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Ali Shariati
Dr Ali Shariati (Persian: ) (November 23, 1933 1977) was an Iraniansociologist and revolutionary, well known and respected for his work in the field ofsociologyof religion. He is known as one of the most original and influential Iranian social thinkers of
the 20th century, as he was the ideologue of the Iranian Revolution.
Contents
1 Biography
2 Views
3 Legacy
o 3.1 Shariati's most important books and speeches
4 References 5 Further reading
6 See also
Biography
Ali Shariati was born in 1933 in Kahak (a village in Mazinan), a suburb ofSabzevar, north-
east ofIran
. His father, Mohammad-Taghi, was an Islamic scholar, founder of the Center for Propagation
of Islamic Truths in theprovince of Khorasan in a time when Marxism was on rise in Iran. Hewould later be criticized by his son for his beliefs.
In his years at the Teacher's Training College, Shariati came into contact with young people
who were from the less privileged economic classes of the society, and for the first time saw
the poverty and hardship that existed in Iran during that period. At the same time he was
exposed to many aspects ofWestern philosophical and political thought. He attempted to
explain and provide solutions for the problems faced by Muslim societies through traditional
Islamic principles interwoven with and understood from the point of view of modern
sociology and philosophy. Shariati was also deeply influenced by Moulana Rumi and
Muhammad Iqbal.
In 1952 he became a high-school teacher and founded the Islamic Students' Association,
which led to his arrest after a demonstration. In 1953, the year ofMossadeq's overthrow by
the CIA and allied Iranians, he became a member of theNational Resistance Movement. He
received his bachelor's degree from theUniversity of Mashhadin 1955. In 1957 he was
arrested again by theShah's police, along with 16 others members of the National Resistance
Movement.
Ali Shariati then managed to obtain a scholarship for France, where he continued his graduate
studies at theUniversity of Paris. There he was considered a brilliant student and elected best
students in letters in 1958. He worked towards earning his doctorate in sociology, leaving
Paris before he was able to complete his studies in 1964. During this period in Paris, Shariatistarted collaborating with the Algerian National Liberation Front (FLN) in 1959. The next
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year, he began to readFrantz Fanon and translated an anthology of his work in Persian.[1].
Shariati would introduce Fanon's thought in Iranian revolutionary emigrees circles. He was
arrested in Paris during a demonstration in honour ofPatrice Lumumba, on January 17, 1961.
The same year he joined Ebrahim Yazdi,Mostafa Chamran and Sadegh Qotbzadeh in
founding the Freedom Movement of Iran abroad. He became the main figure in Iranianrevolution in absence of Ayoutullah Khomeni. In 1962 he continued studying sociology and
history of religions, and followed the courses of Islamic scholarLouis Massignon, Jacques
Berque and the sociologistGeorges Gurvitch. He also came to know the philosopherJean-
Paul Sartre that same year, and published in Iran Jalal Al-e Ahmad's bookGharbzadegi (or
Occidentosis) .
He then returned to Iran in 1964 where he was arrested and imprisoned by the Imperial
Iranian authorities for engaging in subversive political activities while in France. He was
released after few weeks, at which point he began teaching at the University ofMashhad.
Shariati then went toTehran where he began lecturing at the Hosseiniye Ershad Institute.These lectures proved to be hugely popular among his students and were spread by word of
mouth throughout all economic sectors of the society, including the middle and upper classes
where interest in Shariati's teachings began to grow immensely.
Shariati's continued success again aroused the interest of the Imperial authorities and arrested
him, as well as many of his students. Widespread pressure from the populace and
international outcry eventually led to his release after eighteen month in solitary confinement,
and he was released on March 20, 1975.
Shariati was allowed to leave the country forEngland. Three weeks later he died in
Southampton of a heart attack[2] (according to certain sources, this was an assassination[3]by
theSavak).
Views
Shariati's works were highly influenced by theMarxism and Third Worldism that he
encountered as a student in Paris - ideas thatclass warand revolution would bring about a just
and classless society - from one side, and theIslamic Puritanism (or the Islamic Reformation)
movements of his time from the other side. He is said to have adopted the idea of
Gharbzadegi from Jalal Al-e Ahmad and given it "its most vibrant and influential second
life." [4]
He sought to translate these ideas into cultural symbols of Shiism that Iranians could relate to.
He believed Shia should not merely await the return of the 12th Imam but should actively
work to hasten his return by fighting forsocial justice, "even to the point of embracing
martyrdom", saying "everyday is Ashoura, every place is Karbala." [5]
Shariati referred to his brand of Shiism as "red Shiism" which he contrasted with "black
Shiism" orSafavid Shiism. His ideas have been compared to the CatholicLiberation
Theology movement founded in South America byPeruvianGustavo Gutierrez and Brazilian
Leonardo Boff.[6] (see Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Chamranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadegh_Qotbzadehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Massignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurvitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurvitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbzadegihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosseiniye_Ershadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Puritanism&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Puritanism&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbzadegihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashourahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Gutierrezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Boffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shi'ism_vs._Black_Shi'ismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantz_Fanonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Lumumbahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrahim_Yazdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostafa_Chamranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadegh_Qotbzadehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom_Movement_of_Iranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_religionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Massignonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Berquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Gurvitchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbzadegihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashhadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehranhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosseiniye_Ershadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Englandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southamptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marxismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Worldismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class_warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Puritanism&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_Reformationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gharbzadegihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jalal_Al-e_Ahmadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_justicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyrdomhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashourahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbalahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safavidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Theologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavo_Gutierrezhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_Boffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shi'ism_vs._Black_Shi'ism -
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Legacy
Shariati's most important books and speeches
1. Hajj (The Pilgrimage)2. Marxism and Other Western Fallacies : An Islamic Critique
3. Where Shall We Begin?[1]
4. Mission of a Free Thinker[2]
5. The Free Man and Freedom of the Man[3]
6. Extraction and Refinement of Cultural Resources[4]
7. Martyrdom (book)[5]
8. Ali
9. An approach to Understanding Islam PART1-[6]PART2-[7]
10.A Visage of Prophet Muhammad[8]
11.A Glance of Tomorrow's History[9]
12.Reflections of Humanity13.A Manifestation of Self-Reconstruction and Reformation
14. Selection and/or Election
15.Norouz, Declaration of Iranian's Livelihood, Eternity
16.Expectations from the Muslim Woman
17.Horr(Battle of Karbala)
18.Abu-Dahr
19.Islamology
20.Red Shi'ism vs. Black Shi'ism
21.Jihad and Shahadat
22.Reflections of a Concerned Muslim on the Plight of Oppressed People
23.A Message to the Enlightened Thinkers24.Art Awaiting the Saviour
25.Fatemeh is Fatemeh
26. The Philosophy of Supplication
27.Religion versus Religion
28.Man and Islam - see chapter "Modern Man and His Prisons"
References
1. ^ La jeune gnration est un enjeu, interview with Gilles Kepel inL'Express, 26 January
2006 (French)2. ^An Islamic Utopian: A Political Biography of Ali Shariatipar Ali Rahnemar
3. ^ Saints et hros du moyen-orient contemporain: actes du colloque des 11 et 12 dcembre2000, l'Institut universitaire de Francepar Catherine Mayeur-Jaouen
4. ^ Mottahedeh, Roy, The Mantle of the Prophet : Religion and Politics in Iran, p.330
5. ^Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p.128-9
6. ^Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival, Norton, (2006), p.129
http://www.al-islam.org/hajj/shariatihttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/human.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/culture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martyrdom_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.shariati.com/arise.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/arise.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/lesson1.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/lesson2.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_of_Humanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectations_from_the_Muslim_Womanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shi'ism_vs._Black_Shi'ismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Message_to_the_Enlightened_Thinkershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatemeh_is_Fatemehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Supplicationhttp://www.ezania.net/library/books/shariati_ali_drelvsrel.htmhttp://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/islamisme/dossier.asp?ida=436714http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Expresshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Expresshttp://books.google.fr/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC&pg=PA368&vq=1977&dq=shariati+savak&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0http://books.google.fr/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC&pg=PA368&vq=1977&dq=shariati+savak&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0http://books.google.fr/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC&pg=PA368&vq=1977&dq=shariati+savak&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0http://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCAhttp://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCAhttp://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCAhttp://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCAhttp://www.al-islam.org/hajj/shariatihttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/human.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/culture.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martyrdom_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.shariati.com/arise.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/lesson1.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/lesson2.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://www.shariati.com/kotob.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflections_of_Humanityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expectations_from_the_Muslim_Womanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horrhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Shi'ism_vs._Black_Shi'ismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Message_to_the_Enlightened_Thinkershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatemeh_is_Fatemehhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Philosophy_of_Supplicationhttp://www.ezania.net/library/books/shariati_ali_drelvsrel.htmhttp://www.lexpress.fr/info/monde/dossier/islamisme/dossier.asp?ida=436714http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilles_Kepelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L'Expresshttp://books.google.fr/books?id=yoQQ2YzmMyMC&pg=PA368&vq=1977&dq=shariati+savak&source=gbs_search_s&cad=0http://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCAhttp://books.google.fr/books?id=9agm7Llz0L0C&pg=PA295&dq=shariati+assassin%C3%A9&ei=ipxWSdKWG5O2ygSCi4GiCA