All Hands Naval Bulletin - Sep 1945

8/3/2019 All Hands Naval Bulletin - Sep 1945

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THE BUREAU OF NAV AL P E RS ONNE L INFORIATION BULLETINSEPTEMBER 1945 NAVPERS-0 NUMBER 342

VICE ADMIRALRANDALLACOBS, USNThe Chief of Naval PersonnelREAR ADMIRAL WILLIAM M. FECHTELER. USNThe Assistant Chief of Naval Personnel

TABLE OF CONTENTSPage

What's Next? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2SPECIAL SECTION -R FINAL VICTORYFinal Victory Is Ours!. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6The Road Back . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I OPeace for Jap an. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 4Blueprint That . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Cashing in on Navy Ski l l . . . . . . . .Radar . . . . . . . . . . . . .The Sweeps Sweep OnReserves a t Academy.That Insurance of YourVeterans G o t o WorkLearning While WaitingSweet Land o f LibertyAlong the Road to Tokyo.. . . . . . . . . . . . .Letters t o the Editor.. . . . . . . . . . .The Month's News..News of the NavReport from Ho mMagazine Digest . .New Books in Ships'Decorations and Citations.The Bulletin Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6666696970727374'All Thumbs' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79Fantail Forum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

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Transfer t o Regular N avy .. . . . . . . . . . . .Transfer to Regular Marine Corps.. . . . .Transfer t o Regular Coast Guard .. . . . . .Marine Corps Demobilization Point SystemCoast Gu ard Demobilization Point SystemMonth's Alnavs in Brief.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .Navy Demobilization Point System.. . . . .

THIS MONTH'S COVERSFRONT COVER: Af te r nearly four years of blood andsweat comes this Navy grin of jo y and triumph that

means final victory. [Official U. S. Navy photograph.)0 AT LEFT: Near misses of American and British planesattached to the U. S. Third Fleet curtain the Japanesebattleship Haruna hiding in the Kure area. A few mo-ments earlier, Alli ed bombs badly damaged the b ig ship'ssuperstructure. /Off icial U. S. Navy photograph.)BACK INSIDE COVER: Picture of the Month.

I PASS THIS COPY ALONG IIT IS FOR 10 READERS I


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AS A TEAM WE HAVE WORKED AND FOUGHTFleet AdmiraI Ernest J. King, to reestablish a world in which freeCommander in Chief of the U. S. peoples might live. O u r sympathiesFleet and Chief of Naval Operations, go out to their relatives and friends.congratulated all naval personnel on At the same time, we extend thanksthe victory over Japa n and called and appreciation to our companionupon them to rededicate their efforts services of the Army, and to the gal-to resolving the great problems of lant Allies who fought beside us andpeace. to the millions of people on the homeHis message follows : front who supported us with theirThe last day of final victory has labors and their prayers. It is as aat last arrived. Japa n has surren- team we have worked and fought todered. He r fleet, which once boasted the victorious conclusion of the war.it would drive u s from the seas, has As we tu rn now from the vitalbeen destroyed. The United States ta sks of war , I call upon all mem-naval services played a major role bers of the naval services to rededi-in this mighty triumph, therefore we cate t h e i r efforts with the sameobserve this hour with a special courage, devotion to duty and unitedpride and s a t i s f a c t i o n in our spirit of the work of resolving the

achievements. gr ea t problems of peace. Only by SOEspecially do we remember the doing can we fulfill our obligationsdebt we owe the thousands of our in preserving the freedom which hascomrades of the Navy, Marine Corps been gained at such great cost andand Coast Guard who ar e absent effort. I am proud to have servedtoday because they gave their lives with everyone of you.))c

N a v y Plans Call for Release of 1,500,000 to 2,500,000Within 18 Months: Transfers to USN Now Being Accepted

H E fighting was over. After nearlyT our years the climax came ab-ruptly in smashing victory. But itwas not the end-it was only the be-ginning of peace, and the big questionnow took shape:Whats next?The questions to be answered af-fected personally every man who hadfought the war, the future Navy, thenation itself, and all the world. How-and especially how soon-would themen who had left peacetime ways nowreturn to civilian life? How wouldthe business of maintaining the peacebegin and ca rr y on? What kind ofNavy would the maintenance of thepeace require, and how would thatNavy be developed? How would anation geared to total war now revertt o postwar living? This was only theskeleton of the body of questions-andthey were all urgent.Fo r the U.S. Navy, the answer tookthe form of swift action t o demobilizeits huge wartime fighting force andto establish a peacetime fleet capableof carry ing out i ts postwar respon-sibilities.

A plan for releasing personnel wasannounced.0 Personnel Separation Centers wereset up.e The civil readjustment program was

The action included these steps:

speeded.e Preliminarv work of determiningthe size andcomposition of the poscwar Navy was under way.Procedures were set up to permittr ansfer of officers and enlisted mento regular Navy.First step in the demobilization ofpersonnel was the announcement of aplan to release 1,500,000 t o 2,500,000Navy men and women within the next

year to 1 8 months (see p. 4 ) . Pro-grams for demobilizing personnel inthe Marine Corps and the CoastGuard were likewise put into immedi-ate operation.As part of its demobilization pro-gram, the Navy established a seriesof Naval Personnel Separation Cen-ters (see p. 5) and made plans t osend all persons eligible for release t othese centers.Other Navy programs f or assistanceto personnel awaiting demobilizationwere expanded and expedited.Already functioning as an inte-gra ted par t of Demobilization, theNaval Civil Readjustment programestablished 6 Apr 1944 was set to aidpersonnel in making the readjustmentto civilian life and in using Navytrain ing and experience to get a betterjob (see p. 1 6 ) .The Educational Services Program,inaugurated in 1942, was already be-ing expanded in order to help greaternumbers bette r their educational qual-ifications while they awai t demobiliza-tion (see p. 3 2 ) .To men anxious to return to theircivilian careers, the -demobilizationplan was the answer to the questionof when they will be released: theywill take their turn until, militarycommitments permitting, 2,500,000 areout by the end of 18 months. To somemen who had thou the $%repeatedduration and &$!onhs meant 6months from t6e date of enemy sur-render, it was necessary to explainthat the term had never meant that,but rather six months after the waris officially terminated by the Presi-dent o r Congress. Regardless of howmuch later that might make it legallypossible to hold men in service, theNavy was already starting to get itsmen out as quickly as possible.

MERE FRACTION of our total f leet i sThe Postwar Navy

Final decision as to the size andstruc ture of the peacetime Navy restswith Congress. There has been specu-lation, however, that the fleet shouldbe divided into active and inactivestatus; that beween 25% and 30% ofmajor warships be retained in a fullyactive fleet; that 50 % be tied up asan inactive fleet, and the remaining20% be scrapped as obsolete.Under such a plan, the inactiveportions of the fleet would include cer-tain carriers and carrier task forces,bombardment forces, amphibious craft ,mine forces, escort and antisubmarineforces and components for serviceforce craft.The inactive fleet further would bedivided into two groups, one for theAtlantic and the other for the Pacific,and given permanent berths in thenations western, eastern and GuKCoast ports.Emphasizing that the size of ourNavy cannot be static, SecretaryForrestal recently presented tentativeplans for a postwar Navy to theCongressional Naval Affairs Commit-tees. His presentation included a six-pcint formula f o r determining thenaval forces it would be desirable t o

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have in active status at any time.Under this formula, the forces wouldbe composed of:(1) The minimum combatant navalcra ft required a s our contingcnt t o becontributed t o the concert of inter-national force.(2) The minimum combatant navalcraf t (including th at earmarked underthe point above) required to affordegective combat superiority over theactive naval forces that any othersingle power, or any combination o ilikely enemies, whichever is the l arger,could bring to bear in the westernpart of the North o r South AtlanticOceans o r anywhere in the PacificOcean, including, in each case, theapproach thereto.( 3 ) The minimum additional com-bata nt naval craft, if any, required toprovide for such policing (apart fromthat cited in the first point) as theinterests and commitments of theUnited S tates require.(4) The minimum additional com-batant naval craft, if any, requiredf o r local defense and sea frontierforces.(5) The minimum additional com-batant naval craft, if acy requiredt o provide for training and f o r thecontinuing developments of the a r t ofJEPTEM8ER 194s

naval warfare, inclliding training inazd development of the ar t of am-phibious warfare in conjunction withthe ground forces and triphibious war-fare in conjunction with the groundand land-based air forces.( 6 ) The minimum auxiliary navalcrift, including landing craft, re-qcired for the support of the fore-going combatant forces and of shoreactivities.Personnel needed for the postwarNavy under such a system, accordingto estimates of Senator David Walsh,chairman of the Senates Naval Af-fai rs Committee, would total a t least500,000 officers and men.Moves are already under way toobtain the personnel necessary formanning the post-war Navy.One of these moves was the an-nouncement last month of proced-ures whereby applications may befiled now for transfer to the rzgularNavy so that appointments can bemade after Congress acts.

For details on procedures covering trans-fe r to regular Navy:OZicers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,P age 65Enlisted M e n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . P a g e 67

The announcement invites reserveofficers, temporary USN officers, en-listed reservists and inductees whoare interested to make applicationsnow through regular channels.Procedures covering the transfer ofofficers ar e established in Alnavs 202,206, and 207. Two directives, BuPersCirc. Ltrs 224 and 225 (NDB, 31 July,45-911 and 912) provide for the trans-fer of enlisted men. (Se e p. 67.)In addition, the Marine Corps andCoast Guard have announced that re-serve officers may apply for tran sfer tothe regular service ( s e e p . 69.)Present plans of the Navy contem-plate maintaining major naval basesin the Pacific at Kodiak and Adak inAlaska; Balboa, C. Z.; Hawaii; Guam;Saipan; the Bonins and the Ryukyusand possibly other small islands.Supporting bases, ranging fromsmall caretaker installations to siz-able ones, are planned for GalapagosIslands, Attu, Johnston Island, Mid-way, Wake, Samoa, Eniwetok, Kwaja-lein, Palau, Dutch Harbor, Palmyra,Canton Island, Majuro and Ulithi.Making the Jap stronghold of Trukinto a U. S. Navy base is also underconsideration. This is the only one onthe list not already in use as a U. S.Navy base.

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_ __WHATIS NEXT? (Cont.1NAVY DEMOBILIZATION STARTSETAILS of the Navys plan toD release personnel, as part of itsdemobilization plan, were outlined forall ships and stations last month inAlnav 196-45 (NDB, 15 Aug, 45-970)amended by Alnavs 200, 205 and10 (NDB, 31 August).

The new system replaces the com-puted-age formula release plan whichwas undertaken while the war wasstill on, but does not affect establishedprocedures for discharges for specialreasons.The plan applies to all personnel ofthe Naval Reserve, to inductees, andto those in the regular Navy who areserving beyond the expiration of en-listment.Briefly, there is .established a for-mula which, first, gives credit for age,length of service and dependency, and,second, sets critical scores th at rep-

resent the minimum number of pointsrequired for release. (For answers topecific questions see p. 70.)The points or credits are computedas follows:( 1 ) You rate % point for eachyear of age, computed to your nearestbirthday.(2 ) You rate % point f o r each fullmonth you have been on active dutysince 1 Sept 1939. You may count allactive servzce you have had as an en-listed man o r woman, officer candidate,wa rr an t officer or commissioned officerin the armed services of any of theUnited Nations after 1 Sept 1939.u may also include American FieldService while serving with any of the(3 ) You rate 10 points for a state

as of 14 Aug 1945.If it proves administratively feasi-ble, it is also intended that points beallowed for sea and foreign duty, butsuch a change would not affect thepoints allowed for other factors orraise the critical score.To be eligible for release, personnelin the Navy must have the followingminimum number of points o r criticalscore:Male enlisted personnel.. ....... 44Female enlisted personnel. ..... 29Male commissioned or warrantofficers ..................... 49Female commissioned o r warrantofficers .....................35

Under the Navys system of de-mobilization, 327,000 personnel will bereleased by 15 December, and by nextAugust more than 600,000 additional0

ALL HANDS M A Y TAKE PRIDESecretary of the Navy Forrestaladdressed the following message toall personnel of the Navy, MarineCorps and Coast Guard followingannouncement of the Japanese sur-

render:Navy, Marine Corps and CoastGuard may take satisfaction in theconclusion of the war a g a i n s tJapan and pride in the part playedby them in accomplishing that re-sult.

All hands of the United States

The demobilization of the armedforces of the United States and thereturn to conditions of peace willcreate problems t a x i n g patienceand control almost as great a s thetensions of war. I ask tha t the dis-cipline which has served so well tobring this democracy through hoursof g re at crisis be maintained to theend that nothing s h a l l mar therecord of accomplishment and glorythat now b e 1o n g s to the Navy,Marine Corps and Coast Guard.

will have qualified for separation un- tion centers are expanded and routineder the present critical score. stepped up.However, it is the Navys intention, A Marine Corps demobilization plansubject to military commitments, t o was announced by SecNav on 15 Augdischarge or release to inactive duty 1945, following in general the Armysupwards of 2,500,000 personnel within discharge point plan ( f o r details seethe next 18 months. To provide for p . 72) . The Coast Guard announcedthis, a systematic reduction of mini- by AlCoast 63-45 a demobilization planmum points is contemplated as separa- similar to the Navys (see p . 73).

SEPARATI0N CENTERS 0PERAT1NGAVAL Separation Centers beganN large scale operations last monthas the Navys demobilization programg o t under way.Starting with the centers at LidoBeach, Long Island, and Navy Pier,Chicago, as a nucleus, 23 other cen-ters, including five for the WomensReserve, are being put in operation

throughout the country to handle thetremendous flow of naval personnelback to civilian life. The two originalcenters had been in operation sometime on an experimental basis priorto th e surrender of Japan.Before coming to the center, a manwho is eligible for discharge will haveopportunity to learn of his rights andbenefits as a veteran regardless ofhow far removed he is from homeshores.This information w i l l b e madeavailable to him aboard ship, at shorestation staging areas and at receivingstations through Civil Readjustmentofficers, Educational Services officersand other officers connected with theCivil Readjustment program.When the prospective dischargeearrives at the center he is first givena complete final medical examination.This is particularly important becauseof service-caused disabilities whichmight necessitate a pension at somefuture date.To avoid confusion it is contem-0

plated that the men as they arrivewill be separated into groups of ap-proximately 25 men with petty officersin charge. It will be the duty of thesespecially trained petty officers t o seethat the welfare of the men is main-tained at a high level as regards bil-leting, messing, and the recreationalfacilities to be made available at thecenters.The man who completes his separa-tion will receive such of the followingas suit his individual case: a cer-tificate of discharge, a notice of sepa-ration, a certificate of satisfactoryservice, a description of his Navy rat-ing in terms of the nearest com-parable civilian occupations, an honor-able service lapel button, an honorabledischarge button, and a list of thepeople in his community related to hisdesired civilian job. Official notices ofseparation will also be mailed t o for-mer employers of veterans. (F or sep-ara tion process, see cha rt below.)

He receives all of his accumulatedservice pay, and the first $100 of hismustering-out pay if he is eligible. Heis given complete information concern-ing rights and benefits, and his civil-ian readjustment problems are dis-cussed a t length in a n individual in-terview.Readjustment officers c a n n o t ofcourse map out anyones future civil-ian life. But they can provide him0 0

A S S I G N M E N T E X A M N A T I ONE X A M N A T I O N


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IN DEFIANCE cJap home island?he Atomic Bc

Ear ly reports ftically all livingwere destroyed hthe heat and prArmy reconnaissEstantiated the staing that 60% cbuilt-up area ofcompletely destrcsquare miles widamage was cauof the city not (Enemy reportsdropped by paracploded in the airresulting explosiacross rivers an(cording to the crress Enola Gay,first bomb; sentseething 40,000 fcGod, was theirCapt. Williameran Navy ordnaticipated in thesign of the bommission as a seleer. Said the CWhen the bon

SHELLS like th iguns, helped pu

,f seemingly helpless foe, a Navy battleship during closing days of war steams up to shoreline ofs to systematically demolish steel plants and other installations wiih fire power of i t s heavy guns.omb Hitsrom Tokyo said prac-things in Hiroshimaieyond recognition byessure of the blast.ince photographs sub-.tement, clearly show-If Hiroshimas total6.9 square miles wasiyed-a total of 4.1.ped out. Extensivesed to those sections:ompletely destroyed.i said the bomb was:hute and that it ex-above the city. Theon and fires swept1 firebreaks and, ac-y of the Superfort-, which dropped thea tower of smokeeet into the air. Myreaction.S. Parsons, USN, vet-m e expert who par-development and de-b, went on the firstf-described weapon-,aptain:ib dropped we put as

much distance between ourselves andth e ball of fire as we could. In ourdesert experiments at about dawnthere had been a blinding flash whenthe first one exploded, but yesterday,in the bright sufdight, the flash wasnot so great.I heaved a sigh of relief becauseI knew the bomb was a success. Wefelt the first concussion about oneminute af ter th e bomb hit, and withinanother minute o r two a great blackcloud of boiling dust and churningdebris was 1,000 feet off the groundand about it while smoke climbed likea mushroom to 20,000 feet. A fewfires were visible around the edges ofth e smoke bu t we could see nothing ofthe city except the dock area, wherebuildings were falling down.

Gen. Carl A. Spaatz , chief of theU. S. Army Strategic Air Force, of-fered no prospect of relief for theJaps, announcing that more B-29swere ready to follow the first one inatomic-bombing other Nip cities. Healso disclosed a leaflet campaign in-forming the J ap people that Hiroshimahad been bombed with the revolution-a ry weapon and th at more could beexpected.

The Second BombThree days Iater the second strikecame. At Nagasaki, important seaportwith a prewar population of 253,000,a new bomb which, officials said, madethe first bomb already obsolete, wipedout almost one square mile of Naga-sakis 3.3 square miles of built-up area.It is believed the bomb scored a directhit in the heart of the great Mitsu-bishi steel works, hurling a column ofboiling smoke-containing debris-intothe air.Late in th e month, while formal peaceterms were being negotiated, Japangave a detailed report on the effect ofthe bombs-70,000 persons killed out-right, 120,000 wounded, 290,000 madehqmeless and an unknown number

missing.The Tokyo broadcast also quoted aman identified as a scientist assignedto survey the damage. He describedthe flash i n d pressure of the concus-sion as extremely powerful, andadded that there are about 10 min-utes between the time houses are de-strozed and the time they first catchfir2Since the explosive pressure is cir-

s 2,400-pounderI pouring from 16-inchlverize virtually undefended Jap coast.

FLAME AND SMOKE belch from muzzles of Allied war-ship as sacred soil of Japanese i s shelled at close range.


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HITS near stern of Japanese battleship of Ise class, hiding in Kure area, Honshu, as American sea and air unitsislands. Netting camouflages ship which enemy stil l did not order into action in wars final days.

it is ineffective ton from the front. There also was

difference as to the severity of burns. The side directly con-ting the bomb is serious, while theHe added that anything black ab-bed the heat more than white. Andleft black stains on white clothing.10 minutes after thea black showerPresident Truman, who first an-ced t he use of t he bomb while

uss Augusta, said thee of atomic energy. Simul-us announcements a t the White

losed tha t the bomb possesses more20,000 tons of TNT, a de-2,000 Superfortresses, and more2,000 times the blast power of

Grand Slam. Theis exceed-small. (F or story of atomics development, see p. 44.)

New WeaponsOn 9 August, when President Tru-man reported t o the nation on the Big

Three conference in Berlin, he stated:The Japs will soon learn some ofthe other military secrets agreed uponat Berlin. They will learn them firsthand-and they will not like them.What the President was talkingabout was disclosed later by Gen-er al of the Army Arnold, chief of theArmy Air Forces. These includedradio-steered bombs with a 3,000-milerange which could pin-point targetsby heat, light and metal reactions, anda new super-bomber considerably bet-ter than the B-29, faster, with twoo r three times its range.The Russians were tremendouslyimportant in the final scheme of vic-tory. In a few action-packed daysthe tank-tipped Red spearheads lunged150 miles into the hear t of Manchuria,heading for Harbin, vital railway andmilitary center, while crack RussianMarines invaded Korea and othertroops made amphibious landings onthe southern (Jap) half of Sakhalin.Even as peace came to the worldAdmiral William F. Halseys mighty3d Fleet was standing off Honshus

shores ready t o launch another smash-ing 1,000-plane carrier strike like pre-vious attacks that had destroyed hun-dreds of enemy planes on batteredenemy airfields. Only the day beforethe fleets planes had hammered theTokyo area with rockets, bombs andmachine-gun slugs.The 3d Fleet was one of the mostpotent weapons of the war. One ofthe final CincPoa communiques listedits ships as follows:Eight battleships, 16 aircraft car-riers, 19 cruisers and 63 destroyers,in addition t o these British vessels:one battleship, four aircraft carriers,six cruisers and 18 destroyers.All around Japan-and the rem-nants of her empire-the greatestblockade in history slashed her supplylines to sources of raw material andfood. Mines by the hundreds-laid bysubmarine, surface craft and Super-fortresses-cluttered the approaches tothe four main islands and even dis-rupted traffic in the Inland Sea. Navy,Marine Corps and Army planes ofevery type haunted merchant ship-ping night and day. The JapaneseNavy could do nothing to preventthese ever-increasing forays for it wasalmost nonexistent.

BLOWS of U. S. carrier based planes rock Jap TRAPPED by Allied naval air fleet, Jap cruiser Oyodolies on side after vain dash for safety in Kure area.


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* F I N A L VICTORY!THE ROAD BACKVicious Hard-Slugging Battles M ark Victorious DriveFrom Solomons Across 3,500 Miles to Shores of Honshu

APANESE seapower-t hat onceJ powerful force which threatened atone time to control the Pacific-todayis little more than a small number ofshattered hulks lying on the oceansbottom along the Allies trail of re-conquest. Only a few score shipscamauflaged and hidden for safetyremain. If the locations of everysunken ship of the Jap Navy (seebelow) were marked with buoys, theroad to Tokyo would be clearly de-fined-from the Solomons 3,500 milest o the shores of Honshu.Drive to Victory

It was in the Solomons that theAllied forces began their first majoroffensive in the long drive to victory. There had been vicious, hard-slug-ging sea battles before-in MakassarStr ai t, off Rabaul, in the Jav a Sea,in the Coral Sea and at Midway. Butthese had been defensive in character,with generally outnumbered and out-gunned U. s., Australian and Dutchforces fighting heroically to haltfart her J ap aggression.

The real comeback started on 7Aug 1942 when the 1st Marine Divi-sion landed on Guadalcanal. And theNavy, for the next year, protectedthat landing with vicious combat innine major surface actions-Savo Is-land, Eastern Solomons, Cape Esper-ance, Santa Cruz, Guadalcanal, Tass-afaronga, first and second battles ofKula Gulf and Vella Gulf.Change in Strategy

That period marked the change inAllied strategy from a distinctly de-fensive phase to one of offensive-de-fensive, protecting and strengtheningvital bases and preparing for thestr ict ly offensive phase to come. Theperiod knded with the recapture ofthe Aleutians in the North Pacific-Kiska and Attu.American forces had been pouringinto Australia and the full-fledged of-fensive began, up the ladder of theSolomons into New Guinea underGeneral of the Army MacArthursnd. Bu t the major offensivewas to hack deep into Jap-led ocean areas was the Navysand in the ai r and t he Marineson land. And at every stage of thegame it was Navy air power thatprovided the necessary air coveragetil the areas were se-ips made available.Iberts f o Guam

gh the Gilberts-and thee of Tarawa-and on intothe Marshalls swept the now potentAmerican spearheads. Across thou-sands of miles of sea, feinting, soft-ening, crashing ashore, they moved tothe Marianas, the greatest strategic70 i

uted more to (he eventual ineffective-ness of the enemys naval power thanin any other series of actions.Iwo PaysOff

The tidal wave th at f a s engulfingJapans early conquests changed itscourse again and swept, this time, upto the doorstep of the homeland. Atiny chunk of rock and ash was thear ena for one of the bloociiest batt lesof the war. The Marines with Fleetsupport conquered Iwo Jima at ter-rible cost but their valor later savedthe lives of thousands o f flying menwhen Iwo became an emergency land-ing place for distressed B-29s.Okinawa-only 330 miles south ofKyushu-came next. Again the Navybore a heavy share of the fighting and

achieved spectacular successes duringthe early days of the campaign inlanding marines and soldiers andsufficient supplies. Throughout thecampaign, continuing support wasgiven to the marines and army forceswhich fought one of the bloodiest bat-tles of the Pacific to conquer the stub-born Jap land forces. It was a t Okin-awa t ha t the Navy suffered the great-est losses in its history-from theenemys fanatic Kamikaze planes-but Okinawa was needed in the strat-egy which was pushing Allied powersright down the Jap throat, and whichwith the atomic bomb and the Russianentry as specifics f o r c e d the finalsurrender.

victory up to that time and one thatwas never to lose its importance.Guam, Saipan and Tinian-won atbit ter cost-provided the Navy withbases for supply and the Army withbases for B-29s. From there the Navycarried the assault to the Philippines,nullifying the Jap air force there andpaving the way for the MacArthur-men to land. It was there, too, in thePhilippines, that the Navy won the-greatest sea fight of the war-the ~mBattl e fo r Levte Gulf-and contrib-

Jap Fleet Cut to RibbonsU. S. forces whittled Japans esti-mated 382-combat-ship Navy down t oa bare 55 vessels during the war inthe Pacific, figures made public byFleet Admiral Nimitz disclosed lastmonth. Most of the remaining vesselswere destroyers o r submarines, withJapans battle-line strength almostcompletely shattered. A breakdown ofestimated losses follows:Bat t l e sh ips : All 1 2 Ja p BBs-10pre-war and two 45,000-tonners com-plefed since 1941-out of action. Twowere sunk in 1942, four in 1944 andfive in 1945. Only the damaged andcrewless N a g a t o is still afloat.Carr iers : Japs started war withnine large carriers, added six to eightlater, f o r a total of 15 t o 17. Two ar e

1000 1100I

SOVIET UNIONI

CHINA I! I~ I; 0 CHUNGKJNG

I Ilef t, both damaged. Eleven out of 13light carriers were also lost.

Heavy cru i sers : All but two of the19 with which Japan opened the warhave been sunk. Those two ar e bothheavily damaged.Ligh: cruisers: Of the 24 with whichJapan started the war, plus four orfive built during the war, not morethan two remain, both decommissioned.

. Dest royers : Seventy o r 80 have beenbuilt since the war started, t o add toher original 165.Submar ines : Star ting with 140 theJaps built an additional 100. ?heyhave 22 left, six of them GermanU-boats.ALL HANDS

Only 26 remain.


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ROAD TO VICTORY in the Pacific began deep inff Australia as th e only major supply base available to

llies. Arrows on the ma de pic t the advances ofRur's troops after marinesded on Guadalcanal. The Southwest Pacific island-Solo-ns t o New Guinea and on to Moro tai in the Halrna-

ras which provi ded one springboard fo r t he invasion o fPhilippines. The end o f the No rt h Pacific land fightin g

e recaptu re of A t t u and Kiska. Arrows sweep-g up from the South Pacific indicate the path of theS. Navy's advance through the Gilberts, the Marshallsually the Marianas. From Guam, Saipan andNa vy struck a t the Palaus t o establish another

Leyte-Samar. Final major naval campaigns were those ofIwo Jima a nd the Ryukyus. Letters on the ma p indicatemajor naval engagements of the war, listed here chrono-logically: A-Makassar St ra it (24 Jan 1942); B-JavaSea (27 Feb 1942); C-Coral Sea (7-8 M a y 1942); D-Midway (3-6 June 1942); E-Savo Island (9 Aug 1942);F-Eastern Solomons (23-25 A u g 1942); G-Cape Es-perance (I -12 O c t 1942); H-Santa Cruz (26 O c t 1942);I-Guadalcanal ( I3- 14- I5 N ov 1942); J-Tassafaronga(30 Nov 1942); K-1st and 2d Battles of Kula Gulf(6 an d 13 July 1943); L-Vella Gulf (6 Aug 1943); M-Marianas Turkey Shoot and Philippine Sea (19-20 June1944); N-Leyte Gulf (23-26 O c t 1944); O-Yamatostrike (7 Apr 1945); P-Inland Sea ai r strikes (24-25 an d28 July 1945). U. S. Na vy forces also landed Aust rali antroops at three points on Borneo.

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* INAL VICTORY!BLUEPRINT THAT FAILEDAllied Guns and Bombs Blast to Shreds Japanese Plans z;,:, zzh ~ ~ ~ d , t , . .For Domination of East Asia and Eventually the World scene of this wars last major battle-ITLER has his New Order . . .H Japan had her benevolent-sound-ing Greater East Asia Co-ProsperitySphere.Japan had her Tanaka Memorial.Hitler had his Mein Kantpf: . . .

This latter document did not defineJapans territorial ambitions as clearlyas did Hitlers volume, but it was ablueprint of world conquest. Authoredin 1927 by ex-Premier Baron GiichiTanaka, it was supplemented in 1931by Gen. Shigeru Honjos suggestionsto the Japanese war minister that:With such wealth and resources(Manchuria, Mongolia and China) atour disposal, we would then be in aposition to drive away the UnitedStates to the east of Pearl Harbor andGreat Britain to the west of Singaporeand to hold sup reme power on thePacific . . . while all the islands con-stituting the South Sea Archipelago...Australia, New Zealand, etc., wouldbe within easy grasp . . . conquer thewhole continent of Asia . . . ubjugatethe whole continent of Europe . . .[and] Africa by force.

Big talk. Tough talk. But not noveltalk for a J a p wa r lord. Honjos pre-

decessors had been saying things alongthose lines practically ever since Com-modore Perry pried the lid off thehermit islands in 1853. By 1868 amilitaristic clique had gained controland from then until 14 Aug 1945 everymove every Jap ever made was in-. tended to bring the world underJapanese domination. A Wa r Atlasfor Americans, published for theCouncil of Books in Wartime, tells us :It was possible . . o whip a feudalstate into a predatory empire becausethe Japanese people were thoroughlyindoctrinated with obedience. NarrowShintoism-the worship by th e Jap-anese of themselves as a divine race-was easily converted to a racial cultwhich s et the J apanese above all otherhumans . . . Rule of the world by theJapanese is a racial obligation, willedand destined t o the Japanese by theSun Goddess.The Ja ps planned shrewdly. Eachterritorial gain paved the way for thenext. Each provided new resources,new slaves to make the next possible.The first move (see 1879 chart) sawthem acquire the Kuril Islands by di-plomacy in 1875. The following yearthey laid claim t o the Bonins. Three

ground.Careful not to arouse suspicion ofher long-range ideas of world dominzi-tion, Japan waited patiently for 12years before making her next grab.Then (see 1899 chart) she took overthe Pescadores and later MarcusIsland. Fatt ened by these acquisitions,she sneered at the moribund ChineseEmpire and seized Formosa in 1895.With the turn into the 20th century,the covetous Japs flexed their musclesand fel t they were tough enough t o goaf ter bigger game. Treacherously,they struck in 1905 (see 1905 chart)a t Czarist Russia, won a quick victory,gained one-half of ore-rich Sakhaliiiisland and a foothold in Manchuria.The festering Empire had spread tothe Asiatic continent. She was quick toincrease her holdings: in 1910, Koreawas arbitrarily annexed.All thi s time, America saw no men-ace of dark days to come. To those fewAmericans who bothered to learn ofthe existence of the little Sons of Nip-pon, Japanese were quaint folk whoturned out dainty silk things . . . no tmurderous little plotters of world con-quest.

When World War I broke out in1914, the Japs swooped gleefully into


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Potsdam with Marshal Stalin andPrime Ministers Attlee and Churchill.Said the President in an addressbeamed over the radio to the Ameri-can people and the rest of the worldsoon after his arrival from Germany:How glad I am to be home again!And how grateful t o Almighty Godthat th is land of ours has been spared.We must do all we can to spareher from the ravages of any futurebreach of the peace. That is why,though the United States wants noterritory or profit or selfish advantageout of this war, we are going to main-tain the military bases necessary forthe complete protection of our inter-ests and of world peace. Bases whichour milita ry experts deem to be essen-tial for o u r protection, and which arenot now in our possession, we willacquire. We will acquire them by ar-ranqements consistent with the UnitedNations Charter.NO one can foresee what anotherwar would mean to our own cities andto our own people . . .That is why the United Nationssrp dotorminod that thoro w i l l ho n n

AMERICAN and RUSSIAN chiefs of staff meet in conference palace at P odam: Fleet Admiral King, Generals of the Army Marshall and Arnold at rig1Russians at top. This first application of United Nations peace machinebrought Russia into war, and resulted in a speedier Japanese surrendcare determined to remain united and we shall begin at once the necessastrong. We can never permit any preparatory work. Adequate s t uaggressor in the fu tu re to be clever now may avoid the p lanting of Ienough to divide us or strong enough seeds of fu tur e war s . . . The Counto defeat us. . . . will also have to start the pThat was the guiding spirit in the par ato ry work for the German pelconference at San Francisco. settlement. Bu t it s final acceptarThat was the guiding spirit in the will have to wait until Germany 1conference at Berlin. developed a government with whThat will be the guiding spirit inthe peace settlement t o come.At the Berlin conference, PresidentTruman said, a Council of ForeignMinisters of Brita in, Russia, France,China and the U. S. was set up toreach common understanding regard-ing the peace settlements.This Council, the President said,will, as its first task, draft peacetreaties for Italy, Rumania, Bulgaria,Hungary and Finland.

These treaties P, said, will haveL _ L - _._I .. .... r - - 3 , 1 1 L.

a peace treaty can be made.In the meantime, the President sathe occupying powers seek to rid Gmany of the forces which have mzher so long feared and hated, awhich now brought her t o compldisaster. They a re intended t o eliinate Nazism, armaments, war indtries, the German general staff andits military tradition. They seekrebuild democracy by control of Gman education, by reorganizing logovernment and the judiciary, by Icour?ging free speech, free pre. -. .I?-:-- L L - ..:,..L&

iext war. conceked. In b u r 6wn country, the labor to organi&That is why the United Nations Senate will have to ra tif y them. But Japanese papers please copy.75 1


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Official OW1 photographNOWHERE are opportunities as great as in theU. S. for skills such as this civilian uses in his work.Official U. S. Navy photographTHIS SAILOR operating a radial drill i s war trainedbu t i t s training -he can- use to land a postwar job.

fit one partimlar job, you may findthat your experience leads to manykinds of jobs. According t o the WarManpower Commission, an electri-cians mate first class in the Navycan be placed in some 99 related ci-vilian occupations.Because naval ships and aircrafthave complicated weapons and equip-ment, Navy jobs are largely technicalones. And since no country has wideropportunities for men with technicaland mechanical skills than the U. S.,the chances of your Navy train ing andNavy skill leading you t o a good ci-vilian job are definiky on the brightside.Giving You All Possible CreditCare is being taken to insure thatyour credentials for applying for ajob do you full justice.If you are a non-rated man at th etime of your discharge, but a qualifiedstriker for a certain rate, you will begiven the description for that rating-since you have qualified for suchwork a nd acquired the necessary skills.

It is the Navys policy to issue arating description booklet that mostaccurately reflects the dischargees na-val experience as determined by exam-ination of his service record, regard-less of what his actual rating mayhappen to be a t time of discharye.If you had some particular specialtyin your rating which would not beadequately covered in the usual ratingdescription (for example: if you werean electricians mate but specialized ingyrocompass o r did collateral work asa sound-motion-picture projector oper-ator, or if you were a pharmacistsmate specializing in X-ray work), theinterviewer who talks with you beforeyou leave the Separation Center willmake a note to that effect on yourNotice of Separation from the U. S.Naval Service (NavPers-553). Thisis another document you will get .toshow your length of service, serviceschools you attended, your off-dutyS?TM8R f 9 4 S

educational courses, non-service educa-tion, usual civilian occupation and jobpreferences.A separate rating description hasbeen prepared for non-rated Waveswhose duties vary from the standardseagoing ratings.The man who is not a petty officerwill obviously not have as completea rating description as the man whohas won his rating badge, since hisduties are not as specialized. How-ever, even the seamans rating de-scription will show possibilities of em-ployment open to him. If he is aqualified strike r, he will get the higherrating description also.Since the rating description will beused largely by employment iatcr-viewers, it is ju st the beginninv. Theinterviewer will bring out further in-formation about the mans backgroundby talking with him- nd theresnothing in the r a t i n g descriptionwhich says that you jnst hand it outlike a pass and stand tongue-tied.You can talk up and tell in greaterdetail what you learned in the Navy,what you did before you got into theNavy, or what you do as a hobby orwhy you think youd be good at acertain type of work.If the employment interviewerwants to find out more, there are teststhat will measure your general andspecific aptitudes and help you locatethe kind of work you can handle.Many men have found out in this waythat they were qualified for betterjobs than they thought.H o w t he Job Was DoneNearly 500 different rating descrip-tions have been prepared to date, cov-ering the various grades of more than12 5 rates, and additional descriptionsare now in the process of being pre-pared. (For a sample description, seethe next page.) The descriptions ar ea product of combined research andanalysis by both Navy and civilianGovernment people, with BuPers get-

ti ng valued help from ships, shore sta-tions, schools and other bureaus.The Navy prepared the first fourparts of the rating description (In-troduction, General, Duties Per-formed and Basic Knowledge andSkills) and the . War Manpower Com-mission (Division of OccupationalAnalysis and Manning Tables) sup-plied the fifth part (Related CivilianOccupations).The skeleton base for the Navyspart in preparing the descriptions ex-isted in cur rent Qualifications fo r Ad-vancement in Rating. The next stepwas to utilize billet-analysis scheduleswhich had been obtained through ship-board study. BuPers field analystsobserved men at their jobs, duringgeneral quarters, d u r i n g conditionwatches and at their routine duties:talked with the men and their su-periors, and wrote up detailed analy-ses of the tasks performed, togetherwith such performance requirementsof the job a s responsibility, knowl-edge, skills, tools and equipment.Since this intensive analysis could

only be done on a limited number ofrat ing s a t first-those on which theexpanding Navy needed informationmost quickly-a number of question-naires was sent out t o produce infor-mation on all ratings. A minimum offive questionnaires was sent out oneach rati ng: two t o shore stations,two t o ships, one to a school.From the 48 5 questionnaires re-turned, BuPers got a wealth of infor-mation on the specific duties in eachrating under varied conditions of seao r shore duty. The cooperation ofship, school and station personnel infilling out this questionnaire, NavPers16470, was invaluable in helping toprepare the rating descriptions.On new ratings, experts were con-sulted in bureaus having cognizanceover the ratings and instrumental inestablishing them. Sp e ci al studieswere made of Seabee ratings, not onlythrough questionnaires but in the17


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eld. Seabee officers fr om the Aleu-and the South Pacific were calledf the ratings. On some ra t-ngs, such as Specialis t P(MP),at the main centerity, in th is case AnacostiasPhotographic Science Laboratory.Information from all sources wassqueezed into a rating description, re-viewed and rewritten by men withfirst-hand experience of Navy ratings .

Both the OinC and exec of the BilletAnalysis section have had many yearsa t sea and cast an eagle eye overseagoing r a t e descriptions. Wherethere was any question, it was takeno experts in various bureaus-avia-tion ratings, for example, to BuAerand DCNO (Air) .Once the first four part s of the rat -ing description were completed, theask of supplying the related civilianccupations was similarly approachedn exacting fashion by WMC expertswho used the new job science tohe fullest to insure that all possiblerelated civilian jobs were listed.Over-all PictureRating descriptions are one of theays the Navy is trying t o carry outits obligation to discharged naval per-sonnel as a pa rt of i ts demobilizationlan and civil readjustment program.The Navy recognizes that few outsidehe service would know what a yeo- *man is, or a quartermaster, not toention distinguishing fireman fromire controlman and fire fighter. Theseating descriptions clear that up.However, furnishing you with offi-cial records to back up your state-ents of skill, experience and char-acter is about as far as the Navy cango in putting you in a civilian job.In a fre e country, the r est is up t o you.To help you as a civilian, however,he government has an agency whichou may use if you wish-the UnitedStates Employment Service, nowunder the Wa r Manpower Commission.USES offices alone are placing 80,000veterans a month in jobs, about 75 %of them veterans of this war. In doinghis they use detailed information onNavy ratings, and the Dictionary ofOccupational Titles.Other publications developed for useby USES employment interviewersi nc l u d e Special Aids for PlacingNaval Enlisted Personnel in Civilian

Jobs, now being brought up to datethrough the new rating descriptions;Selective Placement for the Handi-capped, which shows how disabledmen can fill many more useful jobsthan they would ever think of; andLabor Market Information for Ser-vice t o Veterans, up-to-date one-pagesummaries each month of more than100 major employment centers in thecountry, showing job opportunitiesopen and expected, names of majorfirms, wage rates , living conditions, etc.Having placed more than 800,000veterans last year, USES is gainingplenty of experience t o help thoselarger numbers of men and womenwho will want jobs when they get out.That d ay probably still seems a longway off; but the steps t o help youfind your way back to a decent placein civilian life are under way now.The rating description is one morestep in that process.18 I

SAMPLE RATING DESCRIPTIONELECTRICI~N~SATE,Second Class

switchboards and adjusts d ial mecha-nism on automatic phones. ( 4 ) Main-tains and repairs searchlights. includingautomatic carbon feed mechanisms. ( 5 )TO THE VETERAN: This Rating Descrig-tion is an oj~%c%alocument of the UnitedStates Navy. It has been issued t0.yo.umainly to help you get a job in czvzlzanlife which will ma ke the best.use of yournaval training and experience. Donthesitate to show it to any employer orprospective employer. Your Rating De-scription may prove to be one of yourmost valuable pagers. Ta ke care of it .1. I N T R O D U C T I O NThis description is designed to giveprospective employers employnient ser-vice officials, educat0r.s and. oth er int er-ested persons an over-all picture of thetechnical responsibilities assumed, dutiesperformed and knowledge and skills ac-quired bypersonnel in this rating. Rep-resentative related civilian occupationsare included as a placement guide.I t is th e Navys policy t o issue aRating Description booklet that mostacczwately reflects the dischargees nava lexperience as determined by exanainationof his service record. For this reason,the booklet issued will not always corre-spond to the rattng cla ssification held by

the dischargee.Special skills trai ning or qualificationsother th an thoie described in the follow-ing sections may be obtained from th ecertiflcate of discharge or other sepa-ration records and by personal interview.Enlist ed personnel of th e Navy a re di-vided into two groups rated an d non-rated. The rated peikonnel are pettyofflcers and are divided into four levelsof responsibility emd skill, ranging fromthird class, upward through second classan d first class, to chief, which is thehighest petty officer rating.II. GENERAL

Electricians mates arf: petty officerswho maintain and repair all electrlcalequipmen t (w ith the exception of elec-tronic equipment) on board ships of theNavy. This equipment is quite variedand includes such things as motors, gen-erators, battery chargers, tqlephone sys-tems, signal systems, electrical controlb,power distribution systems, and lightingsystems.The ELECTRICIANS MATE, SecondClass, repai rs motors, generators, switch-boards searchli ghts etc., and does man yother fobs requiring a good knowledge ofA. C. an d D. C. electrJc,al theory. H e re-ceives general supervis ion from. a n e k -tricians mate, A r s t class, or chief.111. DUTIES PERFORMED (Representativeduties performed by an ELEC TRIC IANSMATE, Second Class.)A. Ope rati onal and Supervisory

(1) Installs small motors. switches,circuit breakers, outlets, etc. ( 2 ) Standswatch on main switchboard which in-cludes. (a ) s tarting, stopping, and oper-at in g in parallel both A.C. and D.C. gen-erators, (b) maintaining proper voltaEeand frequency under varying load condi-tions and (c) shifting loads betweenmacknes with either automatic or amanual controls. (3 ) . Ent ers meter reacl-ings and other data in operating records.B. Maintenance and Repair

(1) Repairs motors and generators(excluding main generators and mainpropulsion motor) including ( a) chang-ing brushes (b ) cleaning varnishing,and baking windings, (c) replacing fieldcoils, (d) stoning and sanding slip ringsand commutators, (e) testing windingsfor short circuits open circuits andgrounds, and ( f ) checking reassGmbledmotor o r g enerator for proper operatioli.( 2 ) Repairs motor controllers and start-ing apparatus, including adjustment ofautomatic pressure operated switchesand time delay devices. ( 3 ) Repairs

Maintains reproducing unit on speechamplifiers by checking circuits, cleaningrelays and contacts, and replacing mornor damaged parts . ( 6 ) Repairs electricovens and ranges. ( 7 ) Makes emergencyrepairs when vital electrical equipmentis damaged.IV. BASIC KNOWL EDG E A N D SKILLS1. Under stands the pi inciples govern-ing the operation of A.C. a nd D.C.motors and generators.2 . Under stands t he design of controlpanels and switchboards for variouspurposes.3. Knows the coirect kind of w ire orcable to use fo r various purposes.4. 17nilerstandn he use of all electrical_ .accessories such as switches, junc-tion boxes, terminals, etc.5. Understands desizn and use of vari-

6.7.8.9.

10.

11.12.

ous controls such as rheostats, cir-cuit break ers, etc.. an d multiple con-troller stations.Knows the circuits for man y differ-ent typ es of electrical equipment.Is skilled in the use of all elec-trician s tools.Can read blueprints and wiring dia-gr am s of electrical equipment.Can use all electrical testing equip-ment to discover electrical faults.Can operate a battery chargingpanel and has a thorough knowlcdgeof the maintenance and care of port-able storage batteries.Understands the operation and main-tenance of self-synchronous motors.Ha s a thorough knowledge of allsafety precautions to be observed inoperating and repairing electricalequipment.V. RELATED CIV ILI AN OCCU PA TIO NSAn ELEC TRIC IANS MATE. SecondClass. with the exuerience describedabove is qua lk ed f& various civilianoccupations. Listed below are some ofth e more closelv rela ted fields of w orkn-ith specific eximp les of sui tab le OCCG-PATIONS~~~-~An ELE CT RIC IAN S MATE, SecondClass, can repair the electric motors Inall types of household appliances andindustrial niachinerv and can install

ER in any industry.With some additional, on-the-job ex-perience, a n ELECTRICIANS MPTE ,Second Class can qual ify fo r highlyspecialized jobs such as TELEPHONESWITCHBOARD REPAIRMAN, TROL--BLE SH OOT ER, LINT.:MAN, CABLESPLICER and TELEGRAPHIC TYPE-WRITER INSTALLER in the telephone

. -- ~boat building and construction indus-tries.With considerable experience with thecontrol switches, brakes, and safetydevices used on elevators. he can qualifyfor a jo b as ELEVATOR INSTALLERor ELEVATOR REPAIRMAN.With some additional experience inthe handli ng of delicate electrical appa-ratus and in using machinists tools, theELECTRICIANS M4TE. Second Class,can qualify for a job as ELECTRICALINSTRUMENT REPAIRMAN.With some experience in stage light-ine the ELEC TRICIANS MATE. Sec-onyd Class, can qualify for such jobs asSTAGE ELECTRICIAN or STUDIOELECTRICIAN in the theater and mo-tion picture industries.

ALL UAAlVS


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radar will give an echo only six mil-lionths of a second later than thetransmitted pulse. This time can bemeasured with an accuracy whichcorresponds to only 5 o r 10 yardsrange, o r about one thirtieth of amillionth of a second.Direction is obtained by providingthe radar with a directional antennawhich sends out the pulses in a nar-row beam, like a searchlight. The an-tenna may be rotated as the pulsesare sent out, and the pip occurswhen the antenna points at target.On a warship where exact range isdesired the radar echoes are so dis-played that the operator can read arange scale down to a few yards. Inthe case of Army ant iair craf t fire, theradar antenna actually moves auto-matically so that it always points atthe plane without help from an opera-t o r , and the guns follow by remotecontrol.The British carried this systemfu rth er in th e perfection of IFF(Identification of Friend or Foe), inuse by tbeir ships and ours today,which enables a pip to be identifiedas foe o r friend. It is the electronicequivalent of the painted insignia onan airplane or visual recognition sig-nals at sea.In the Battle of Britain the Ger-mans found that no matter wheretheir bombers crossed the Channel orat what hour English fighters werealready in the ai r awaiting them. Indarkness this is the method by whichthe RAF accomplished the feat: aground radar operator chose, a spe-cific nazi plane and then helped afighter plane to maneuver one to threemiles behind the bomber. From the reon the fighter plane switched on hisown radar and flew until he couldactually see the dim outline of theenemy raider.Thus the average losses of the Luft -waffe were 15%, and in the greatbattle of 15 Sept 1940 the nazis lost185 aircraft out of 500 which attacked.Radar warning and radar-controlledfire made an even greater recordagainst the buzz bombs, the V-1s. OneSunday late last August, for example,only three out of 10 5 of the robotbombs which crossed the Channel ac-tually arrived over London.In the Battle of the Atlantic radar

HOW RADAR WORKS i s shown in diagram. Ship sends out waves which re-flect from targets (plane, for example). In combat information center (CIC),targets are viewed on A-scope, which shows time interval or distance, and planposition indicator (PPI), which shows bearings of target around ship (center).was useful not only in detecting sur-faced subs from ships and aircraft,but in keeping trac k of stragglersfrom the convoys. The U-boats triedall sorts of lis tening devices to detectradar, and at one time even used aspecial paint on their hulls, believingthe Allies t o be using some infra-reddetection device.At the end of the w ar the Germanshad perfected the Schnorkel. a breath-ing tube to enable the submarine t ost ay under water , concluding th:.tconstant submersion was the only wayto escape detection. U-boats for theyear preceding the May surrendzrwere being sunk at the rate of nearlyone a day.Radar now forms literally the me-chanical brain center of our fightinxships, and is contained in what isknown a s the Combat InformationCenter (the TI C ). Purpose of theCIC is to coordinate the informationgained by rad ar a s well a s that fromlookouts, from other technical devices,and from other ships, to evaluate the

information and channel it t o otherstations. Here, in effect, the targe t isnot only picked up, bu t the guns aimedand the hits observed-all by radar.The radar training program of theNavy has had to be at once one ofthe largest as well as one of the mostelastic. Innovations have come alongso rapidly that radar technicians andoperators cannot expect t o keep upwith their work without refreshertra ining from time to time. Schoolsfor officers and enlisted men are scat-tered all over the U. s. and Pacific.And the radar mans lot is notalways a happy one, as the followingassertion from an instructor a t theUniversity of Houston school shows:The r a d i o technician has longhours-much longer in fact th an any-one else, as he is never through. Heis expected to be a combination ofgenius and magician who by the merewave of his hand can remedy alltroubles, stand everyones watches, at-tend all drills, repair all radio equip-ment, answer all manner of fool

Official U. S. Army Ai, Forces photographFROM THE AIR radar defines targets below. Left hand circle shows how AAF bomber appeared in radar scopeof plane above. Compare it with actual chart (right).20 ALL MNbS

Center circle i s radar silhouette of Nantucket Island.


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be

. . .for the new peacetime world,ino r weather.ith respect t o land travel, particu-

of crystal clarity ofita close-range device a tt out for this.

mer neicts goes on there: super-:s , ballistics and high pressure inance, light and optics, chemistry,.llurgy, shipboard communications,)r plate, and fire control.TM8R 1945


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.- j- - . . . . ... . . , .. .. . - ~ ,

Official U. S. Navy photographsin navigation might mean death for crew and another sweep sunk. Navigator (left, above)un sights which minesweeping officer (right) in charge of operation uses to chart waters cleared of mines.

changes. The famous American-71,000 mines were sowed-suc-

German inventive genius opened a11.I but not

- coustic, magnetic,combinations of these -were

to perfect methods of com-of the Atlantic .

Despite their newer mine operations,. Indicative of thi s reliance on

U. S. Navy minesweep-1,933 enemy mines in Euro-326 of themce types. All the

Although it seems likely that thet o a large proportiont oor,

a working knowledge of mineare . Logical locations for mine-or bays were completely bar-Others , which might not havef such value, were clogged with

Almost a n Jap mines are of anda rd type: moored contact, four1945

t o five feet in diameter, containingbetween 30 0 and 400 pounds of ex-plosive and with four or five metaldetonating horns. For th at reasonsweeping methods in the Pacific werefairly well standardized.. Most sus-pected fields or potential invasionwaters were cleared with ordinarywire sweeps but were also swept forinfluence mines by a method whichthe Navy still conceals under closesecurity wraps.Modern sweeping gear f o r mooredmines appears on the surface only asa float-known a s a pig-which re-sembles an airplane drop tank fromwhich a short staff flying a red andblack striped obstruction flag sticksup. The pig cuts along the surfacefar astern and t o one side of t he shipand marks the underwater location ofthe otter-a weighted, oblong boxsimilar t o a paravane and equippedwith fins which force it to maintaina stra ight course approximately 35

degrees to port o r starboard of thevessel. Connecting the pig and th eotter is a cable known as the floatpendant, the length of which deter-mines the depth of the sweep, usually80% of the depth of the water in thearea.To the otter is attached the afterend of the ac tual sweeping wire, a5/R -inch serrated cable usually about300 fathoms in length which, whencontacting a mine cable, saws alongit until the mine is cut loose andsurges t o the surface.The sweep wire is connected a t it sforward end with the depressor,another weighted box like the otter,which plows along below the surfacejust aft of the ships stern and alsoforces the sweep wire to stay at a pre-determined depth all along its length.When two sweep wires are in use-one t o port and one t o starboardsweeping about a 200-yard path-thecables hauling the sweep gear are at-

MOROS SWEPT MINES WITH OUTRIGGER CANOESAlthough the United States Navydeveloped minesweeping to a fineand exacting art. the Sulu Fleet ofthe Philippine Navy got the sameresults with an outrigger canoe, amanila line and a hammer or hat-chet.In the shallow waters around theSulu Archipelago, native Moros con-tributed greatly to the job of clear-ing Ja p mines and Navy men ex-pressed their gratitude by dubbingthese g r o u p s of outriggers TheSulu FIeet.Working in pairs the outriggersmove slowly over a minefield alonga certain track . The men dive over-board and swim underwater to lo-cate the mines. Then a piece of ropeis attached to the mooring cable afew feet below the mine and theother end of t he line is attached to

the boat. A second diver, armed witha hatchet o r hammer, goes below andhacks away at the cable until itparts and the mine floats t o the sur-face. I t is then towed away for dis-posal.Filipino. disposal m e t h o d s aremuch m o r e dangerous-but some-times m o r e profitable-t h a n theAmerican way. Minesweepers gen-erally detonate or sink freed mineswith cannon fire. But the Moroscan use the TNT in a mine for fish-ing so they generally haul the deadlyglobe to a beach where they crackit open with hammers or hatchets.They then remove the explosive anduse smaller amounts of i t to kill fishat sea.No casualties resulted from Morominesweeping but 15 natives werekilled in the salvage operations.

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tached to a three-drum winch on theships fant ail. To each outboard drumar e attached the sweep wires. Aroundthe center drum is wound anothercable connected with the depressor.All three cables are knotted togetherjus t aste rn of the ship so that thesingle depressor will pull both sweepwires down,to the proper depth.Only one other piece of equipmentis used to complete sweep gear. Alarge V-shaped knife with sharp, steelteeth is attached to the end of thesweep wire just ahead of its connec-tion with the otter. If the sweep wirehits a mine cable too late for the saw-be effective, the cableslips into the knifesteeth and is cut in two.YMSs, th84ight wooden motor mine-sweepers, have several of the knivesalong their sweep cables because theirspeed is not sufficient t o enable theregular serrated wire to cut through

ree Formations Usedinesweeping vessels a lways work

eng th of six. Thr ee formations-echelon-are used.

Wedge formation, usually employedn ther e is a need for speedy clear-ance of an area, is formed triangu-

at regular intervals so thatpath swept by preceding sweepwires.Principal drawback to this method is

t o makea fresh pass.Most commonly used formation ise protective echelon, o r ship-to-gear.

FLOAT

OPEN ECHELON FORMATION of minesweepers in general use in thePacific. Whether they were operatingin enemy waters in preparation for an. invasion or clearing harbors so thatsupply ships might use them safely,their tactics differed only according toMINESWEEPERS

Only during the first pass is the guideship in danger of h itting a mine for,after that, ,i t moves within the outerboundary of the area already sweptwhile its sweep wires in turn protectthe following ships. In a starboardprotective echelon sweep, each ship isstationed aft and to starboard of thevessel preceding it but within thechannel cleared by the first shipscables.

Gear-to-gear, the sweepmens namefor open echelon, is the most danger-ous and least used. In this methodeach sweeper sails in the open withoutbenefit of cleared channels. The shipsdeploy so that their pigs overlap,thereby sweeping a larger area in ashorter time but endangering everyship in the formation. Gear-to-gearsweeping often is used a t night whenit is impossible to see and destroyfreed and floating mines. Skippershope that the shallow draft of theirships will protect them from mooredexplosives which ar e usually sowedto strike only deeper draft vessels.These sweeping methods and forma-tions were common to the three types

enemy opposition.D M ~ s , as t minesweepers convertedfrom old four-pipe destroyers of 1918vintage, were the largest sweeps ino p e r a t i o n . AMs, steel-hulled fleetsweeps in varying lengths but all ap-proximating 1,000 tons in displace-ment, were used in most Pacific sweep-ing operations as were the YMSs-wooden - hulled m o t o r minesweepsoriginally designed for coastal opera-tions but, because of their non-mag-netic hulls, found tremendously effec-tive in clearing influence mines.On sweeping operations where it isexpected there will be large numbersof mines, each division usually is ac -companied by a destruction vessel-a DD, DE o r LCI. Its task is to de-stroy mines as they are cut loose sothat the sweepers will not have to in-ter rup t their main job. This ship alsoprovides fire support for the sweeps

when they are in range of enemyshore batteries or in danger of airattack.Vice Admiral Daniel E. Barbey,USN, 7th Amphibious Force command-er, recently disclosed tha t the 35 mine-sweepers were engaged in sweepingmore than 8,000 square miles of har-bors, bays and inlets of the Philip-pines and Borneo, one of the biggestmine elimination jobs performed inthis war. DMs, AMs and YMSs wereengaged in the operations which re-sulted in the disposal of 1,500 minesand the loss of 12 minesweepers. ussSalut e, one of t he fleet sweepers, was

in on almost every major sweep.A Typical Fleet SweepThe Salute-AM 294-was commis-sioned at Seattle on 4 Dec 1943. Shewa s a typical fleet sweep: 180 feetlong with a 33-foot beam, diesel en-gines that drove her a t 15 knots, ashallow 9?h-foot draft. For arma-ment she carried a three-inch, .50-cal. rifle on her focsle deck, two 40-FLOAT PENDANT

SWEEP GEAR used to cut loose moored mines is shown here. Only the pig appears on the ocean surface.24 ALL HAMVS


27/84

-

71 EDGE \tFORMAT IONo u t h e r superstructure, depth. As commissioned she displaced

First of her division to be com-Sa lu te was tested at Kwa-ing the invasion. Fo r a mine-it was a routine task.Sa lu te moved in with the rest of herat Leyte in October of 1944,

d. This was a large area to

For three days theyo r aircraft, always waiting for

s p r a y e d the viciousa burst of yellow smoke but othersa thunderous carumphent foamy t o w e r s of waterair and chunks ofsur-n t o C o rr e gi do rFrom then on-for s e v e n longsweeps were never idle.Ormoc, then

Five miles of open water separatesSlowed byra g of the ir heavya d channel, cutting mines like78 had been gouged from

1945

the bay, the sweeps turned back andstarted the na sty job of detonation.Some skippers preferred rifle firewhile others relied on 20s and even40 s to sink o r explode them.Lt. John Rex Hudges, USNR, aptainof the S a l u t e , reported that the mineswere the standard Jap contact typeand th at they were popping up so fastit was almost impossible to hold for-mation. On the first day of the sweepJ ap 75-mm. batteries on both Cor-regidor and Carabao opened up on thefleet sweeps. A few of the shells fromCorregidor landed within 25 yards ofSa lu te so Lt. Parker A. Kitchell,USNR, (th e gunnery officer, la ter exec),decided hed had enough. He tookcharge of the three-inch gun and,with none of the modern fire-controldevices used on larger ships to aidhim, fired 150 rounds into the Cor-regidor emplacements. The Japs quit.Home-Made Mines

The Japs used one of the few bas-tard-type m i n e s Ive ever seen inManila Bay, said Lt. Hodges. Ap-parently they took some old oil o rgasoline drums, loaded em half fullwith TNT, stuck on a few acid-typehorns and moored them to the bottom.Other than the regular contact typewhich we swept all through the Philip-pines, I had seen only one other oddenemy mme. Th at was at Leyte.Ja p air attacks at Leyte were heavy.Besides customary bombing and straf-ing runs and some test flights withKamikaze p l a n e s , the enemy alsodropped floating mines.After Manila Bay, where one Min-Div also swept American moored con-trol mines sowed before the Jap in-vasion in 1941, and similar-type enemymines operated electrically from acontrol post on land, the Sa lu te andother sweeps in the division continuedtheir job of clearing up other watersoff Philippines shores. They swept theeas t coast of Luzon in March, off Le-gaspi and through San BernardinoStrait in April and then headed fornew waters-Balabac St ra it s betweenPalawan and Borneo.Balabac was difficult because it wasnarrow and long and its surface areatotaled more than 400 square miles-alot of territorv to cover yard by yard.After disposing of 54 mines fr om theStraits and clearing the way f o ranother invasion fleet, they headedf o r Borneo.Finale at BorneoTarakan already had been invadedbut Australian f o r c e s , intent onclamping a rigid grip around Borneosrich oil areas, were ready for anotherattack. They headed for Brunei Bayon the northeast coast, just north ofMiri , one of the worlds most produc-tive oil centers.

On 7 June the sweeps went in, readyfor shore batteries and plenty ofmines. The Ja ps held their fire andevidentaly reported the sweepers ac-tivities to the homeland for Tokyoradio immediately b 1 a t t e d aboutanother landing on Borneo.The Last PassDuring the first two days of theoperation the Sa lu te and her sister

ships cu t about 40 m i n e s , mostlyacross the main entrance to the baywhere a fairly thick field had beenlaid. They could take no chances sothey moved in on another pass, deepinto the bay and out. Sa lu te wasguide ship, leading a wedge forma-tion to speed the job. Not f a r fromthe bay entrance a tremendous ex-plosion shook her and-men on otherships said-lifted her clear out of thewater. She shuddered and settled, he rcrew rattli ng about the decks like ten-pins in a bowling alley.When the smoke and spray hadcleared they inspected th e damage. Ahole had been blown through her bot-tom and all decks up through the boatdeck. Her back was broken. Nine menwere dead, eight wounded. Fo r sevenhours she remained afloat, then sheslipped quietly t o the bottom, a yearafter shed cleared her first minefield.Two days la ter. Australias Diggerspunched a s h o r e seven miles fromwhere the Sa lu te lay in her waterybut glorious grave.

25


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29/84

Official U. S. Navy photographU. S. Naval Academy Post Graduate School. An instructor i s shown here pointing ou t a maneuvering problem.

it now than the chemi-he started out for.The officers in the postgraduate30 states and theict of Columbia. Their aggre-450About 70% ar e married.Their civilian backgrounds cover aamong which are

engineering, and designing. AOne officer had been with the Stand-d Oil Co., another a draftsman at

a field executive of th eof America, another a194s

banker an d later a railroad man, stillanother ran a garage. A few hadseen Army service.A great number entered the navalservice immediately af te r college. Thecolleges and universities they comefrom are large and small, scatteredf a r and wide: Harv ard University,North Georgia College, Alabama StateTeachers College, the University ofRichmond, Bucknell University, andOhio State are but a few.Those eligible for the course werelieutenant commanders under 36 witha minimum of four years sea duty,lieutenants under 31 with a t least twoand a half years sea duty, and lieu-tenants (jg) under 29 with a mini-mum of two years sea duty. Morethan 100 of the present group arelieutenants.In explaining the purpose of the

course, Vice Admiral. Randall Jacobs,USN, Chief of Naval Personnel, stated :The course presages an extensiveand immediate program f o r the bene-fit of Reserve officers in contr ast withWorld War I when such activit ies didn o t get under way until after cessa-tion of hostilities.Although the size and compositionof the postwar Navy have not beenfixed by Congress, it is assumed thata considerable expansion of the Navyestablishment will be necessary. TheAcademy experiment is considered thefirst step toward assuring Reserveofficers who tra ns fe r equal opportunitywith each other and with RegularNavy officers.Capt. H. A. Spanagel, USN, s headof the Post Gradute. School a t theAcademy, while Comdr. C. L. Steiner,USN, is in charge of t he line course.

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THAT INSURANCE OF YOURSShould You Convert? When? Whats the Best PlanFor You? -Here Are the Answers on Your NSI Policy

sthe service have been.and hearing a goodprivileges and rightsas veterans when theyian life. One of theprivileges is that youNational Service LifeInsurance policy after you leave theNavy, and arrange to convert it to apermanent form of insurance whenyou are ready.(Of course, if youre staying in theregular Navy, the same applies.)Anyone who has made a study oflife insurance will tell you withouthesitation that men in the service geta wonderful bargain in life insurancefrom the government. Briefly hereare some of the reasons:The government paysall losses due to the extra hazards ofservice plus all of the expenses of ad-ministration. This reduces the costto you.

N o restrictions. Regardless .ofthe job a veteran takes in civilian life-whether he takes up aviation or be-comes a deep-sea diver-the ex tra haz-ards do not affect his National Serv-ice Life Insurance because it was is-sued without restrictions as to resi-dence, travel or occupation.Dividends. It is quite likely that

NSI policyholders will receive divi-dends in the future, as declared by theVeterans Administration. Any divi-dends paid will of course reduce evenfu rt he r the actual cost of the insur-ance.Your ow n needs. Everyone needslife insurance, just as everyone needsfood, shelter, clothing, medical atten-tion and other types of protection.But life insurance is like a life pre-server-you cant delay getting it un-til the emergency occurs when youhave to use it. This fact is particu-larly important to the man who may

have acquired physical disabilitieswhile in the service. These disabilitiesmay prevent him from getting moreinsurance in the future and it isvitally important fo r him to keep theprotection he already has.Your Present Policy

Now, lets consider a few detailsabout this insurance. Firs t, yourpresent policy (unless it has alreadybeen converted) is term insurance. Ifit was issued effective before 1 Ja n1946 it can be kept as term insurancefor eight years from the date it wastaken out., The fac t that a man leavesthe service during this eight-year pe-riod doesnt make an y difference. Hedoesnt have t o change his policy untilthe end of the te rm period whether hegoes out o r stays in.While in service, you signed an al-lotment of pay which authorized the

Low cost.

disbursing officer to deduct your pre-mium each month from your pay, andthe Navy Department then sent it t othe Veterans Administration. In or-der to continue the protection in forceafter you leave the service, you muststart sending in your premiums bydirect remittance. Premiums may bepaid by check, money order o r bankdraft, payable t o the Treasurer of theUnited States and mailed to the Col-lections Sub-Division, Veterans Ad-ministration, Washington 25, D. C.The first payment should be made inthe first month following your dis-charge. Failur e to continue paymentswhen due will result in lapsed insur-ance.The 3 Permanent PlansOf course, even though the policycan be continued with its low-premiumrate on the term plan, most men willeventually want to make a change t oa permanent plan. The three typesof permanent insurance are :1. Ordinary Life.2. 30 Payment Life.3. 20 Payment Life.Heres an illustration of the differ-ence between term or temporary in-surance and these permanent plans.Term insurance is like rentzng ahouse. You pay rent, you enjoy thecomfort and protection of the home,

just as if you owned it. But at theend of the lease when you move outthe landlord doesnt give you back anyof your rent payments.Permanent insurance is like buyingthe house. At the end of 20 years ona 20 Payment Life policy you ownyour life insurance house. Therear e no more payments o r rent to bemade. This is also true afte r 30years on a 30 Payment Life and on asomewhat different basis for OrdinaryLife.Premiums depend o n the plan se-lected. The 20-payment plan has thehighest premium because the purchaseof the insurance is completed in theshortest period. Ordinary Life hasthe lowest premium of the three.

Which Plan for You?The big question facing most menon their insurance as they return tocivilian life is How much permanent

n

life insurance do I want and need andwhat is the best plan for me tochoose?The answer to this involves manyfactors and, except in certain in-stances, the question cannot be an-swered at the time a man leaves theNavy. The plan and amount selecteddepend on the kind of a job you willhave in civilian life, your income, yourdependency situation and how muchmoney you can reasonably afford toinvest in life insurance each year.You can keep the full $10,000 or youcan keep any part of it in even multi-ples of $500, but not less than $1,000.Its usually best to delay this im-portant decision until youre back incivilian life and know what your job,income, etc., will be. However, if youalready know this and decide to makethe change immediately, you can makethe arrangements through your NavyBenefits and Insurance officer.Heres a specific illustration of themonthly premium for $10,000 on eachof the .three plans, based on age 25 :

Monthly Premium

30 Payment Life. . .Ordinary Life . ..... 16.7013.70The term insurance premium a manof 25 would pay for the same amountof protection is $6.70. Actually, how-ever, over the long pull the permanentinsurance will have a lower net costbecause a part of every premium then

goes into the cash value which is thepersonal property of the insured.(During the war, term insurance wasmore suitable since during an emer-gency period of unusual hazards com-bined with a loss of earning power itafforded the maximum protection forthe minimum outlay.)For a man on a restricted budgetwho needs as much insurance protec-tion as he can possibly secure for hisfamily, Ordinary Life is often con-sidered a desirable plan t o choose,While it is true that you have t o paypremiums for life if the face amountof an Ordinary Life policy is kept inforce on a premium-paying basis, itis possible t o stop premium paymentsand take a paid-up policy for alesser amount whenever you feel thatyour need for the full amount hasdiminished.For instance, a man aged 25 takesout $10,000 Ordinary Life. He buysit a t a time when his expenses arehigh and his income low . . . he verytime when protection is most essential.By the time he reaches age 65, hischildren have grown up, he is readyto take it easy. At tha t age his$10,000 Ordinary Life policy can beexchanged either for approximately$8,000 of fully paid-up life insurance(with no more premiums due) or hecan take the cash value of $5,700.However, for the man who happensto be in a position where he can affordto invest more money in life insuranceeach year, then 30 Payment Life o r20 Paymeiit Life will likely have the

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ate r appeal. Each of these has theor the full face amount after theated number of years. Youre

when youre normally a t yourty. Because thefer somewhat higher cash values

Fortunately, a man leaving the ser-t once. He has plen ty of time toof these facts-and should

It should be mentioned that all per-This provides a safety valve forny possible fut ur e emergency.

Another choice for a man unable tois called extended term in-nce. Under this option the fullof the policy stays in force butr a limited period of time, depending

n in force. Ei ther of these optionsavailable af ter one years premiumsAfter a National Service Life In-ait begins t o accumu-a loan value (equivalent to 94 %of the policy). Thisin an

it either to secure cash or

A fu rthe r safe ty valve.!or fu turey. Uncle Sam provides this

o r body which continuously ren-Anyone who becomes so dis-at any time before reaching 60is in force on a

aor moree months. Many men who

ice have already, upon application,a refund of premiums underOne caution :never stop paying your

as Monthly IncomeOne question often asked is, NowI am leaving the service will theas a monthly in-

is yes. There ar eto a beneficiary and each providesmonthly income. (Note: next

months ALL HANDS will carry anarticle discussing these two options.-ED.)Experience both in government andprivate life insurance shows that anincome settlement is usually most sat-isfactory for the average beneficiary.A widow is faced with enough prob-lems without having the additionalworry of how to invest, safely andprudently, a sizable sum of money.There have been occasions where awidow has been left with sufficient in-

surance to care fo r a family, but sinceit was paid in one sum, the moneywa s soon gone-either thr ough poorinvestments, or unwise advice fromrelatives and friends. It should alsobe kept in mind t ha t a widows incomemay be supplemented by Social Secur-ity payments,. by whatever additionalprivate life insurance her husbandowned, and quite possibly by pensionas a dependent of a war veteran.Three Conversion Options

Some men want to know whether itis possible t o salvage, so t o speak, the-time theyve already b e e n payingunder the term plan and thus getsome privileges for the premiumsalready paid.The answer is yes. At all times,after one year and before the end ofthe specified term or span of existenceof his low-premium contract, everypolicyholder has a three-way optionwhen it comes to conversion.( 1 ) He cun beg& the new plan asof the time he converts and at therate for the age he has then attained.For example, he first purchases theinsurance at age 21 and waits untilhe is 25 to convert, say, to Ordinary

Life. The new policy will be effectivefrom that time on, and his premiumswill be based on age 25 ($1.37 per

month for each $1,000 of insurance).(2 ) He can date back the con-verted insurance to the original e f -fective date o f the te rn insuranceand base his new p.remium on his ageat that time . . . b y making paymentof the reserve o n the new policy. Takea concrete case. A person first pur-chases the term insurance at age 21,waits until age 25 t o convert, butwishes to make the new contract ef-fective as of his original age of 21.Well suppose he has chosen an Ordi-nary Life plan for his new contract.Now, in order to date the new planback to age 21 and have the premiumsbased on that age, ins tead of 25, hemust pay at one time, when he con-verts, the amount of cash value orcash reserve that an Ordinary Lifepolicy would have accumulated if hehad been carrying it for those fouryears, 1. e., from age 21 to age 25.In other words, he creates by a sin-gle stroke, through his cash payment,the reserve value that builds up un-der an Ordinary Life plan which isbegun at age 21 and on which pre-miums have been paid to age 25. Thecash payment is roughly the differencein the premiums (plu s some inte rest)between the term plan and the newplan for those four years involved. ABenefits and Insurance officer can com-pute the exact cost for you.Of course , th is conversion calls fora cash outlay of some size. In oursample case of age 21-25, fo r exam-ple-which involved converting fromthe term-plan to the lowest premiumpermanent type (Ordinary Life) -thelump-sum cash payment would be$30.76 for each $1,000 of insuranceconcerned. Bu t if the policyhokler has

some savings, he can take advantageof thi s type of dated-back conver-sion. Or he could use some o r all ofhis mustering-out pay for this pur-pose.The value of a re troactive conver-sion to most policyholders, if with intheir financial reach, is obvious. Fo rone thing, a lower premium is pay-able since it is based upon an earlierage. In o u r age 21-25 case above,the insured would then be payingOrdinary Life premiums based on age21 ($1.25. monthly per $1,000 of in-surance) instead of the premium forhis attained age of 25 ($1.37 month-

ly). Moreover, he will have pu t fo uryear s of payments behind him, and hewill have from the day he makes the

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WHAT DOES IT COST TO CONVERT?Table below shows the comparative monthly premiums for the type oft e r n insurance most Navy men are now carrying, and for the three formsof permanent insurance to which they will eventually want to convert.Although monthly premiums are shown here for easy comparison, pre-miums may also be made quarterly, semi-annually and annually, with slightsavings in each case if you do so.For details on the various ways in which you can convert, including cashpayment for converting back, see the accompanying article, p. 29, column 2.

MONTHLY PREMIUMS PER $1,000 INSURANCEAge PresentTerm O r d i n a r y 3 0 - P a y m e n t 2 0 - P a y m e n tPremium L i f e Life Life20 . 6 5 1 . 2 3 1 . 5 4 1 . 9 62 1 . 6S 1 .25 1.56 1 . 9 92 2 . 6 6 1 . 2 8 1 . 5 9 2 . 0 22 3 .6 6 1 .31 1 .61 2 .052 4 . 6 i 1 . 3 4 1 . 6 4 2 . 0 825 .6T 1.37 1 . 6 i 2 .1226 .68 1 .41 1 .70 2 .152 7 . 6 9 1 .4 4 1 . i 3 2 . 1 92 8 .69 1 .48 1 .76 2 .232 9 . io 1 .52 1 .79 2 .273 0 . 7 l 1 . 56 1 . 8 3 2 . 3 13 1 . 7 2 1 .6 0 1 . 8 7 2 . 3 53 2 . i 3 1.65 1 . 9 0 2 . 3 93 3 . 7 4 1 . 6 9 1.95 2 .443 4 . 7 5 1 .7 5 1 . 9 9 2 . 4 91 . 8 0 2 . 0 3 2 . 5 31 .83 2 .08 2 .596 . I 13 7 . 7 9 1 . 9 1 2 . 1 3 2 . 6 43 8 . 8 1 1 .9 8 2 . 1 8 2 . 7 03 9 . 8 3 2 .0 4 2 . 2 4 2 . 7 640 .85 2 .12 2 .30 2 .8245 . . 9 9 2 . 5 4 2 . 6 i 3 . 1 85 0 1 .2 7 3.12 3 .20 3 .673 5 e 1 6

of DatesThe third possibility is merely a( 3 ) Instead of going back all theto the original date of the termy date on which a premium has be-. . . again, by making a cashFor ex-

at age 21 and decides to convertFor one reasonanother, he is unwilling o r unableall the way back to age 21,

at least some time.

for instance, age 22, 23 or 24.If an insured chooses one of theof NSI,or 20-Payment Life,

H e .

back conversion will be greater, be-cause these are higher-premium poli-cies whose cash values are corre-spondingly higher.Ch ang ing Beneficiaries

Another frequent question is, [Howdo I name a new beneficiary or changea beneficiary already named? It isonly necessary t o complete a changeof beneficiary form, sign it, and re-turn it to the Veterans Administra-tion, Washington 25, D. C . If it isntpossible t o return one of these forms,the Veterans Administration will ac-cept a written request from the in-sured if it is signed by him, dated,and includes all the necessary infor-mation needed to identify him. Underpresent law you may name any of thefollowing as beneficiaries : your wife ;your children (including an adoptedchild, stepchild o r illegitimate child) ;your parents ( i nc lu di ng parentthrough adoption o r someone who tookthe place of a parent); and yourbrothers o r sisters. If the experienceafter World War I is any guide, itspossible Congress may now amend thelaw to provide for a wider choice ofeligible benficiaries.Private Life Insurance

Many men leaving the service arealso looking for a word of adviceabout their private life insurance. Ifpremiums have been paid by allotmentof pay, it will be necessary fo r youto resume payment of premiums bydirect remittance to the life insurancecompany aft er you leave. This shouldbe done without delay to avoid anyrisk of the insurance lapsing.Some men have

All Hands Naval Bulletin - Sep 1945

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Transcript of All Hands Naval Bulletin - Sep 1945