ALGAEALGAE

Lives in waterLives in water

Absorbs water and nutrients through all Absorbs water and nutrients through all surfacessurfaces

Fertilization occurs in waterFertilization occurs in water

No true roots or leavesNo true roots or leaves

exampleexample

LIFE ON LANDLIFE ON LAND

LIMITATIONS: not enough waterLIMITATIONS: not enough water

SOLUTIONS:SOLUTIONS:

Protection from drying out: waxy cuticleProtection from drying out: waxy cuticle

A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle A way for carbon dioxide to get past cuticle (stoma)(stoma)

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

Still no true roots Still no true roots remain small because must absorb water from remain small because must absorb water from

ground like a spongeground like a sponge

No vascular system (“plumbing”)No vascular system (“plumbing”) Remain small because cannot get water farther Remain small because cannot get water farther

than it can be absorbedthan it can be absorbed

Still need water to get sperm to eggsStill need water to get sperm to eggsLimited to damp habitats Limited to damp habitats

for survival and reproductionfor survival and reproduction

Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)Bryophytes (nonvascular plants)

MORE SOLUTIONSMORE SOLUTIONS

VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”)VASCULAR SYSTEM (“plumbing”)

ROOTSROOTS Can reside in areas that are dry on the Can reside in areas that are dry on the

surface some of the yearsurface some of the year Can access water and mineral nutirents from Can access water and mineral nutirents from

below soil surfacebelow soil surface Can grow taller and better compete for Can grow taller and better compete for

sunlightsunlight

Lower Vascular Plants Lower Vascular Plants - ferns and fern allies -- ferns and fern allies -

Lower Vascular PlantsLower Vascular Plants

LIMITATIONS:LIMITATIONS:Cannot live outside of Cannot live outside of damp areasdamp areas Still need water to get Still need water to get

sperm to eggssperm to eggs Embryo very Embryo very

vulnerable – low vulnerable – low survival ratesurvival rate

Limited to damp habitats Limited to damp habitats for reproductionfor reproduction

MORE SOLUTIONSMORE SOLUTIONS POLLEN POLLEN

sperm no longer needs to swim to egg in watersperm no longer needs to swim to egg in water

can be carried (even further) by windcan be carried (even further) by wind

-> More genetic diversity-> More genetic diversity

SEEDS:SEEDS:Embryo protected by seed coatEmbryo protected by seed coat

Embryo nourished by endospermEmbryo nourished by endosperm

-> Greater survival – more genes passed on-> Greater survival – more genes passed on

IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood)IMPROVED VASCULAR TISSUE (wood) Can grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlightCan grow taller yet and compete evevn better for sunlight Deep roots can tap more resourcesDeep roots can tap more resources

Vascular Plants with SEEDSVascular Plants with SEEDS- seed plants -- seed plants -

Vascular Plants with SEEDSVascular Plants with SEEDS- seed plants -- seed plants -

GYMNOSPERMSGYMNOSPERMS- limitations -- limitations -

wind disperses pollenwind disperses pollen Not always reliableNot always reliable Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen Still limits genetic diversity to distance pollen

is carriedis carried

wind disperses seedswind disperses seeds Not always reliableNot always reliable Limits rate of spread to new habitatsLimits rate of spread to new habitats

EVEN MORE SOLUTIONSEVEN MORE SOLUTIONS

FLOWERS FLOWERS Attract and reward animal pollinatorsAttract and reward animal pollinators

Improve prospects of fertilizationImprove prospects of fertilization Increase outcrossingIncrease outcrossing

FRUITFRUITAid in dispersal of seedsAid in dispersal of seeds

Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits)Some attract and reward animal dispersers (fleshy fruits) Greatly increase colonization of new habitatsGreatly increase colonization of new habitats Decrease local competitionDecrease local competition Increase outcrossingIncrease outcrossing

FLOWERSFLOWERS

FLOWERS & POLLINATORSFLOWERS & POLLINATORS

FRUITFRUIT

FRUITFRUIT