ALIIFORM111ACalifornia I nsf/tute 0 f Technology

Volume LIV Pasadena, California, ThursdaYI October 16, 1952........---. No.3

Pendulum -lost chdHcI

Rligibilit;y rcquirements

To be eligible to apply to takethis test, you must ]) intend torequest deferment as a student;2) he satisfactority enrolled as afull time student, and 3) notpreviously have taken the Selec­tive Service College QualificationTest. It is recommended thatanyone who expects defermentas a student and who has notpreviously taken this test takeit this year.

190,000 deferred students

Approximately 413,000 studentshave already taken the test, ofwhich about 190,000 are current­ly deferred. The present criteriafor deferment as an undergradu-

(Continued on Page 3)

November 1 deadline

Applications for the December4 test must he postmarked nolater than midnight, November1, ]952. According to Education­al Testing Service, which pre­pares and administers the Col­lege Qualification Test for theSelective Service System, if youare planning to take the test, itwill be greatly to your advantageto file your application at once,regardless of which date youselect.

Applications for this year's Selective Service College Quali­fication Tests are now available at all local' draft boards. Thetests will be given on December 4, 1952, and on April 23,1953 at several places in this area including Caltech. The re­sults of this test will be reported to your Selective Service localboard for use in considering your deferment as a student.-------- .------.

Apply at once

Eligible students (principallythose who have not yet takenthis test) who intend to takethis test on either date shouldapply at once to the most con­venient local board for an ap­plication and a bulletin of in­formation. (The nearest boardthe envelope provided. (CaltechRaymond in Pasadena.) Follow­ing instructions in the bulletin,you should fill out your applica­tion and mail it immediately inthe envelope provided. (Caltechis Station No. 111.)

Previous highsThe previous high in electron All those undergraduate and

energies was between 325 and 340 graduate students who are in-million volts produced by syn- tcrested in contributing lit-chrotrons at the University of erary, art or photographicCalifornia at Berkeley, Cornell work of a serious form (forUniversity and Massachusetts l'xample, shOrt stories, poetry,Institute of Technology, and the character sketches, etc.) to theUniversity of Illinois betatron.

I hnext issue of Pendulum, slated

Simp I' t eory for IHl blication early in De-In brief, the synchrotron oper- cember, 1952, should contact

ates as follows: An electron gun and/or leave their contribu-shoots bursts of about 100 bil- tions by next Monday in thelion electrons into the instru- house mail hox of one of thement at each pulse. The electrons f II . 'IT I

1 J'y . 1 0 o,vlng nlen: ,0 a t Lee,

trave c OC.l\.WIse around a roug 1- BI k Y1 I VI'ck-1

. 1 h h 1 b ac er ..-ouse; ~eOllv Circu ar pat, e d there y I (C t' I P "). . ' ,on Inuc( 011 aO"e u

a powerful magnetIC field. Each ~ _time around, their energy is I. Ii · P ,J. .J ,Ikicked slightly higher in a radio n erVieW ~CfleuUiefrequency cavity, until the de- WED., October 22 and Thursday, Octobersired pea kis reached. 23-Shell Development Co. and Shell Oil

Company-Research Laboratory. Dr. J. W.Research on nuclei Givens and Dr. W. A. Bailey to in­

terview Ph/DCh, ChE candidates, inter-For research, the electron ested in petroleum research. Mr. J. A.

Ibeam will be used to bombard Edgar to interview. Ph/ME, EE, CE can­

didates Interested In automotive researchplates of platinum, tungsten or on fuels and lubricants. Please sign for

(Continued on Page 3) ~h~~~;tH~7Its in Placement Office, 120

Glee club

----- -------------

Atfention, Fr()sn

AnyOllP interested in .)oln­ing the newly re-organizedCaltecb glee club is invited tosign up OIl thc sheet in lowerThroop.

Freshman section leadersshould be elected tomorrow inall Frosh sections. Each leaderis requested to report hisname to Miss Pond in DeanStrong's office immediately af­ter his election.

Synchrotron setsworld speed record

Record electron and X-ray en­ergies, as well as a speed neverbefore attained by man-acceler­ated matter, have been reachedin the synchrotron under con­struction here at Tech for thepast two years.

Operating at 460 m.e.v.The machine, to be used in

penetrating the mysteries of theatomic nucleus, has' acceleratedelectrons to energies of 460 mil­lion electron volts in preliminaryoperation, Professor Robert F.Bacher reported. Dr. Bacher isdirector of the eight-man Cal­tech team cooperating on con­struction of the synchrotron un­der contract with A.~':;.C.

Specd gains wcightAt this energy level the elec­

trons were more than 900 timesheavier than electrons at rest,in accordance with relativityand were traveling only one­tenth of a mile per second (or 60-

S>? >', '~·I millionths of one per cent) slow­er than light.

I'owerful X rays madcWhen a ] /8th inch thick lead

plate was put in the path of theelectron beam for test purposes,

1460 million volt X-rays were cre­, cned, the most· powerful ever pro­duced by man.

Goal-iOOO m.e.v.

Cutaway engine is SAE drive exhibit. Next stages of work on thesynchrotron will involve raising

Crawford, retired VP of General its output somewhat above 500Motors and 1945 president of million volts and using it for re­SAE. search. Later, its output is to be

October 30-"Fundamentals of increased to around one billionEngine Knock." Film by Ethyl volts. Two other high energyCorporation. electron machines are under con­

November 6-"BoeinO' Gasoline st.ruction-a linear accelerator atTurbine Enaine." Film and Stanford University and a non-speaker from b Boeing. ferromagnetic s~nchrotron at the

N b 20 '·F I d L b General Electnc Co., Schenec-ovem er -' ue s an u - t d

ricants." Talk by Mr. Stroebe, a y.manager EI Segundo Lab of Cal­tech.

December 4-"Spo1'ts Car De­sign." Talk by Roger Barlow.

Membership risingSAE has 80 members now and

expects 100 before long. Member­ship is still open and students ofall classes and options may join.The fee is $3.00 which pays alsofor the SAE monthly publica­tion. One may enroll by contact­ing the following chairmen:

Bob Gillingham, Dabney; RolfHastrup, Blacker; Ed Stoefel, OffCampus; George lVloore, Fleming;Phil Birkeland, Ricketts, andCraig Marks, Graduates.

SAE at the California Instituteof Technology began the fallterm with an automotive exhibitand membership drive. Exhibit­ed :were two late model cutawayengines, a jet engine and theduPont road test car. The Gen­eral Motors Le Sabre was ex­hibited under the sponsorshipof SAE October 2.

Fall scheduleThe program for the fall term

is as follows:October 16-Dinner meeting

with Southern California section.October 23-"Tht Automotive

Industry." Talk by Mr. James

SAE featuresexhibits, talks

Selective service collegetests in December and April

• Apply now if you haven't taken examDeadline: November 1; see draft board

This year, for the first time, thestudent houses have a dieticianto plan their meals. Mrs. G. R.Sorrenti, who came to Caltech inJuly, is insuring balanced andnutritious meals.

The houses

She was born in \Vinnipeg,Manitoba, Canada, where shelived until she came to Califor­nia. She received her ESc inhome economics at the Universi­ty of Manitoba and did graduatework CLt the University of To­ronto ;n Ontario. Her favoritecollege subjects other than homeec. were psychology and eco­nomics and her favorite sportsare tennis and swimming. Sheenjoys playing the piano, Puc­cinni being her favorite com­poser.

Her office is located in thebasement of the student houses.

Mock clection

Because Gallup was so verywrong four years ago, the YMCAis wondering whether it can't dobetter. Therefore in the verynear future, the Y will conducta mock election to see how Cal­tech rates the candidates.

Houses getdietician

The Caltech Y, through theGraduate Luncheon ClUb, issponsoring a series of luncheonforums concerned withof the coming election.

Today Milton Mayer, who foryears was associated with theUniversity of Chicago RoundTable and during the past yearwas visiting professor of socialresearch, Frankfort University,Germany, will speak on the topic"Europe and the U.S. Elections."Next week, on 'Wednesday, Oc­tober 29, Ray Wasser, the pastorof the First CongregationalChurch in Pasadena, will speakon "Principles and Compromisein Politics." Mr. Wasser is wellsuited for his talk for he hashad a very intimate and activeassociation with political lead­ers.

Y sponsorsforum series

FRIDAY, OCTOBER 17EARTHQUAKE demonstration lecture,

Dr. Buwalda in 201 BSATURDAY, OCTOBER 18

FOOTBALL vs. Arizona State at FlagstaffSUNDAY, OCTOBER 19

SCRIPPS Barbecue and Bike Race

6 am serenadeFleming got into the act noisi­

ly again this year at 6:00 amMonday morning when theymake the rounds of the otherhouses with much enthusiasm.Someone without a sense of hu­mor had shut off the water inBlacker and Ricketts, much tothe disgust of Building &Grounds and to the delight ofFleming. Foresighted frosh inBlacker and Ricketts were notentirely unprepared as they hadstashed away precious liquid touse in the advent of FlemingFrosh.

'Vettet· water?There were the customary

water battles with the losers be­ing dragged off to the showersby the victors. "lYe narrowly es­caped being one of the losers in

(Continued on Page 4)

Eggs awaylJ-Iearing the roll of drums from

Dabney on Monday evening wehurried over clutching balloonsbursting at the seams and water Undergrads invitcdpails in full anticipation of the Although these luncheon for-fray, only to find everyone stand_ urns are primarily for graduateing in a big circle. The object students, faculty and staff, theof all this attention was a pros- speaker will not begin until ]2:30trate frosh, stripped to the so undergraduates'can come intowaist, lying on old issues of the I the Athenaeum after lunch toCalifornia Tech nonchalantly hear the talk and question pe­smoking a cigarette while from riod. During the question periodabove the bombadier straight- the speaker must answer definiteener! his plumb bob and dropped questions and take a definitethe eggs-three perfect misses. stand. This procedure helps toSuch an exhibition of mercy was keep the platitudes to a mini-too much. "\Ye left. mum.

Rowdy PeasantsRicketts made their peasants

look presentable with new gen­uine straw sombreros, which forsome unknown reason, like ev­erything else in the hou3e, be­gan to pop up in other dinIngrooms.

Peasants, Peons, and other forms of lowly Froshcome into their own in diverse initiation ritesPeons, Frosh, and other low lifes have been baptized and

received into the folds of the student houses with the bless­ings of all upperclassmen. Despite the 5 dollar and up fine rulefor water fights inside the houses we have had to wade and

this story, withswim our way through the alleys to assemblethreatened and real detours into the showers.

Blacker bows .---------------

Blacker got after the Froshlast Tlmrsday, issuing distinc­tive red ties which immediatelymade the wearers of same themost sought-after-men on cam­pus. Earl "Slavedriver' Jacobsclaims that this toughens themagainst attempted murder bystrangulation.

Time to retireAs usual Dabney came out

with something new. We arestill attempting to locate thehosiery shop where these cutehats came from. One cleverpeon, an engineer, no doubt,was seen carrying his candleabout with a shield so that hecould move faster but it was ofno avail against the superiorupper-classmen. At press timethe Darb Frosh are wearing pa­jamas to classes and meals but itis not required that they wearthem to bed.

Freshmen enduresoul washing

Page Two C A L I FOR N I ATE C H Thursday, October 16, 1952

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DRAWING PENCIL

Stained Stefanides spent aharrowing evening last Saturdaywarding off the amorous attacksof the sweet young things fromthe Fleming exchange. In a pri­vate interview with the Beak,the Baby Faced Killer attributedhis popularity to clean living andto the experience he picked upin Juarez over the summer.

Gone to potAfter briefly returning to the

fold and winning the covetedAlley Achievement Award, RolfHastrup has again wandered in­to the clutches of a predatoryfemale. Rolf is now faced withthe problem of how to get hishouse pin back so he can giveit away again.

(Continued on Pa~e 3)

'Vill all potential band in­strument players please talkto Tom Taussig in DabneyHonse. The new Caltech bandwill shortly be outfitted inschool colors and lJarade atfootball games. New membersare urgently needed.

.MICROTOMIC

Published every Thursday during the col­lege year except during examinations andholiday periods.

California Institute of Technology1201 East California Street, Pasadena, Cal.

Subscription rates: $1.50 per year.Entered as second-class matter Nov. 22,

1947. at the Post Office in Pasadena, Cali­fornia, under the Act of March 3, 1879.

Offices: Lower Fleming

Roy Ratney, Acting Editor-in-ChiefEDITORIAL STAFF

Managing Editor -- Dave TillesNews Editor .._.._._.._.. . . J im CrosbyNight Editor _.._.._.. _._._ ..... __ BiII GardnerRewrite._... __ __ .. :.... __ ._.. __ Willard RichardsNews StafL._ __.. . __ Bernie Schweitzer,

Phil Birkeland, Dave Cantor, GordonReiter, Ken Devehey

Copy StafL.. .__... .__ .__ Frank Schroeter,Byron Johnson, Stan Parkhill JackGoldman, Marvin Beinstock '

Special Writers._..._.._. . __ . ._.Walt Lee,. Bob Deverill

Sports StaffEditor_. .._. __ .. __ ..._._. . . .John WallAssistant Editor_. .... George PatrawFeature Writer.. . . AI NicholsonPhotographer ... .__ .. __ ._Don EmersonWriters ._._..Don Emerson, Hugh Taylor

BUSINESS STAFFBusiness Manager __ ... Chuck BenjaminBusiness Assistant_ _.._. . __ . .Phil BatesCirculation Manager_. ._._George Johnston

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BackslidingThe Blacker House church

suffered a crippling blow thispast week. Pope Les Earnest, ap­parently unmindful of his dutiesand responsibiltties as head ofthe true church, committed thesupreme heresy of attendingservices elsewhere in Pasadena.In addition, it is rumored thatthe Pope's foul deed came as aresult of the persuasive glancesof a woman. Murmurs of reformare being heard.

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-Goulds Pump Catalog. Waiters' Union, it must admitThe following conversation that the first improvement in

took place in Dabney Hall after many years has taken place. Thisthe Pomona game, as Bill Gard- Is the importation of Scrippsner approached a female form in women as occasional extra wait­the obscurity: "Hello, are you ers. Seconds of coffee have in­stag?" "No, I'm Mary." Pause. creased by a faotor of five on the"Oh, well, may I have this two nights the Flemingites weredance?" "I'd love to, but my hus- so blessed..band will be back in a minute." Landlubber

Ah, Pomona I Naval vet Pitton has laid claimThe Sailing Club sojourned Po- to the title of World's Worst

mona-way last Saturday n i g h t Sailor. After losing the bail can-got quite corrupted. From and letting the boat drift on thewhat we hear, the affair was a rocks, he pleaded inexperiencedance with a Hawaiian theme in and begged buddy George Mooreeverything: the decorations were to pilot the boat to the dock.islandish and didn't get under- George managed to run over an­foot, yet were effective; the band other boat's anchor chain duringwas of a variety amazing-played the process.Hawaiian music that aotually Boy chemistmoved; the entertainment start- Larry Starr, curious about theed out with the traditional Ha- inflammability of benzine, boiledwaiian dance done by perform- some over an open flame in Tur­ers, but ended up with an ama- key lab, creating a miniatureteur's version of the Hula that version of Dante's Inferno. Lun­literally petrified (whenever an stood by with the extinguish­anyone who saw it is asked er. Prof. Lucas later informedabout it they assume this state, Starr that benzine was inflam­with a dreamy, vacant expres- mabIe.sion conveying all that they willcommunicate about the thing),and nobody will talk about thePunch. Everyone agrees that thedress of the occasion was whatmade' dancing most difficult-itdefinitely wasn't cumbersome­quite distractingly the other wayaround-made it unworthwhileto watch where one was going.All in all, sounds like we missedsomething-judging from thesensa!tion Peyton aroused by in­vading Little Tony's replete with

This year the Ricketts Socialteam of Tyson and Marinkovitchin collaborating with the Flem­

ing Social Committee, got offwith a flying start. The resultof this was the incident on theNorthside of the houses last Sat­urday night.'

Ricketts

tl()US~ S()CIAL~fEW~

This incident completely ab­sorbed the houses involved (pluseveryone else that was around),thoroughly divested the institu­tions of Westridge, South Pasa­dena, and Mayfield of· theirqueens for the night, and wascomplete with everything fromenjoyable and respectable re­freshments to a rather lurid dis­play of grass skirts.

Arrow

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~..~-~,,~..-:. -.,Ii ----.....-

The news gathering and writ·ing and copy reading depart­ments of the California Techmay be changed in the near fu­ture so that the work of puttingthe paper together each weekwill be split more evenly amongthe staff members. All the pres­ent members of the Tech staff,former members who are stillinterested in the quality of thenevvspaper, and all other stu­dents who are interested in anyphase of journalistic activity arerequested to come to a specialmeeting to discuss the proposedchanges and to present ideas.The meeting will be held at 11am next Monday, October 20 inroom 206 Dabney.

At present there is no featureeditor or copy .chief. Anyonewho thinks that he can handleeither job should be there.

At the beginning of this term we went through what all of usconsider an ordeal, registration. We had to fill out 14 or 15 cardsand write our names about twice as many times. The programsthat we filled out, we copied from pink preregistration cardswhich we filled out from blackline master copies last term (ex­cept for the freshmen). Unless we are taking extra units we hadour programs handed to us almost on a silver platter, so thatthe whole process of making up a schedule took only 20 minutes.

Not so "easy" elsewhereAt many other schools, as a few of us know, the situation is

quite different. Students must fill out a program without conflictsby consulting the catalog and the professors' schedules. Thenwhen the whole schedule is arranged, it is found that there isa conflict or that one or more classes are filled up, and theschedule must, at least in part, be made over.

Who does it?We have the Registrar's office to thank for relieving us of

this headache. This spring they placed about 600 undergraduatestudents in 47 sections, arranged close to 100 classes for thosesections, and arranged to have instructors and rooms for allthose classes. They had to be sure that they did not have onesection in two places at once, one professor in two places atonce or one room occupied by two classes at the same time.While they were doing this they were also investigating severalhundred prospective freshmen, wondering what the SelectiveService System was going to do next and arranging for thegraduate students' programs.

The California Tech, then, pays tribute to Dean L. W. Jonesand the office he directs.

It isn't so easy t t t

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These are some of the greatestunknows in physics today.

Find cosmic rays?In particular, Dr. Bacher said

(Continued on Page 4)

25 Years-Serving TechmenSame Location

Carl's Caltech BarbersOn California St.

Near Lake

SYNCHROTRON

(Continued from Page 1)

other heavy metals and thus pro­duce X-rays. These X-rays, inturn, will be used to bombardvarious materials for experi­ments on atomic nuclei, the"cores" of atoms where most oftheir weight and energy are con­centrated. The research will beaimed at a better understandingof the structure of these coresand the tremendous forces thatkeep their constituent protonsand neutrons locked together.

By WALT LEE

TI-j~ JVAC~

I3~AV~1:?

opera from Universal.Heinlein's film, Destination

Moon is now available for homeshowing on 16mm machines.

Walter M. Miller Jr., L.Sprague de Camp (CIT alumnus),Paul Anderson, Sam Merwin Jr.,and Frank Robinson, have beencommissioned by Shasta to· dooriginal novels, most of whichwill see print in three or fourmonths.

Also scheduled for fall pub­lication is a fantasy magazine"like the old Unknown." Thisfrom Lester del Rey, editor ofSpace Science Fiction.

MOVIESWilly Ley and Chesley Bone­

stell's king sized space primer,The Conquest of Space, has beenpurchased by Paramount andturned over to George Pal forproduction. Paramount has alsobought Turmoil from Lester delRey.

COlumbia started work on theAtom Outpost June 3.

The Twonky by Lewis Padgettis essentially ready for release.Arch Obler filmed it in 17 days­edited for 3 months. It was orig­inally scheduled as part of athree story movie, but it eve­dently stole the whole show.

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CAMPUS BREWINS(Continued from Page 2)

Bah!Old man Wilkes, too tired to

get any of his own, chaperonedJohn Goetten's girl to the foot-ball game last weekend while Asfthe latter was tussling on the The December issue of As-Rose Bowl turf. Seeing the gleam tounding, on sale Wednesday,in Wilkes' eye, however, Big November 19, will have as a leadJohn hurriedly engaged Kill-Joy story a yarn by Raymond F.Jacobs to go along and keep Jones. The issue will also con­things honest. Further details tain an article explaining theare shrouded in secrecy. theory that a positron is merely

Finis an electron going backward inAnd then there is the story time.

of Mrs. Hale who called Dabney News notesHouse on the phone and was Isaac Asimov's Gnome Pressanswered by a Blacker fresh- novel I, Robot will appear in aman. The eager lad, finding the dollar edition this year by Gros­supply of shower heads exhaust- set and Dunlap.ed, was probably preparing to Actor's son William Powell Jr.remove the phone. is writing the screen story for

Three can live. • • I Space Island, upcoming space-The proverbial candle is hav­

ing both ends singed, again, byone Darb who sent two billetdouxs by fast carrier to two dif­ferent Scripps gals in two dif­ferent halls. Seems he has toomuch talent for one gal at atime. Two Schmippsies may betoo much for Dick to handle,but at least we know that he canhandle himself.

As cheaplyTiger Mandl wears that frus­

(Continued on Page 4)

SELECTIVE SERVICE

(Continued from Page 1)

ate student are either a satis­factory score (70) on the S8 Col­lege Qualification Test or speci­fied rank in class (upper half ofmale freshman class, upper twothirds of male sophomore class,or upper three fourths of malejunior dass.) However, localboards are widely divergent intheir application of these stand­ards to educational deferment.and it must be remembered thateducational deferment, his boardonce a person has received anis not obligated to redefer him.

Occupational defermentsOf those who graduated from

college last spring and are nowworking, only six percent havebeen deferred because of occu­pation. However, according to theOffice of Education, three fourthsof this deferred group majoredin science or engineering.

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Harmony course nowgiven for credit

CALIFORNIA PHARMACYTHE REXALL STORE

The Humanity Division offersa non-credit course in harmonyand music theory, to which allstudents, both graduate and un­dergraduate, are welcome. It istaught by William Kline, theconductor of the Caltech studentorchestra, who also teaches mu­sic at the East Los Angeles Jun­ior College. Work is on an indi­vidual basis, so students of anydegree of musical proficiency canbe accomodated. The groupmeets in Dab n e y Lounge onTuesday afternoons at fouro'clock.

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Page Four C A L I FOR N I ATE C H _ Thursday, October 16, 1952

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perhaps a year or two while ma­Jor efforts are put into physicalexperiments at this stage. Atthe same time they will be con­ducting tests to determine whatchanges will be needed in theirpioneering instrument to take itbeyond 500 million volts towardtheir ultimate goal of one billionvolts.

The machine is built in theshape of a race track whose out­side diameter is 36 feet. The 140­ton electromagnet. which keepsthe high speed electrons in their-orbit as they are accelerated toever higher speeds is divided in­to four quadrants. Bach quadrantcontains 18 roughly rectangularsegments weighing almost twotons apiece surrounding a one­by-three foot vacuum chamber.

The quadrants are separatedby five-foot straight sections. Inthree of these are attachmentsfor pumping system that main­tains an almost perfect vacuumin the chambei- through whichthe electrons travel. In thefourth straight section is a radiofrequency cavity.

Electrons are shot into thesynchrtoron by an external elec­tron gun driven by a high volt­age pulse transformer. They passthrough an accelerating tube im­mersed in oil and are injectedinto the vacuum chamber (at oneof the pump sections) with anenergy of about one millionvolts. Their velocity then isroughly 175,000 miles a second,or about 94 per cent that of light.

The electrons move clockwisearound the synchrotron. Eachtime they reach the radio fre­quency cavity they get a 250-voltboost in energy. In one-fourth ofa second they will have traveledsome 46,000 miles-almost twicearound the earth--'-to reach anenergy of one-half billion volts.

Flywheel tUnIS up!At these speeds a powerful

magnetic field which increases astheir speed increases must beused to keep the electrons fromflying out of their orbit. Powerfor the electromagnet which doesthis job is supplied by a 7,500kilowatt motor-generator. Aseach burst of electrons is shotinto the synchrotron the mag­netic field is produced by a cur­rent which rises steadily fromzero to 3,000 amperes in one­quarter second, then decaysagain to zero as the current flowsback through mercury arc rec­tifiers. These convert electricalenergy to mechanical energy

(Continued on Page 6)

SYNCHROTRON(Continued from Page 3)

we will try to find out what par­ticles are created when nucleiare bombarded with very highenergy X-rays. These may in­clude a number of particles pro­duced by cosmic radiation, whichstreams into earth from space.Which particles the synchrotronwill be able to produce, beyondthe relatively pi meson, is com­pletely an open question, he add­ed.

One interesting research proj­ect will be an attempt to deter­mine what physicists call thephoto-meson cross-section forhydrogen-or the probability ofmeson production from hydro­gen by energetic X-rays. The nu­cleus of ordinary hydrogen isknown to consist of just one pro­ton, which has long been consid­ered a fundamental particle innature. But m e son s weighingabout one-tenth as much as aproton can be produced by bom­barding such nuclei, and a fur­ther study at hi g her energypromises· to be illuminating inunderstanding the proton and itsstructure, Dr. Bacher said. Thephoto-meson cross-section fordeuterons, or: double-weight hy­drogen nuclei, will also be stud­ied.

500 m.e.v. for yearThe synchrotron will operate

at the 500-million volt level for

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CAMPUS BREWINS froshes King and Pixton arrived Ifrosh c.ould jump off from a(Continued from Page 3) with the firewood they found plank into it.

trated look since Saturday night, that the party had resorted to =-- or consequencesbut when he offered to display his bottled warmth to escape the fate To the unlucky frosh who lostquery, he lowered his sights on of a freezing death. After ex- their distinctive apparel wentJay Kimmel's ginch. Things ploring the dubious comforts of "humorous" assignments rang­went well during the last dance rocky caves and sandy waists ing from persuading PCC girlswhen he offered to display hi~ the couples journied their aching to eat ~t the stud~nt hou~es tosummer muscles she covered her backs homeward. The sad note measurmg the cUb~c capaclty ofshocked look by'retreating hasti- . sounded when Billings and Arne- the razor blade dlsposal boxesly with Jay. Ison returned to Tech with their in the house medicine cabine~s,

gomobiles crudely modified by and woe to the Frosh who dldL J~ ta~1 Id h I holiday traffic. Schulze had his not complete his assignment!

ene:v an . ase wou eac date quaking in fear when he Into the foldhave. glven thelr left eye-ball for to d b th local Gesta 0 Within the houses initiationa pall' of Adler elevator hooves. was s ~p.e y e.. p .H h ld I· t 1 k' t on SusplclOn of drlVmg a stolen has served to umte the frosh

ug cou at eas 00 mo. ., h' h d d hh' . l' ' b· h 1 1 car and bemg under age-With- Wlt m the ouse, an ma e t emlS glr s eyes, ut t e on y ga out shoes, yet. known to all the upper class-

short en~ugh for Gl~sel w.as al- men. Through the brawls, ani-ready bemg entertamed, m no mosities have undoubtedly de-small manner, by Schulze. FROSH ENDURE veloped between individuals, but

Banged up (Continued from Page 1) we hope this will pass in con-The Sunday beach outing pro- the fracas. sideration of the heat of the mo-

vided many memorable incidents ment.for the men of Dabney. When In Blacker the get-wet-faster

theme went to the ultimate whenthe pledgemasters had the peonsrunning in and out of the Mon­day evening ,meal with bucketsof water in order to fill up alarge trash can so one of the

Thursday, October 16, 1952 C A L I FOR N I ATE C H Page Five

442

Statistics

I. H. SPOlts

PASADENA BOWLINGCOURTS

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Headquarters of Caltech BowlersOpen 11 a.m. to 1 a.m. SY. 3-1341Special Student Rate before 6 P.M.

By Rosen

Fleming opened its bid to keepthe Interhouse trophy with aconvincing 7-1 triumph overBlacker in baseball last Thurs­day. Altbough sloppy fielding onthe part of the losers was thedeciding factor, effective clutchpitching by Bill Chambers andpower hitting by Ron Salibagave the Flems the necessarypunch.

Up to strengthThe Beavers are ripe for a win,

though, and Arizona State maybe in for a battle this Saturdaynight. Pat Fazio and Jack Walk­er, who played very well againstPomona despite the fact thathath had the flu will be in shapefor the game, as will Hugh Tay­lor, who missed last week's gamebecause of illness.

Starters: Henderson, Muelberg­er, McDonald, Pilant, Menetray,Tallman, Stefanides, Fazio, Walk­er, Johnson Gehle.

Darhs winThe Darbs loomed as the team

to heat, as they handed an 11-0shutout to Ricketts. Unofficialscore at the time the game wascalled was 11-0. Former highschool ace Ray Weymann com·pletely handcuffed the Rowdiesanel served notice to future op-

Flag-staff next ponents that Dabney is going toThe Beavers showed again be plenty tough.

that they have potentially a very _ _ _good football team, and whentIley start making some hreaksthey will win some games. Thisweekend they journey to Flag­staff to take on Arizona State, ateam Tech defeated last year by28·11. Flagstaff ran up a large

Gehle scOresTech monopolized the rest of

the game, barely missing a touch­down on the Hens' 2-yard lineafter a GO-yard drive. The Beav­ers finally hit pay dirt, however,recovering a fumble on the Po­mona 32 and driving for a touch­down with Ed Gehle finally scor­ing on a two-yard plunge onfourth down. Gehle convertedafter this one as l1e did the pre­vious one to make it 19-14. TheSagehens stalled tIle last twominutes and the Reavers couldn'tget the ball again before the gunsounded.

Pomona scoresPomona shot ahead, 18-7, soon

after the second half began, cul­minating an 8G-yard drive, whichwas helped by a 15-yard roughingthe kicker penalty, with BobBury plunging over for whatproved to be the winning touch­down.

StatisticsThe Beavers showed again that

tIley were the superior team ineverything but the final score, asfor the second straight week theyoutdowned and outgained theiropponents. 'rhe final count infirst clowns was 15-10, while theyardage gained both by passingand running was in Tech's fa-vor by large amounts. Pomona Pomona Caltechscored first in the first q~arter iFirst Downs .__________ 10 15of the game, aftel' reCelVll1g a Running ._. . 5 10Tech fum ble on the 48. A 2] -yard Passing ._. .___ 2 2pass set up the touchdown, as I' If 3 3Schmidt of Pomona went over ena l",S -~- ... ------ •

from the I-yard line. Wedel of Yards Gained Rush. 144 185Pomona sent the Sagehens out Yards lost --.-----____ 35 19in front 12-0 with a 53-yard dash Net Gain Rushing 109 16Goff tackle soon after the Beavers Yards Gained Pass. 72 70had been stopped on the ~omona Total net yards gain 181 18118. The Beavers scored Just be- .fore the half ended as Eric Ward Passes Attempted._ 3 17was sent into the game and com- Passes completed ---. 2 5pleted a 37-yard pass to Neil Average lengthStefanides, who incidentally punts . .__ .. . . 38played another outstanding of- Fumbles lost .._.. 4fensive and defensive game.

Caltech's Beavers showed a lot of spirit and drive in their sec·and game of the season against Pomona last Saturday night atthe Rose BowL Although dealt their second loss of the season theBeavers gave Pomona's Sagehens all they could take, ending thegame much stronger than the Sagehens in this, their first contestof the season. The score, 19-14, indicates the closeness of the gamewhich was not settled until the gun had been fired.

The Sagehen's offense was.confined to two long passes score in trouncing LaVerne lastwhich set up scores, and a long week, and indications are thatrun from scrimmage for a touch- the Beavers will face a muchdown. Tech scored on a long pass improved team over that of lastat the end of the first half, and year.closed the scoring with a longdrive in the fourth quarter. Nu­merous other times the Beaversclicked in mid-field, but stalledwhen they approached the Po­mona goal, once being stoppedon the I-yard line.

Foot&al'ers displaypovver and fight

Lose to Pomona, 19-14Flagstaff next for eager Beavers

UCLA18

George Patra",

Gehle goes over for 'l'D

Coming ottractions

Pigskin Prognostications

Over the wall IIshoes of graduated great Hal

IWoody. Also a special awardof merit goes to Big Ed for his

By John Wall Ifine extra-point work.. The heavy work as always fell

The runnmg was great, the to the line. Despite the loss ofpassing was great, and the tac- the "Terror of Tech" Hugh Tay­kling was great; but the score lor, the offensive line performedwas awful. That sums up the nohly in opening the holes for

Pomona-Tech game last week. thTe hbaclb(~' I k '11. e 19gest ac was stl a

The Beaver gncJders showed passing attack. Ward hit a fewgreat strength in their running good ones, but his ball handlingattack with little Pat Fazio at is still strictly small time.the helm, and ""Valker, Johnson, * * *and Gehle doing the bucking. For those who would get wet,The showing of :P~d Gehle at full there is news. The swimmingback was a pleas:mt. surprise to pool is just over the pile of steelme for although it was not rec-· headed this way (we hope). \Veord breaking, it looked tremen- can hope to see the pit dugdously improved over the Red- sometime this spring (sorryJanch game. If this trend contin- class of '53).ues, big Ed may yet fill the big --.- --- -.- --------.-----

Thursday: I. H. Baseball, Fleming vs. Throop.Dabney vs. Blacker.

Friday:I. H. Cross Country, 1Vz miles.Saturday, Varsity Football, at Flagstaff.. l:<'rosh Football, Oxy, here 2:00. (Let's get out & cheer)Tuesday, T. H. Cross Country, 2 miles

T. H. Baseball, Ricketts vs. Fleming,Blacker vs. Throop.

Special Notice: Only 8 more weeks till the athletic banquet.Save now, buy later. Buy on the easy installment plan. Save 25cper week. No down payment required!

PJiJNIHJI,Ul\I

(Coutiuued from Page 1)

man, Dabney Honse; ::\fikeBoughton, Fleming Honse;G cor P; e Johnston, RickettsHonse. For off cam}lus aIHI

TIll'oop Clnb ])lease ,Hldl'(,ssPendlllum, nox V, I,owerThrooJl. 'I'he deadline for con·trihnt ions for the Decemherissue is l\TmHlay, October 20.

Oxy nextThe varsity took a severE: blow

with the apparent loss of letter­man Ames, however Van Walk­ley and Marshall are improvingrapidly and should fill the gap.The first conference meet comesOctober 31 when Tech takes onthe ever-powerful Oxy on theirhome course.

Indications of a great Froshharrier team were shown lastFriday. The first two Tecl1mento finish in a practice meet withPasadena Nazarene were Frosh,both of whom won high schoolletters in the sport. Yet anotherYearling took a fifth. The rela­tively poor showing of the var­sity may be accounted for by thefact that three key men couldnot be there that day.

Interhom;;e Friday GAME Mr. Musselman Boris Taylor I John Wall

The first Interhouse meet of UCLA Stanfo-.:d---UCLA- II UCLAIlh miles will be held tomorrow. Stanford 6 7 11

Right now it looks like Dabney Purdue-- Notre Dam~-- ~;due-~---P;'d~- --P~rdue--

is t!1C cla~ss with Blacker close INotre Dame_ I__.._l __._ _ --.!_~ 14 9behmd. 1 he Darbs sport two sc sc - sc sc·--- ---- scgood F'r08h I11us a few old hut Oregon St. 13 6 20 28

game II PDC1'C'JilSSl11E'n. Rlacker is o~St. _-~ --Oh;;;--s;;,-t~---Ohio- State --------ohi~-State- O""Chi-o-C:--St-at-e-leel hy Van vVillklcy, while Rick- Wash. St. 14 12 14 15etts cOlmters with Parker and ----- -----Birkland.

Frosh sparkTech practice

Pat FazioTo run a T-formation football

team, a good ball-handling quar­terback is a necessity. Filling thebill for the Beavers this year isPat Fazio, two-year veteran anda letter winner last year.

Mighty miteFazio is the smallest man on

the team at 140 pounds, 5 feetG inches, the oldest at a ripe 24,and probably the fastest. Pat hasspent his time well, though; he'smarried, has a baby, and servedsome time for Uncle Sam.

I(ey manCoach LaRrucherie's biggest

problem in switching over to aT this year was finding a quar­terback who could handle theball well, pass, and run. He cameup with Pat, who's done a prettygood job for a newcomer to thedifficult T.

Glue·fing-eredHandling the ball on every

offensive play except punts, thequarterback has to be sure-hand­ed, fast moving player, or he'sdoomed. Pat filled the bill on thefast-moving part; he's been a I

dash man on the track tmm. Andhe proved to he an able hall·handler, while his passing is im­proving steadily. Filling RabeKaras::rwa's shoes is no easy tilsk,1mt Pat's working on it.

By NICK

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Page Six C A L I FOR N I ATE C H Thursday, Oct~ber 16, 1952

CaltechPharmacy

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the University of Michigan.lUaterial from U.C.

Construction of the machinewas speeded up by the fact thatCaltech secured the vacuumpumping system and iron for themagnet from the University ofCalifornia. They had been usedfor a pilot model of the six-bil­lion volt proton accelerator nowunder construction at Berkeley.

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which is stored in a large motor­driven flywheel until the processis repeated-at the rate of about70 times a minute.

When the radi'o frequency cav­ity is turned off at peak magneticfield the electrons leave theirorbit and strike the targe.

The electron synchrotron prin­ciple was first developed by Dr.E. M. McMillan, a Caltech alum­nus, now of the University ofCalifornia at Berkeley. The Cal­tech instrument is a modifiedversion of the "race track" typefirst suggested by another Cal­tech alumnus. Dr. H. R. Crane of

effect in the event of a majorquake. It was directed from thelaboratory by Dr. Gutenberg.

Immediate startA Seismological field party un­

der Dr. Richter was on the roadtwo hours and odd minutes afterthe first shock. It was but thefirst of many to go out from theLaboraory, and Dr. John P. Bu­walda and other geologists seek­ing surface evidence of the quakewere enroute from Caltech notlong after.

The geological teams cOveredhundreds of square miles in theirsearch for earth cracks, crustaldistortions and other manifes­tations of the great upheaval.The seismologists recorded after­shocks with portable equipmentat half a dozen locations over aperiod of weeks. In addition,seismograms from a dozen Cal­tech auxiliary stations in South­ern California augment the Pasa·dena and field records.Epicenter neal' \Vheelcr HidgePreliminary conclusions from

the concerted seismologolical-geo­logical survey include:

(1) Epicenter of the initialshock was near Wheeler Ridgeat the south end of the San Joa­quin Valley and west of U.S.Highway 99, according to Dr.Gutenberg. Rock rupture start­ed about ten miles below the sur­face. It traveled northeastwardunder the valley to pass east ofArvin along the White WolfFault (sometimes called the BearMountain Fault) on the westfront of Bear Mountain, then pastBealville and Caliente. Epicen­ters of the various aftershockswere scattered through a 600­square mile area.

No simple fault scarp(2) Hidden slippage of perhaps

10 to 15 feet on the rocky inclineof the fault tore the earth inthe obscure deeps of its crust.What happened there was notexactly what happened at thesurface. Lurching of differenthuge masses of ground producedlong zones of multiple surfacecracks and long ridges such asthe one east of Arvin that lookslike a road embankment. No­where does there appear to be aclear simple fault trilce like thatof 190fi when the temblor brokethe surface with a continuousoffset of fences and roads.

(3) The new surface featuresare the latest contributions ofinvisible unrest which has beenchanging the face of the earthalong the White Wolf Fault forperhaps the last million years.Altogether the crust has prob­ably been offset vertically a totalof some ten thousand feet, per­haps a few fee at a time, sincethe movement began. For thegray granite rock exposed at anelevation of 6,895 feet near thetop of Bear Mountain forms the"basement" several thousand feetbelow the sediments on the floorof the San Joaquin Valley in thisarea.

Wise buildingThis earthquake taught the

same old lesson that structuresdesigned for quake resistancesuffered little or no damage.Many weakly constructed brickad concrete-block fronts, wallsor buldings fared badly. Properlydesigned structures built ofsound materials stood unharmed,indicating that earthquake safetyin California is simply a matterof building wisely.

17 separate stationsThe Laboratory 'so far has had

time only to skim the cream fromits voluminous records of thisearthquake. These include perhaps the world's most comprehensive, concentrated recordingof aftershocks. For one 36-hourperiod the Laboratory bracketedthe earthquake-active area of theTehachapi and southern SierraNevada Mountains with a cordonof temporary seismographic staHans to get sets of records from17 separate locations (includingthe permanent auxiliary network). From them the seismologists will derive data on thestructure of the earth's crust andthe location of active faults inthat area as well as the speed ofseismic waves and the depth ofearthquake origins.

!\lore after-shocksThe question of how long

after-shock activity will continueis frequently asked. For the answer, until the new linear strainseismograph and other develop­ments put seismology on a morequantitative basis, scientistsmust look backward. They canjudge only by past experience,now confirmed by Dr. Benioff'smethod of plotting a curve of af­ter-shock strain relief.

Shocks do\vn to magnitude 4centering in the Arvin-Techapiarea are usually noticeable inthe Los Angeles area. Shocks ofthis size may be expected to con­tinue at the rate of one Or twodaily for several months. Minorshocks that can be felt only neartheir epicenters may continuefor two or three years. A strong­er than usual shock can be ex­pected occasionally, and an after­shock of magnitude 6 may welloccur within a year. But the in­tervals between such shocks \villbe longer and longer.

The damage caused by a shock,however, depends not' only onthe magnitude but also on thedistance from the epicenter. Themagnitude G quake which dam­aged Rakersfield on August 22liberated only one-l00th the ener­gy of the major shock a monthearlier. Rut because the centerwas only a few miles from town.Bakersfield was far more severe­ly jolted.

There is now no reason to ex­pect another shock on the samefault larger than the main shock.It is impossible to tell, however,whether or when there mightbe slippage on some other faultwhich will cause another majorCalifornia quake.

----------------------------

No rest For seismologistThe Kern shosk of July 21

launched Caltech seismologistson their greatest emergencyhunt for earthquake data sincethe Seismological Laboratorywas founded more than a quar­ter century ago. In an atmo­sphere of natural but almost con­stant interruptions from thepress and public for days andweeks, theirs has been the mostextensive bit of earthquake de­tective work in this country, ifnot in the world. This pursuithad long been planned, to take

Away from disturbanceThe tunnel site will remove

the new strain from human dis­turbance. A person standing onthe floor of the Laboratorysquashes the granite bed belowenough to record on the instru­ment there. Furthermore the sec­ular linear strain instrumentmust be well prtected from tem­perature change. The secularinstrument to be built near Glen­dora will be made of fusedquartz, a material which re­sponds less to temperature vari­ation than the steel used in earli­er models at the Laboratory. Dr.Benioff chose the tunnel locationbecause he hopes its temperaturewill vary less than one degreethroughout the year.

twelve hours. In other words,the earth's crust is pulled slight­ly out of shape, reaches its maxi­mum distortion and returns toits original position over a pe­riod of one-half day.

Geophysicists have been ableto determine tidal movementsof the solid crust-finding, forinstance, that the earth pulsatesabout eight inches at the equat­or-but not tidal strains. Theseare the squeeze and stretchwhich produce such movements.Knowledge of the amount of tid­al strain will give geologists abetter idea of the structure andrigidity of the earth.

Long period wavesA third purpose of the linear

strain meter is to measure andrecord long-period seismic wavesbeyond the range possible withexisting instruments. Such wavesare generated by large earthquakes. An early Benioff strainseismograph recorded long wavesfrom the 1933 JapaDese quakewith a period of three to fourminutes and later registeredsome with a seven minute periodfrom the 1950 Assam quake.Longer period waves may existbut cannot be recorded with ex­isting instruments.

Structure down 600 milesWaves of these periods pro­

vide information about the na­ture of the faulting at the epi­center and may indicate the dur­ation of the processes at thesource as well as the extent offaulting. They also may revealfacts about the structure of theearth's mantle down to 600 milesor more below the surface.

The new instrument will be amodification of existing ones atthe Caltech Seismological Lab­oratory in Pasadena and at aCaltech auxiliary station on Pal­omar Mountain. These latter aredesigned to measure only short­er-term squeezing and stretchingof the earth's crust observed dur­ing earthquakes and their after­shocks.

strainstrains

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secular (I.e., long-term) strainsin the earth's crust. Such strains-unlike the short-duration onescreated during earthquakes­may take years or centuries todevelop.

Long gradual buildupSecular strains, for instance,

have been building up along thenorthern portion of the greatSan Andreas Fault since the 1906San Francisco quake and alongthe southern portion since theFort Tejon quake of 1857. (Thelatter produced damage for atleast 100 miles to the northwestand southeast of the town of Gor­man.) It is these strains, whichhave been accumulating for near­ly 50 years on the northern SanAndreas and for almost a cen­tury on its southern portion,that lead Caltech seismologiststo expect the great rift to slipagain some day in the indeter­minate future.

Squeeze or stretchSecular s t r a ins accumulate

when the two faces of a fault, adynamic fracture in the earth'scrust, lock along the fault line.When enough strain energy isstored in the crustal rocks sothat the resulting force breaksthe obstruction, a vast, abruptmovement of rock masses occurs-in one direction on one side ofthe fault and in the opposite di­rection on the other.

So far no instruments havebeen set up elsewhere to measuresecular strains. The Benioff lin­ear strain meter is intended tonrovide precise information onthe amount of squeezing orstretching over a wide area. Itslocation near Glendora will beabout 25 miles from the SanAndreas Fault.

Eventual networkDr. Benioff hopes that if the

tests are successful he eventuallywill be able to establish a net­work of such meters throughoutcentral and southern California.Recordings from the networkwould make it possible to get anoverall picture of the strain pat­tern and its development in thearea.

Seismologists then may deter­mine the source of the basicstresses causing earthquake-pro­ducing strains. They would stillnot be able to predict when orwkhere an earthquilke may oc­cur, Dr. Benioff emphasized, al­though they would move a stepcloser to that distant possibilitv.When they have enough data todetermine the amount of strainin a particiular area and suffi­cient earthquake history to knowat what strain level the faultslips, he said, it may be possibleto estimate r aug h 1y when aquake can be expected. This,however, will require many dec­ades of study, and perhaps cen­turies.

Earth tidesThe new instrument also will

be used to measure tidal strainsof the earth produced by thegravitational attraction of thesun and moon. The s e bodiescause a slow hrobbing or groundswell, just as they cause oceantides. The period of the swell,like that of the tides, is about

•

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BenioFF willseismograph

To show deFormations

of one part in 100millionA sensitive instrument de­

signed to measure long-termstrains in the earth's crust whichproduce earthquakes will soonbe installed in a mountain tun­nel by the Seismological Labora­tory here at Tech. It is known asa secular linear strain seismo­graph.

100 feet of fused quartzThe new meter will consist of

a 100-foot length of two-inchfused quartz tubing rigidly fast­ened to a pier sunk in the rock.It will be held up by a numberof flexible supports. Mounted onanother pier at the free end ofthe tube will be specially de­signed electronic apparatus tomeasure displacement of that endwith respect to the pier.

This will be the first attemptanywhere at precise measure­ment of large-scale strain pat­terns of the earth's crust, saidDr. Beno Gutenberg, Director ofthe Laboratory.

Earthquage forecasting?The installation will be experi­

mental, to determine whethersuch slowly developed distortionscan be measured in this way. Ifthey can, the foundations of thescience of seismology will bestrengthened. And at some dis­tant date - perhaps centurieshence-these measurements com­bined with much more of thesame sort of intensive study asthe laboratory has launched onthe 1952 Kern County, California,quakes may bring seismologistswithin reach of one of their elu­sive goals: earthquake forecast­ing. This day, however, appearsto be far in the future as manmeasures time. It is just barelyvisible on the remote horizonand it is the linear strain seis­mograph which brings it to view.

Grant from GSADr. Hugo Benioff, Caltech pro­

fessor of seismology, has beenawarded a $10,200 grant by theGeological Society of America fordevelopment imd construction ofthe new instrument. He has al­ready assembled a number of itscomponent parts and expects tobegin construction at the moun­tain site this fall.

With the sensitive fusedquartz strain meter Dr. Benioffhopes to be able to observestrains of the order of one partin 100 million. This would corre­spond roughly to a one-1000thinch compression in two miles ofrock-or a one inch squeeze be­tween the U.S. east and westcoasts.

For long-term strainsThe meter will be installed in

an abandoned tunnel in the SanGabriel Mountains near the BigDalton Reservoir, about fivemiles northeast of Glendora,through the cooperation of theLos Angeles County Flood Con­trol District. The tunnel wasbored more than 100 feet intothe granite mountainside to de­termine the nature of the rockstructure to which the Big Dal­on dam was to be attached.

The instrument will be usedprimarily to record and measure