All Are About 45 Cms or 18 Inches

8/9/2019 All Are About 45 Cms or 18 Inches

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All are about 45 cms or 18 inches:

1. Length of Vas deferens or ductus deferens

2. Length of thoracic duct

3.

Length of Spinal cord

4. Femur (for 6 feet person)

5. Length of transverse colon

6. Distance from the incisor teeth to the cardiac end of the stomach

7. Umbilical cord at birth

8. Length of sartorius muscle

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1. Length of Esophagus

2. Length of Ureter

3. Length of Duodenum

4. Length of Descending colon


1. Length of Trachea

2. Length of Fallopian or Uterine tube

3. Length of ommon bile duct

4. Length of !rd part of Duodenum (Transverse Duodenum)

5. Length of "osterior #all of Vagina

6. $nteroposterior measurement of %nlet of "elvis

7. Transverse measurement of &utlet of "elvis

All are about 4 cms or 1.5 inches:

1. Length of $uditor' tube

2. Length of $nal canal

3. Length of Female urethra

4. Length of 'stic duct

5. Length of ommon hepatic duct

6. Length of Eternal acousticauditor' meatus #hen measured from tragus

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7. Length of &ptic nerve

8. Length of &var'

9. Length of %nguinal canal

10. Length of Femoral sheath

11. Thic*ness of +idne'

12. ,idth of "ons

All are about 1 inch or 2.5 cm

1. Length of -edulla

2. Length of -idbrain

3. Length of "ons

4. Length of .th part of Duodenum ($scending Duodenum)

5.Length of Ducts of /artholin0s gland (1reater vestibular glands)

6. Diameter of Trachea

7. Diameter of 2ight main bronchus

8. Distance bet#een Ureteric orifice in Empt' bladder

Structures whose width is greater than length:

1. "ons varioli

2. ecum

3. "rostate

Descent of Testis:

1. !rd month3 2eaches %liac fossa

2. 6th month3 2ests at Deep %nguinal ring

3. 4th month3 Traverses %nguinal canal

4. 5th month3 2eaches Superficial %nguinal ring

5. th month3 Descneds into Scrotum

ule of 2s for !ec"el#s Di$erticulum:

-ec*el0s Diverticulum is a congenital outpouching of the ileum that is a normal variant

and is the remnant of omphalomesenteric (vitellointestinal) duct7 %t is a true diverticulum8that consists of all the la'ers of the intestinal #all (mucosa8 submucosa and muscularis)7

1. &ccurs in 9: population

2. 9 times more common in male

3. 9 feet proimal to ileocecal valve

4. 9 inches in length



5. 9 'ears of age is t'pical for onset of s'mptoms

6. 9 : are s'mptomatic

7. 9 t'pes of mucosa possible (Small intestine and 1astric)

ule of 2s: 2nd wee" of De$elo%ment &'mbr(olog()

1. Trophoblast differentiates into 9 la'ers3 'totrophoblast and S'c'tiotrophoblast

2. Embr'oblast forms 9 la'ers3 Epiblast and ;'poblast

3. Etraembr'onic mesoderm splits in 9 la'ers3 Somatopleure and Splanchnopleure

4. 9 cavities are formed3 $mniotic cavit' and <ol* sac cavit'

ule of *s: Thoracic s%ine le$elling

1. T=>! (and T=9) transverse processes are at the level of the corresponding thoracic spine7

2. T.>6 (and T==) transverse processes lie superiorl' bet#een its level0s spine and the spine of the thoracic

segment above it7

3. T4> (and T=?) transverse processes lie superiorl' at the level of the superior segment0s spine7

ule of *s: *rd wee" of De$elo%ment

1. /ilaminar germ disc changes into trilaminar germ disc #ith ! la'ers ectoderm8 mesoderm and endoderm

2. Formation of ! important structures3 @otochord8 @eural plate and "rimitive strea*

3. ! la'ered chorionic villi

4. ! carnegie stages

Dalle(+,oss ule of *s of 2s: Sacral -leus



For ! sets of ! nerves3

• =st set of ! nerves #ill all have ! spinal contributions (!8!8!)

• 9nd set of #ill have 9 nerves #ith ! spinal contributions and = nerve #ith 9 spinal contributions (!8!89)

• !rd set #ill have = nerve #ith ! spinal contributions and 9 nerves #ith = spinal contribution (!8989)

=st set of nerves (!8!8!)3

1. Superior gluteal nerve3 ! spinal contributions beginning from L. (L.8LA8S=)

2. %nferior gluteal nerve3 ! spinal contributions beginning from LA (LA8S=8S9)

3. "osterior femoral cutaneous nerve3 ! spinal contributions beginning from S= (S=8S98S!)

9nd set of nerves (!8!89)3

1. @erve to Buadratus femoris3 ! spinal contributions beginning from L. (L.8LA8S=)

2. @erve to &bturator internus3 ! spinal contributions beginning from LA (LA8S=8S9)

3. @erve to "iriformis3 9 spinal contributions beginning from S= (S=8S9)

!rd set of nerves (!8989)3

1. "udendal nerve3 ! spinal contributions beginning from S9 i7e7 #here 'ou left off #ith p'riformis (S98S!8S.)

2. @erve to levator ani3 9 spinal contributions beginning from S! (S!8S.)

3. @erve to cocc'geus39 spinal contributions beginning from S. (S.8SA)

/ate#s ule of 4s: or Detecting rainstem esion

There are . rules in 2ules of .s3

1. . structures in the C! Cidline begins #ith C!C3 !otor path#a' (orticospinal Tract)8 !edial Lemniscus8 !edial

longitudinal fasciculus8 !otor nucleus and nerves (@ !8.868=9)

2. . structures to the CS Cide begins #ith CSC3 Spinothalamic8 Spinocerebellar tract8 Sensor' nucleus of @

V8 S'mpathetic path#a'

3. . ranial nerves in Each of3

o -edulla3 8=?8==8=9

o "ons3 A868485

o

$bove "ons3 =898!8.

4. The . midline motor nuclei can eactl' divide =9 (ecluding = and 9 #hich are purel' sensor') !8 .8 6

and=9 (2emaining . motor nuclei are on sideslaterall' i7e A8 48 and ==)7

Associated deficits of 4 Midline “M” structures:

1. Motor pathway (or corticospinal tract): contralateral weakness of the arm and leg.

2. Medial Lemniscus: contralateral loss of vibration and proprioception in the arm and leg.



3. Medial longitudinal fasciculus: ipsilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia (failure of adduction of the

ipsilateral eye towards the nose and nystagmus in the opposite eye as it looks laterally).

4. Motor nucleus and nerve: Ipsilateral loss of affected cranial nerve function (3 ! " or #$).

Associated deficits of 4 Side “S” structures:

1. %pinocerebellar pathways: ipsilateral ata&ia of the arm and leg.

2. %pinothalamic pathway: contralateral alteration of pain and temperature affecting the arm leg

and rarely the trunk.

3. %ensory nucleus of 'th ranial nerve: ipsilateral alteration of pain and temperature on the face in

the distribution of the 'th cranial nerve (this nucleus is a long vertical structure that e&tends in the lateral

aspect of the pons down into the medulla).

4. %ympathetic pathway: Ipsilateral orner*s syndrome i.e ptosis miosis anhydrosis.

Associated deficits of 4 Cranial nerves in Medulla:

1. +th or ,lossopharyngeal: ipsilateral loss of pharyngeal sensation

2. #-th or agus: ipsilateral palatal weakness

3. ##th or %pinal accessory: ipsilateral weakness of the trape/ius and sternocleidomastoid muscles

4. #$th or ypoglossal: ipsilateral weakness of the tongue

Associated deficits of 4 cranial nerves in Pons:

1. 'th or 0rigeminal: ipsilateral alteration of pain temperature and light touch on the face back as far

as the anterior two1thirds of the scalp and sparing the angle of the 2aw

2. "th or bducens: ipsilateral eye abduction weakness

3. 4th or 5acial: ipsilateral facial weakness

4. 6th or uditory: ipsilateral deafness

Associated deficits of 4 cranial nerves above Pons:

1. #st or 7lfactory: not in midbrain.

2. $nd or 7ptic: not in midbrain.

3. 3rd or 7cculomotor: impaired adduction supraduction and infraduction of the ipsilateral eye (eye

is turned out and slightly down)

4. !th or 0rochlear: eye unable to look down when the eye is looking in towards the nose

$ppl'ing the *no#ledge3

"ath#a's and tracts pass through the entire length of brainstem and can be li*ened toCmeridians of longitude #hereas the cranial nerves can be li*ened to Cparallels oflatitude7 To establish the site of brainstem lesion8 'ou need to detect the point of



intersection of the meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude7 Thus a medialbrainstem s'ndrome #ill consist of the deficits of . C-s and the relevant motor cranialnerve8 and a lateral brainstem s'ndrome #ill consist of the deficits of . CSs and eitherthe ==th cranial nerve if in the medulla8 or the Ath8 4th and 5th cranial nerve if in thepons7

Example:

'6 years old lady with left hemiparesis Left side loss of proprioception and right sided tongue

deviation.

1. Left hemiparesis is associated with deficit of Motor or corticospinal pathway of 8ight side which

lies medially

2. Left sided loss of proprioception is associated with deficit of medial lemniscus of 8ight side which

lies medially

3. 8ight sided tongue deviation is associated with deficit of ranial nerve #$ on 8ight side which lies

medially in medulla

Diagnosis: Medial medullary syndrome due to lesion in right vertebral artery

ule of 3s: or rbit

There are 4 bones8 4 intraorbital muscles and 4 nerves in orbit

• 4 /ones3 Frontal8 Ethmoid8 Lacrimal8 Sphenoid8 'gomatic8 "alatine8 -ailla

• 4 intraorbital muscles3 Levator palpebrae8 . recti (Superior8 %nferior8 -edial and Lateral)8 9 obliGue (Superior

and %nferior)

• 4 orbital nerves3 &ptic (@ %%)8 &cculomotor (@ %%%)8 ! branches of &pthalmic nerve (@ V=) Frontal8

@asociliar'8 Lacrimal8 $bducens nerve (@ V%)

ule of s: Surface area of S"in $dults3

• : in head and nec*

• : in each upper limb

• =5: in front of the trun*

• =5: in bac* of the trun* (including buttoc*s)

• =5: in each lo#er limb

• =: in perineum

hildren3

• =5: in head and nec*

• : in each limb

• =5: in front of the trunl



• =5: in bac* of the trun*

• =!7A: in each lo#er limb

• =: in perineum

All Are About 45 Cms or 18 Inches

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