Alkanes - Ms. Mogck's Classroom · Properties of Alkanes • Non polar molecules • as the length...
Transcript of Alkanes - Ms. Mogck's Classroom · Properties of Alkanes • Non polar molecules • as the length...
Alkanes
Carbonhas4bondingelectrons
Carboncanbondtoitselfinchains
orrings
Carboncanformsingle,doubleand
triplebonds
Carboncanformisomers
(sameformula,differentnames,characteristicsand
properties)
OrganicCompounds• CarbonandHydrogen(bondedtogether)• ExcludingOXIDES,CARBIDES,CARBONATES,CYANIDES
Completestructuraldiagram• i.e.3-methylheptane
CondensedStructuralDiagram
• i.e.3methylheptane
LineStructuralDiagram• AkaSkeletondiagram• i.e.3-methylheptane
ALKANES• Hydrocarboncompounds• AllcarbonsareSATURATED(meaningallsinglebonds)• Acyclic(meaningnoloops)
CnH2n+2• i.e.C7H16
IUPACNaming• therootisnamesusingthelongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatomsandapplyingthestandardgreek name• thesuffix“ane”isaddedtotheappropriatenumbering
Prefix #ofCarbonsMeth 1Eth 2Prop 3But 4Pent 5Hex 6Hept 7Oct 8Non 9Dec 10
• everysidechainisnamedbysubtractingthe“ane”andadding“yl”suffix• eachsidechainisnumberedbyitsdistancefromthefirstcarboninthechain(sotohavethelowestnumbers)
Example
• Namethefollowingalkane
Example2
• Namethefollowingalkane
CH3CH2CHCH2CH3
CH3
Example3
• Namethefollowingalkane
Example4,5,6,7
• 3,3,4,5-tetramethyl decane
• 3-ethyl5-methyloctane
• 4-butyl3-ethyl2,6-dimethylnonane
• 3-ethyl2,3,3-trimethyl heptane
CommercialImportanceofAlkanes
• Naturalgas=mainlymethane(alsoincludesethane,propane,butaneandpentane)• NaturalgasisheatedinafractionaldistillationtowntoremoveH2S
• Petroleum=varietyofalkanesseparatedbyfractionaldistillation• Fuel,wax,lubricants,asphalt,tarandsulfurallcomefrompetroleum• Pharmaceuticals,fertilizers,pesticidesandplasticsaremanufacturedfrompetroleum
PropertiesofAlkanes
• Nonpolarmolecules• asthelengthofthechainincreases,thesumoftheintermolecularforcesincreases
• shapeandsizeaffecttheboilingpoint• Increasethebranchingdecreasestheboilingpoint
• Increasingthenumberofcarbonsincreasestheboilingpoint