ALIENATION & POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND FAMILIES WITH SCID
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ALIENATION & POST-ALIENATION & POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND DISORDER IN CHILDREN AND FAMILIES WITH SCIDFAMILIES WITH SCID
DR PETER VICKERSDR PETER VICKERS
UNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIREUNIVERSITY OF HERTFORDSHIRE
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BACKGROUNDBACKGROUND
All children who had received BMTs for SCID in UK & Germany from 1982-1992 = 55 children
Smaller subgroup = 34 childrenparents/families/teachers interviewedparent/teacher questionnairesdiscussion with childrenchildren’s drawings
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GENERAL RESULTSGENERAL RESULTSAlthough many of the children and their
families were found to have a reasonable to good quality of life, several long-term psychosocial problems were identified.
This paper concentrates on 2 of them:
1. Alienation2. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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ALIENATIONALIENATIONDefined as an inability to develop
positive relationships with others.
Seen in:parent from child/child from parentparents from each otherparents from family/family from parentschild from family/family from childparents/child/ family from society
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DIANA - DIANA -
MY FAMILYMY FAMILY
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ALIENATIONALIENATION
In children, it manifested itself in their activities, which could be divided into 3 groups, although there may have been some overlapping.
These groups arose out of discussion with parents and children, in answer to being asked what things the children enjoyed doing, and also in the children's drawings.
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ROSIE -ROSIE -MY FAMILYMY FAMILY
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CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES - CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES - SOLITARY/FAMILYSOLITARY/FAMILYmental activitiesplaying alone outsideplaying with toysplaying on a swingrunning on the spotrunningwalkingwalking with dogjumping
helping parentspainting and drawingwritingreadinglistening to musicfantasy playwatching TV on ownsewingbuilding things
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CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES - CHILDREN’S ACTIVITIES - GROUPSGROUPSsportplaying footballplaying table tenniskaratefightingdramaScouts & Guides
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CHILDEN’S ACTIVITIES - CHILDEN’S ACTIVITIES - NON-COOPERATIVENON-COOPERATIVE
cyclingskiingsleddingridinggymnastics
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THOMAS - THOMAS - MY FAMILYMY FAMILY
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RELATIONSHIPS & RELATIONSHIPS & ALIENATION - TO CONSIDERALIENATION - TO CONSIDER
separationprevious historybehaviour of childdifferent needs and expectations
BUT - can bring close togethersupport/social philosophies
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MARGARET - MY FAMILYMARGARET - MY FAMILY
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It can be seen from the previous lists that by far the largest group is the one in which the activities are solitary, although they make take place within the family
So how does alienation manifest itself, and how does it occur?
There are several possible reasons
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CAUSES OF ALIENATION (1)CAUSES OF ALIENATION (1)
separationphysical isolationpsychological isolationlinguistic/vocabulary isolationbeing specialproblems with bonding and attachment
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CAUSES OF ALIENATION (2)CAUSES OF ALIENATION (2)
guilt & blamestressorslack of supportchronic illnesslack of opportunities for play with othersjealousy
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JOHN - MY FAMILYJOHN - MY FAMILY
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“The main developmental task is related to the development of basic trust”
Eiser, 1990; p.59
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JOACHIM - MY FAMILYJOACHIM - MY FAMILY
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The notion of ‘attachment’ when related to separation from care-givers (either of long duration or repeated separation) may not be conducive to the formation of trusting relationships
Butterworth et al. 1994
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FRANZ- MY FAMILYFRANZ- MY FAMILY
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“There are indications in the literature that chronically sick children can appear socially isolated.”
Eiser, 1990: p.112
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JEAN’S FATHERJEAN’S FATHER
“They hardly let us come out because of the tube. We had to be guided by who we could get to come to put it in. Remember? Doctor Ahmed gave me a lesson on putting it down. A crash course, he said.”
“I was …. I think that was …. Of it all …. That was …. It really was. Up to that, I mean …. Up till then …. We didn’t ….”
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POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS POST-TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDERDISORDER
1. Parents
2. Extended family
3. Children
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WHAT IS PTSD?WHAT IS PTSD?
“The essential feature of PTSD is the development of characteristic symptoms following exposure to an extreme traumatic stressor involving direct personal experience of an event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury, or other threat to one’s physical integrity, or witnessing an event that involves death, injury or a threat to the physical integrity of another person…”
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The person’s response to the event must involve intense fear, helplessness, or horror (or in children, the response must involve disorganised or agitated behaviour.
The characteristic symptoms resulting from the exposure to the extreme trauma include persistent avoidance of stimuli associated with the trauma and numbing of general responsiveness, and persistent symptoms of increased arousal.”
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The full symptom picture must be present for more than 1 month, and the disturbance must cause clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.”
Being diagnosed with a life-threatening illness is one such traumatic event.
DSM-IV (1994)
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PTSD - CRITERIAPTSD - CRITERIADegree of life threatDuration of traumaDegree of bereavement or loss of
significant othersDisplacement from home communityPotential for recurrence of traumaRole in the traumaExposure to death & destruction
• Wilson et al, 1985/ Heiney et al, 1994
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GENERALGENERALDiscussion with other parents has
shown that these themes of alienation and PTSD are not exclusive to SCID, but are also found in many other situations, including
children in PICU/NICUother immune deficiency disorderscancerstrauma
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CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION
More research needs to be done on these two problems.
It would be nice to explore these themes again in other immunodeficiencies
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“When viewed from the PTSD framework, parental reactions to a child’s bone marrow transplant offer striking parallels that include assessment of the event as traumatic, re-experiencing the event, intrusive thought, and a variety of emotional and cognitive responses.”
Heiney et al. 1994: p.843
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BRUCE’S FATHER (1)BRUCE’S FATHER (1)“There’s a psychological aspect of all your
family aspirations. The preparation … of building up your family - getting all your …. buying all your stuff for your first child. The nursery and everything like that. Then, all of a sudden, you’re into … into fatherhood and motherhood, and somebody pulls the carpet from underneath your feet. And it’s like that then for the next couple of years. So everything that you planned in your mind, for that couple of years, goes.
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BRUCE’S FATHER (2)BRUCE’S FATHER (2)
And nobody ever seemed to consider … nobody seems to consider the relationship … the loving relationship between the mother and the father. The bond that should have occurred as parents … stepping from husband and wife into parents.
All your aspirations as to how you’re going to cope as parents go out the window as well. Nobody ever steps in to deal with that.”