All About Chennai

8/6/2019 All About Chennai

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Chennai

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"Madras" redirects here. For other uses, see Madras (disambiguation).

Chennai

Madras

metropolitan city

Clock-wise from top: Chennai Central, Marina Beach,

Kapaleeswarar Temple, Santhome Basilica, Bharatanatyam

recital
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Chennai ( )

Location of Chennai ( )

in Tamil Nadu and India

Coordinates

1352N

801612 ECoordinates:1352N 801612 E

Former name Madras, Madrasapatnam

Country India

State Tamil Nadu

District(s)

Chennai

Kanchipuram

Tiruvallur

Mayor M. Subramaniam

Corporation

CommissionerD. Karthikeyan

Population

Density

Metro

4,681,087[1]a

(5th) (2011)

26,903 /km2 (69,678 /sq mi)

7,413,779[2] (4th) (2010)
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Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Area

Metro

Elevation

174 km2 (67 sq mi)[3]

1,189 square kilometres (459 sq mi)

6 metres (20 ft)

Codes[show]

Website chennaicorporation.gov.in

Chennai (Tamil: ; [ tenn j]), formerly known as Madras (Tamil:

or ; [m dr s]) or Madarasapatinam

( ), is the capital city of the Indian state ofTamil Nadu,located on the Coromandel Coast of the Bay of Bengal. Chennai being the fourth mostpopulous metropolitan area and the fifth most populous city in India, it is also the world's

36th largest metropolitan area.[4]

Chennai had a population of 4.34 million in the 2001census within the area administered by the Corporation of Chennai and an extendedMetropolitan Population of 6.5 million.[5] aThe urban agglomeration of metropolitanChennai has an estimated population over 8.2 million people.

[6]According to an A.C.

Nielsen survey, Chennai is regarded as one of the cleanest cities in India. [7]

Chennai's economy has a broad industrial base in the automobile, computer, technology,hardware manufacturing, and healthcare industries. The city is India's second largestexporter of software, information technology (IT) and information-technology-enabledservices (ITES). A major chunk of India's automobile manufacturing industry is based inand around the city.[8][9]Chennai Zone contributes 39 per cent of the State's GDP.

Chennai accounts for 60 per cent of the country's automotive exports,[10][11][12]

whichleads it to be called as 'The Detroit of Asia'.[13][14]

Chennai is an important centre for Carnatic music and hosts a large cultural event, theannual Madras Music Season, which includes performances by hundreds of artists. Thecity has a vibrant theatre scene and is an important centre for the Bharata Natyam, aclassical dance form. The Tamil film industry, one of the largest film industries in India,is based in the city; the soundtracks of the films dominate its music scene.

Names

The name Chennai is a shortened form ofChennaipattinam, the name of the town thatgrew around Fort St. George, which was built by the English in 1640.[15]There are twoversions about the origin of the name Chennai: according to one version,Chennaipattinam was named after Damarla Chennappa Nayakudu, Nayaka ofKalahasthiand Vandavasi father of Damarla Venkatadri Nayakudu, from whom the English acquiredthe town in 1639. The first official use of the name Chennai is said to be in a sale deed,dated August 1639, to Francis Day of the English East India Company.[16]According tothe second account, Chennapattinam was named after the Chenna Kesava Perumal
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Temple; the word chenni in Tamil meansface, and the temple was regarded as the face ofthe city.

[17]

The city's former name,Madras, is derived fromMadraspattinam, a fishing village northof Fort St. George. There is some argument among researchers about the exact origin of

the nameMadraspattinam. It has been suggested that the Portuguese, who arrived in thearea in the 16th century, may have named the villageMadre de Deus.[18]Anotherpossibility is that the village's name came from the prominentMadeiros family (variouslyknown asMadera orMadra in succeeding years) of Portuguese origin, whichconsecrated theMadre de Deus Church in the Santhome locality of Chennai in 1575. It isuncertain whether the name 'Madraspattinam' was in use before European influence.

It is widely believed that Madras was renamed as it is an English name. However,Madras is an exonym and the origin of the name of the madras still remains a puzzle.

[19]

Sometime after the English gained possession of the area in the 17th century, the two

towns,Madraspattinam and Chennapattinam, were merged, and the English referred tothe united town asMadraspattinam. The state government officially changed the name toChennai in 1996, at a time when many Indian cities were being renamed.[20][21]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Chennai

The region around Chennai has served as an important administrative, military, andeconomic centre since the 1st century. Stone age implements were found in a pit nearPallavaram in Chennai. According to the archeological survey of India, Pallavaram was a

megalithic cultural establishment.[22]

Fort St. George, ca. 1905
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Victoria Public Hall, an example of a colonial building in Chennai

The area was ruled by various South Indian dynasties, notably the Pallava, the CheraDynasty, the Chola, the Pandya, and Vijaynagar.[22]The town ofMylapore, now part ofChennai, was once a major Pallavan port. The Portuguese arrived in 1522 and built a portcalled So Tomafter the Christian apostle, St Thomas,[23]who is believed to have

preached in the area between 52 and 70 AD. In 1612, the Dutch established themselvesnear Pulicat, just north of the city.

On 22 August 1639, Francis Day of the British East India Company bought a small stripof land on the Coromandel Coast. The region was ruled by Damarla VenkatadriNayakudu,, the Nayaka ofVandavasi.

[22]He granted the British permission to build a

factory and warehouse for their trading enterprises. A year later, the British built Fort StGeorge, which became the nucleus of the growing colonial city. Fort St. George housedthe Tamil Nadu Assembly until the new Secretariat building was opened in 2010. [22][24]In1746, Fort St. George and Madras were captured by the French under General LaBourdonnais, the Governor ofMauritius, who plundered the town and its outlyingvillages.[23]The British regained control in 1749 through the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelleand fortified the town's fortress wall to withstand further attacks from the French andanother looming threat, Hyder Ali, the Sultan ofMysore. By the late 18th century, theBritish had conquered most of the region around Tamil Nadu and the northern modern-day states ofAndhra Pradesh and Karnataka, establishing the Madras Presidency withMadras as the capital.

[25]Under British rule, the city grew into a major urban centre and

naval base.

With the advent ofrailways in India in the late 19th century, the thriving urban centrewas connected to other important cities such as Bombay and Calcutta, promotingincreased communication and trade with the hinterland.

Madras was the only Indian city to be attacked by the Central Powers during World WarI, when an oil depot was shelled by the German light cruiser SMSEmdenon 22September 1914, as it raided shipping lanes in the Indian Ocean, causing disruption toshipping.

[26]

After India gained its independence in 1947, the city became the capital ofMadras State,renamed the state ofTamil Nadu in 1969. The violent agitations of 1965 against the
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imposition ofHindi as the national language, marked a major shift in the politicaldynamics of the city and the whole state.

[27]

On 26 December 2004, an Indian Ocean tsunami lashed the shores of Chennai, killingmany and permanently altering the coastline.

[28]

[edit] Environment

[edit] Geography

Main article: Geography of ChennaiSee also: List of neighbourhoods in Chennai, Flora and fauna of Chennai, and List ofbirds of Chennai

Chennai is on a flat coastal plain, as shown on this Landsat 7 map.

The popular Marina Beach

Chennai is on the southeast coast of India in the northeast ofTamil Nadu on a flat coastalplain known as the Eastern Coastal Plains. Its average elevation is around 6.7 metres(22 ft),[29]and its highest point is 60 m (200 ft).[30]The Marina Beach runs for 12 km

along the shoreline of the city. Two rivers meander through Chennai, the Cooum River(or Koovam) through the centre and the Adyar River to the south. A third river, theKortalaiyar, flows through the northern fringes of the city before draining into the sea atEnnore. Adyar and Cooum rivers are heavily polluted with effluents and waste fromdomestic and commercial sources. The state government periodically removes silt andpollution from the Adyar river, which is much less polluted than the Cooum. A protectedestuary on the Adyar forms a natural habitat for several species of birds andanimals.

[31][32]The Buckingham Canal, 4 km (2.5 mi) inland, runs parallel to the coast,
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linking the two rivers. The Otteri Nullah, an east-west stream, runs through northChennai and meets the Buckingham Canal at Basin Bridge. Several lakes of varying sizeare located on the western fringes of the city. Red Hills, Sholavaram andChembarambakkam Lake supply Chennai with potable water. Groundwater sources arebecoming brackish.[33]

Chennai's soil is mostly clay, shale and sandstone.[34]Sandy areas are found along theriver banks and coasts, such as Thiruvanmiyur, Adyar, Kottivakkam, Santhome, GeorgeTown, Tondiarpet and the rest of coastal Chennai. Here rainwater runoffpercolatesquickly through the soil. Clay underlies most of the city including T. Nagar, WestMambalam, Anna Nagar, Villivakkam, Perambur and Virugambakkam. Areas of hardrockinclude Guindy, Perungudi, Velachery, Adambakkam and a part ofSaidapet.

[35]

Chennai is divided into four broad regions: North, Central, South and West. NorthChennai is primarily an industrial area. Central Chennai is the commercial heart of thecity and includes an important business district, Parry's Corner. South Chennai and WestChennai, previously mostly residential, are fast becoming commercial, home to a

growing number ofinformation technology firms, financial companies and call centres.The city is expanding quickly along the Old Mahabalipuram Road and the GrandSouthern Trunk Road (GST Road) in the south and towards Ambattur, Koyambedu andSriperumbdur in the west.[36]Chennai is one of the few cities in the world thataccommodates a national park, the Guindy National Park, within its limits.

[37]The city

has an estimated 4.5% of its area under green cover. [38]

[edit] Climate

Chennai has a tropical climate, specifically a tropical wet and dry climate. The city lieson the thermal equator[39]and is also on the coast, which prevents extreme variation in

seasonal temperature. The weather is hot and humid for most of the year. The hottest partof the year is late May to early June, known locally asAgni Nakshatram ("fire star") or asKathiri Veyyil,

[40]with maximum temperatures around 3842 C (100108 F). The

coolest part of the year is January, with minimum temperatures around 1820 C (6468 F). The lowest temperature recorded is 15.8 C (60.4 F) and highest 45 C(113 F)[41]The average annual rainfall is about 140 cm (55 in).[42]The city gets most ofits seasonal rainfall from the north-east monsoon winds, from mid-October to mid-December. Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal sometimes hit the city. The highest annualrainfall recorded is 257 cm (101 in) in 2005.[43]Prevailing winds in Chennai are usuallysouthwesterly between April and October

[44]and northeasterly during the rest of the year.

[hide]Climate data for Chennai

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Average

high C

(F)

28.4

(83.1)

29.9

(85.8)

31.9

(89.4)

33.6

(92.5)

36.4

(97.5)

36.6

(97.9)

34.7

(94.5)

33.9

(93)

33.5

(92.3)

31.4

(88.5)

29.2

(84.6)

28.1

(82.6)

32.3

(90.1)

Average

low C

20.6

(69.1)

21.2

(70.2)

23.1

(73.6)

25.9

(78.6)

27.6

(81.7)

27.2

(81)

25.9

(78.6)

25.3

(77.5)

25.3

(77.5)

24.3

(75.7)

22.8

(73)

21.6

(70.9)

24.2

(75.6)
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wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chennaihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groundwaterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chembarambakkam_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sholavaram_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Hills_Lakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basin_Bridgehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otteri_Nullah


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(F)

Rainfall

mm

(inches)

16.2

(0.638)

27

(1.06)

17

(0.67)

16

(0.63)

49

(1.93)

61

(2.4)

121

(4.76)

111

(4.37)

141

(5.55)

365

(14.37)

351

(13.82)

154

(6.06)

1,429.2

(56.268)

Avg.

rainydays

2 .7 .4 .9 1.6 4.1 7.3 8.5 6.6 11 11 5.5 59.6

Sunshine

hours269.7 271.2 294.5 291.0 279.0 204.0 186.0 192.2 198.0 195.3 183.0 204.6 2,768.5

Source no. 1: WMO[45]

Source no. 2: HKO (sun only, 19711990)[46]

[edit] Water

Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, asno major rivers flow through the area. With a steadily increasing population, the city hasfaced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlierVeeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranamproject, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependencyon distant sources.[47]In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwaterharvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metrowater at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre havesignificantly reduced water shortages.[48]Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Gangaproject that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in AndhraPradesh have eased water shortages. The city has constructed a sea water desalination

plant to further increase the water supply.

[49][50][51]

However, Chennai is expected to facea huge deficit of 713 million litres per day (MLD) as the demand is projected at 2,248MLD and supply estimated at only 1,535 MLD in 2026.[52]

[edit] Administration

Main article: Administration of ChennaiSee also: Chennai architecture and Subdivisions of India

City officials, as of September 2007[53][54]

Mayor Ma. Subramanian

Deputy Mayor R. Sathya BamaCorporation Commissioner Karthikeyan

Commissioner of Police T. Rajendran

Postmaster General M.S. Ramanujan

Chennai city is governed by the Corporation of Chennai erstwhile, Corporation ofMadras. Established in 1688, it is the oldest municipal corporation not only in India, but
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also in any Commonwealth nation outside the United Kingdom. It consists of 155councilors who represent 155 wards and are directly elected by the city's residents. Fromamong themselves, the councilors elect a mayor and a deputy mayor who preside overabout six standing committees.

[55]

The area of jurisdiction of the Corporation of Chennai is set to expand manifold from itspresent extent of 176 km to 800 km pending a decision to be taken by the Governmentof Tamil Nadu. On doing this the population of Chennai is also set to increase from thepresent 4.5 million to over 8 million.

Ripon Building, Commissioned in 1913 and the seat of the Chennai Corporation

Chennai, the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu, houses the state executive and legislativeheadquarters primarily in the Secretariat Buildings on the Fort St George campus but alsoin many other buildings scattered around the city. The Madras High Court, whosejurisdiction extends across Tamil Nadu and Puducherry, is the highestjudicial authorityin the state and is also in the city. Chennai has three parliamentary constituencies Chennai North, Chennai Central and Chennai South and elects 16 Members of theLegislative Assembly (MLAs) to the state legislature.[56]

The metropolitan region of Chennai covers many suburbs that are part ofKanchipuramand Thiruvallur districts. The larger suburbs are governed by town municipalities, and thesmaller ones are governed by town councils called panchayats. While the city covers anarea of 174 km

2(67 sq mi),

[57]the metropolitan area is spread over 1,189 km

2

(459 sq mi).[58]The Chennai Metropolitan Development Authority (CMDA) has drafted aSecond Master Plan that aims to develop satellite townships around the city. Contiguoussatellite towns include Mahabalipuram to the south, Chengalpattu and Maraimalai Nagarto the southwest, and Kanchipuram town, Sriperumpudur, Tiruvallur and Arakkonam tothe west.

[edit] Law and Order
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Madras High Court

The Greater Chennai Police department, a division of the Tamil Nadu Police, is the lawenforcement agency in the city. The city police force is headed by a commissioner ofpolice, and administrative control rests with the Tamil Nadu Home Ministry. Thedepartment consists of 36 subdivisions with a total of 121 police stations. The city'straffic is managed by the Chennai City Traffic Police (CCTP). The Metropolitan suburbs

are policed by the Chennai Metropolitan Police, and outer district areas are policed by theKanchipuram and Thiruvallur police departments.

Chennai city, the second most densely populated city in the country after Delhi, has asanctioned strength of 14,000 police personnel compared with Delhi's 83,000, Mumbai's45,000 and Kolkata's 23,000. With a population density of 26,903 persons per squarekilometre, the city has 1 policeman for every 413 people. Chennai suburban police hasabout 4,093 police personnel and has a ratio of 1:1,222 compared to Mumbai andMumbai suburban with 1:267, Delhi with 1:200 and Kolkata with 1:222.[59]

In 2005, the crime rate in the city was 313.3 per 100,000 people, accounting for 6.2% of

all crimes reported in major cities in India.

[60]

The number of crimes in the city showed asignificant increase of 61.8% from 2004.[61]

However, the city is considered the safest ofall the four major metros in the country.

[edit] Utility Services

A Chennai Metropolitan Police patrol car
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The Corporation of Chennai and municipalities of the suburbs provide civic services.Garbage in most zones is handled byNeel Metal Fanalica Environment Management, aprivate company, and by the Chennai Corporation in the other zones. Water supply andsewage treatment are handled by the Chennai Metro Water Supply and Sewage Board,popularly referred to as CMWSSB. Electricity is distributed by the Tamil Nadu Electricity

Board.

[62]

The city does not have a piped gas network and gas is supplied in cylinders byboth state owned and private petroleum companies.

Historically, Chennai has relied on annual monsoon rains to replenish water reservoirs, asno major rivers flow through the area. With a steadily increasing population, the city hasfaced water supply shortages, and its ground water levels have been depleted. An earlierVeeranam Lake project failed to solve the city's water problems, but the New Veeranamproject, which became operational in September 2004, has greatly reduced dependencyon distant sources.

[47]In recent years, heavy and consistent monsoon rains and rainwater

harvesting (RWH) by Chennai Metro water at its Anna Nagar Rain Centre havesignificantly reduced water shortages.[48]Moreover, newer projects like the Telugu Ganga

project that bring water from water-surplus rivers like the Krishna River in AndhraPradesh have eased water shortages. The city has constructed water desalination plants tofurther increase the water supply.

[50][51]

Telephone services in the city are provided by nine mobile phone service companies thatinclude nine GSM networks and two CDMA networks along with four land linecompanies.

[63][64]Commercial and domestic broadband Internet services are provided by

all the four land line service providers and a majority of the mobile network serviceproviders. Some areas of the city are also covered by a paid Wifi Internet service.

[edit] Economy

Main article: Economy of ChennaiSee also: List of tech parks in Chennai

Parry's Corner, one of the older Business Districts of Chennai

According to Forbesmagazine, Chennai is one of the fastest growing cities in theworld.[65]It has a diversified economic base anchored by the automobile, softwareservices, hardware manufacturing, health care and financial services industries.

[66]As of

2000, the city's total personal income was 12,488.83 crores, making up 10.9% of the
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total income of Tamil Nadu.[67]In 2001, the total workforce in Chennai was about1.5 million, which was 31.79% of its population. According to the 1991 census, most ofthe city's workforce was involved in trade (25.65%), manufacturing (23.52%),transportation (10.72%), construction (6.3%) and other services (31.8%). Chennaimetropolitan area accounts for over 75% of the sales tax revenue in the state. [68]

According to the CII, Chennai is estimated to grow to a $100-billion economy, 2.5 timesits present size, by the year 2025.[69]

The city is base to around 30% of India's automobile industry[70]and 35% of its autocomponents industry.

[71]A large number of automotive companies including Hyundai,

Ford, BMW, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Renault, Komatsu, The TVS Group (TVS Electronicsand TVS Motors), Ashok Leyland, Daimler Trucks, TI Cycles of India, TAFE Tractors,Royal Enfield, Caterpillar Inc., Caparo, Madras Rubber Factory (MRF), Michelin andApollo Tyres have or are in the process of setting up manufacturing plants in and aroundChennai. The Heavy Vehicles Factory at Avadi produces military vehicles, includingIndia's main battle tank:Arjun MBT. The Integral Coach Factory manufactures railway

coaches and other rolling stock for Indian Railways.

[72]

The Ambattur-Padi industrialzone houses many textile manufacturers, and an SEZ for apparel and footwearmanufacture has been set up in the southern suburbs of the city.

[73]Chennai contributes

more than 50% of India's leather exports. [74]

Tidel Parkis one of the many software parks in Chennai

Many software and software services companies have development centres in Chennai,which contributed 14% of India's total software exports of 144,214 crores during 200607, making it the second-largest exporter, by city, of software in the country, behindBangalore.

[75]Major software companies have their offices set up here, with some of

them making Chennai their largest base. Prominent financial institutions, including theWorld Bank, Standard Chartered Bankand Citibankhave back office operations in thecity.[76]Chennai is home to two large national level commercial banks[77][78][79]and manystate level co-operative banks, finance and insurance companies. Telecom andElectronics manufacturers based in and around Chennai include Nokia, Nokia Siemens,Motorola, Dell, Samsung, Foxconn and Siemens among others. Telecom giants Ericssonand Alcatel-Lucent, pharmaceuticals giant Pfizer and chemicals giant Dow Chemicalshave research and development facilities in Chennai. TICEL bio-tech park[80]and GoldenJubilee bio-tech park

[81]at Siruseri house biotechnology companies and laboratories.
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Chennai has a fully computerised stock exchange called the Madras Stock Exchange.Medical tourism is another important part of Chennai's economy with health careproviders like Apollo Hospitals and Fortis Healthcare based in the city and the city isconsidered to be the health care capital of India.

[82]The Tamil movie industry and the

related Tamil music industry and the Tamil television industry are also significant parts

of Chennai's economy.

In theInventory of World cities from the Globalization and World Cities ResearchNetwork, Chennai's level of network integration with other world cities is ranked as a"Gamma+", alongside cities such as Montreal, Nairobi, Bratislava, Panama City,Brisbane, Casablanca, Denver, Vancouver, Zagreb, Manama and Cape Town.[83]

[edit] Demographics

Skyline of Chennai

Religions in Chennai

Religion Percentage

Hindu 81.3%Muslim 9.4%Christian 7.6%Jains 1.1%

[show]Population Growth of Chennai

A resident of Chennai (Madras) is called a Chennaite orMadrasi. According to theprovisional population results of 2011, Chennai city has a population of 4,681,087,

[1]with

a density of 26,903, making it one of the most densely populated cities in the world. Thecity registered a growth rate of 7.8% during the period 1991-2001.

[90]The population of

the metropolitan area is estimated to be more than 8.24 million.[91]The estimatedmetropolitan population in 2006 is 4.5 million. With the area of the Chennai Corporation

being extended to 456 km the population with in the area administered by thecorporation was 5.6 million in 2001 which makes it the third largest city in India.[92] In2001, the population density in the city was 24,682 per km (63,926 per mi), while thepopulation density of the metropolitan area was 5,922 per km (15,337 per mi), makingit one of the most densely populated cities in the world.

[91][93]The sex ratio is 951 females

for every 1,000 males,[94]slightly higher than the national average of 944.[95] The averageliteracy rate is 85.33%,

[96]much higher than the national average of 64.5%. The city has

the fourth highest population ofslum dwellers among major cities in India, with about
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820,000 people (18.6% of its population) living in slum conditions.[97]This numberrepresents about 5% of the total slum population of India.

The majority of the population in Chennai are Tamils. Tamil is the primary languagespoken in Chennai. English is widely spoken especially in business, education and white

collar professions. Telugus form the majority of the population among the non-Tamilcommunity.[98]Chennai also has a large migrant population, who come from other partsof Tamil Nadu and from the rest of the country apart from few Marwaris, Oriyans,Malayalis, Anglo-Indians, Bengalis and Punjabi. Chennai also has a small expatriatepopulation who work in IT firms. As of 2001, out of the 937,000 migrants (21.6% of itspopulation) in the city, 74.5% were from other parts of the state, 23.8% were from rest ofIndia and 1.7% were from outside the country.

[99]

According to the 2001 census, Hindus constitute about 81.3% of the city's population,and Muslims (9.4%), Christians (7.6%) and Jains (1.1%) are other major religiousgroups.

[100]

[edit] Culture

A Bharata natyam concertMain articles: Culture of Chennai and Cuisine of ChennaiSee also: Tamil cuisine and Cinema of Tamil Nadu

Chennai is a major centre for music, art and culture in India.[101]

The city is known for itsclassical dance shows and Hindu temples. Every December, Chennai holds a five-weeklongMusic Seasoncelebrating the 1927 opening of the Madras Music Academy.

[102]It

features performances (kutcheries) of traditional Carnatic music by hundreds of artists inand around the city. An arts festival called the Chennai Sangamam, which showcasesvarious arts of Tamil Nadu is held in January every year. Chennai is also known forBharatanatyam, a classical dance form that originated in Tamil Nadu. An importantcultural centre for Bharatanatyam is Kalakshetra, on the beach in the south of the city.[103]
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Chennai is also home to some of the best choirs in India, who during the Christmasseason stage various carol performances across the city in Tamil and English.

[104][105]

Chennai is the base for the large Tamil movie industry, known as Kollywood, home tomost of the movie studios.

[106]The industry makes more than 150 Tamil movies a

year,

[107]

and its soundtracks dominate the city's music. Some of the biggest names in theIndian film fraternity like Ilaiyaraaja, K. Balachander, Sivaji Ganesan, M. G.Ramachandran, Kamal Haasan, Rajinikanth, Mani Ratnam and S. Shankar are based outof Chennai. A. R. Rahman took Chennai to international fame by winning two Oscars,two Grammy Awards in 2009 for the movie Slumdog Millionaire.

[108]Chennai's theatres

stage many Tamil plays; political satire, slapstick comedy, history, mythology and dramaare among the popular genres.

[109][110][111]English plays are also staged in the city.

Among Chennai's festivals, Pongal is celebrated over five days in January, is the mostimportant. Almost all major religious festivals such as Deepavali, Eid and Christmas arecelebrated in Chennai. Tamil cuisine in Chennai includes vegetarian and non-vegetarian

dishes. Many of the city's restaurants offer light meals or tiffin, which usually includerice-based dishes like pongal, dosa, idli and vadai, served with steaming hot filter coffee.

[edit] Transport

Main article: Transport in Chennai

[edit] Air

Chennai International Airport

Chennai serves as a major gateway to southern India, and the Chennai International

Airport, comprising the Anna international terminal and the Kamaraj domestic terminalwith a total passenger movements of 10.53 million and aircraft movements of 110,000 in2009-2010, is the third busiest airport in India.

[112][113]The city is connected to major

hubs across Asia, Europe, and North America through more than 30 national andinternational carriers. The airport is the second busiest cargo terminus in the country witha total fright tonnage of 249,523.
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The existing airport is undergoing further modernisation and expansion with an additionof 1069.99 acres, and a new greenfield airport is to be constructed at an estimated cost of20,000 million in Sriperumbudur on 4,200 acres (17 km2) of land.[114]

[edit] Sea

The city is served by two major ports, Chennai Port, one of the largest artificial ports, andEnnore Port. The Chennai port is the largest in Bay of Bengal with an annual cargotonnage of 61.46 million (2010-2011) and is India's second busiest container hub with anannual container volume of 1.523 million TEUs (2010-2011), handling automobiles,motorcycles and general industrial cargo. The Ennore Port with an annual cargo tonnageof 11.01 million (2010-2011) handles cargo such as coal, ore and other bulk and rockmineral products.[115]

A smaller harbour at Royapuram is used by fishing boats and trawlers. A mega shipyardproject called the Kattupalli Shipyard cum Captive Port Complex is being built by L&T

Shipbuilding at Kattupalli village near Ennore and is expected to be operational in2012.[116]

[edit] Rail

The mass rapid transit system in Chennai

Chennai is the headquarters of the Southern Railway. The city has two main railwayterminals. Chennai Central station, the city's largest, provides access to other major citiesas well as many other smaller towns across India. [117] Chennai Egmore is a terminus fortrains to destinations primarily within Tamil Nadu; it also handles a few inter-statetrains.[118]The Chennai suburban railway network, one of the oldest in the country,

consists of four broad gauge sectors terminating at two locations in the city, namelyChennai Central and Chennai Beach. Regular services are offered in the following sectorsfrom these termini: Chennai Central/Chennai Beach - Arakkonam - Tiruttani, ChennaiCentral/Chennai Beach Gummidipoondi - Sullurpeta and Chennai Beach Tambaram -Chengalpattu - Tirumalpur (Kanchipuram). The fourth sector is an elevated Mass RapidTransit System (MRTS) which links Chennai Beach to Velachery and is interlinked withthe remaining rail network. Construction is underway for an underground and elevatedChennai Metro rail.

[119]
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[edit] Road

An air-conditioned Metropolitan Transport Corporation bus in Chennai

Chennai is well connected to other parts of India by road. Five major national highwayslink Chennai to Mumbai (via Bangalore), Kolkata, Kochi , Tiruchirapalli (Trichy) and

Tirupati and onwards to the rest of the national highway system. Numerous statehighways link the city to Puducherry and other towns and cities in Tamil Nadu andneighbouring states.[120]The Chennai Mofussil Bus Terminus (CMBT), the terminus forall intercity buses from Chennai, is the largest bus station in Asia.

[121]Seven government-

owned tra

All About Chennai

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