Compatibility with existing networks - Support of CS domain GSM terminalsQoS support - GPRS QoS support scheme even if call control protocols are introducedSupport of EDGEHandover and Roaming - SupportedWithin UMTS R00 IP networkBetween All-IP and CS domain/GSMAirLink Optimization for Real-Time IP - Headercompression/decompression and Header stripping /regeneration for IP/UDP/RTP stackSecurity - For Further study

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3GPP23GPP - 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2Development of 3rd generation cellular systems asevolution of ANSI/TIA/EIA-41 networksSupported by several regional standardization bodies :ARIB, TTC (Japan)CWTS (China)TIA (U.S.)TTA (Korea)

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3GPP2 OrganizationSteering CommitteeTechnical Specification GroupTSG-A (A-Interface System)TSG-C (cdma2000)TSG-P (Wireless Packet Data Interworking)TSG-R (Interface of 3GPP Radio Access Technology to 3G Core Network evolved from ANSI-41)TSG-S (Service and System Aspects)TSG-N (ANS-41/WIN)

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3GPP2 All-IP wireless network discussed in 3GPP2[Nov 99] All-IP AdHoc was formed in TSG-S to develop an overview of related objects, requirements, issues, and recommendations by January 2000 TSG-S meeting[Dec 99] 1st TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in HI to output initial Recommendations[Jan 00] 2nd TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in CA to output conclusions of the adhoc groupPhase-1 : All-IP Network Reference Model (NRM), Stage 1, 3GPP2 workplanPhase-2 : Stage2 and 3 developmentA desire for an all IP network architecture common between 3GPP and 3GPP2Use of the IETF IP protocols whenever possible[Feb 00] 3rd TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in CA Discussion on NRM proposals and workplan[Mar 00] 4th TSG-S All-IP AdHoc in JapanSteering Committee

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3GPP2 All-IP wireless network proposalsLucentCISCOEricssonSunTelcordia/TOSHIBAPotential participants : Sprint PCS, Motorola, Samsung,Nokia, Vodafone/Airtouch, Sony, 3COM, GTE, Nortel, Bell Atrantic Mobile, Qualcomm, LGIC, IDO, SK Telcom, LG Telecom, Hyndai, NEC, KDD, DDI, Fujitsu, Oki, Ericsson

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposal Lucent

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3GPP2 UMTS/EDGE/cdma2000Common All-IP NRM proposal, Lucent

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Common concept of All-IP NRM Lucent

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposalCISCO

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposalEricsson

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3GPP2 All-IP NRM proposalTelcordia and Toshiba

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CDMA2000 Phased NRM

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Features of 3GPP2 All-IPMobile-IP-based [All proposals]Mobility management - L2 mechanism [Sun] or IP-based mobility management [Cisco] for micromobility and Mobile-IP for macromobility [All proposals]Call control - TBD (H.323[Lucent], SIP[Lucent, Telcordia,TOSHIBA])Compatibility with existing networks - Support TSG-PnetworkQoS support - RequirementProposal to support UMTS and EDGE (Lucent)Handover and Roaming - TBDAirLink Optimization for Real-Time IP - RequirementSecurity - RequirementGPRS-based

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IETFIETF - Internet Engineering Task ForceWorking group [IP routing for wireless/mobile hosts (Mobile IP)]Extension and improvement of Mobile IPRoute optimization in Mobile IPMobility support in IPv6Mobile IP regional registrationRevised Tunneling for Mobile IPMicromobility supportMobile IP based micro mobility management protocol in the third generationCellular IPMobile IP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting requirementsAdaptation to wireless networkRequirements on Mobile IP from a cellular perspective

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MWIFMWIF - Mobile Wireless Internet ForumDrive an Open Internet-based architecture that enables seamless integration of mobile telephony and IP-based Services (voice, data, video, web, etc.) for the mobile wireless networks, andis independent of the Air interfaceInfluence and align standards with target architectureAct as driver that is complementary to the existing standards working groups and provide a common voice of global operatorsIs operator/service provider drivenSupported by around 50 companies, which includesVendorsCISCO, Motorola, 3COM, Fujitsu, Hitachi, IBM, Lucent, Nokia, Nortel, Qualcomm, Siemens, Sony, Sun, etc.ProvidersVodafone AirTouch, DDI, SprintPCS, IDO, Bell Atlantic Mobile, Telstra, etc.IETF - Internet Engineering Task Force

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3G.IPConsists of BT, AT&T, Ericsson, Nokia, Nortel, etc.Target radio system : GPRS-based TDMA and CDMAInterim network standards established by the end of 2000, which include both circuit-switched and packet data Elements

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3G.IPConsists of BT, AT&T, Ericsson, Nokia, Nortel, etc.Target radio system : GPRS-based TDMA and CDMAInterim network standards established by the end of 2000, which include both circuit-switched and packet data Elements

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Comparison of 3GPP & 3GPP2

3GPP3GPP2Fundamental networkconfigurationGPRSMobile-IP (All)Mobility management (MM)GSN+HSS=(GPRS MM)L2 Mechanism [Sun, etc.] or IP-based MM [CISCO] for micromobility, Mobile-IP for macromobility [All]Call ControlFurther study (H.323,SIP)H.323 [Lucent], SIP [Lucent, Telcordia,TOSHIBA]Compatibility with existing networksSupport of CS domainGSM terminalsSupport TSG-P (ANSI-41 base) networkQoS supportGPRS QoS schemeRequirement onlySupport of other radio systemsEDGEUMTS and EDGE [Lucent]Handover and RoamingSupportedTBDAirLink Optimization for Real-Time IPHeader compression andstripingRequirement only

SecurityFurther studyRequirement onlyCurrent Specification Statusdetailed version by theend of 2000Proposals anddiscussion

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OPEN ISSUES

Current StatusGoalMobility managementGPRS, L2 mechanism,Mobile-IP, IP-Protocol based micro mobilityIP-Protocol based unifiedand single mobilitymanagement protocolQoS supportGPRS QoS supportschemeIP-centric QoS guranteeschemeCall controlH.323, SIPAppropriate protocols incellular environmentsRoamingRoaming gateway,remote AAA, regionalMobile IP registeringDistributed authentication

Harmonization of differentapproachDifferent approach(GPRS vs. Mobile-IP)development ofappropriate hooksAirLink OptimizationHeadercompression/strippingMore efficienttransmission schemecompatible with existingIP protocolsSupport of circuit switchingQoS SupportMore flexible and efficientQoS control

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Post 2001 ArchitecturesTime Frame 1Separate Voice and Data Networks but integrated AccessTIA PN-4286 Network ArchitectureTime Frame 2Combined Voice over IP and IP networks for both access and backbone networksVoice and IP combined in NetworkVoice and IP combined in AccessVoice is sent over IP instead of using PCMIP Network OptionsH.323: Cisco, HP, SonusMGCP: Cisco, Lucent, Nortel, Sonus, TelcordiaSIP: 3Com, Cisco, Ericsson, Lucent, NortelMEGACO authors: FORE, Gotham, Lucent, Nortel, Telcordia

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Protocol Stack

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LINK LAYER (TULIP)Transport Unaware Link Improvement ProtocolA candidate of solution for interfering problem between RLP and TCPProposed at University of California, Santa Cruz

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LINK LAYER (TULIP)Transport Unaware Link Improvement ProtocolA candidate of solution for interfering problem between RLP and TCPProposed at University of California, Santa CruzService aware, not protocol aware (Looking into TCP headers is not necessary)Reliable service TCP dataUnreliable service UDP data, TCP ACKs*Subsequent cumulative ACKs supersede the information in the lost ACKPeriodical transmission with time interval using RLP layer bufferThe time interval equal to propagation delay at Link layerDecrease temporal deviation of transmission speed

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Network Layer Mobility ManagementMobile IPHAWAIICellular IPHMMPGPRS Mobility ManagementCDPD Mobility Management

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Network Layer Mobility Management

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Beyond 3GOFDM & Dynamic Packet AssignmentTransmission rate of 2-5Mbps in macrocell, 10Mbps and above in microcellsIceberg (UC-Berkeley) Potentially Any Network Services (PANS): beyond just the two party telephone call service; requires a network/device independent systemPersonal Mobility: person as communication endpoint; requires a single identity for an individual iUIDService Mobility: seamless mobility across different devices in the middle of a service sessionEasy Service Creation and CustomizationScalability, Availability and Fault Tolerance

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ConclusionsALL IP network : plenty of technologies and migration path unresolvedMany promise for ALL IP common networkMany research issues for 3G/4G Network architecture