ALGAE CULTUREMOLLUSCS CULTURE

Lukáš Kalous

What we will talk about?

Algea production

Planctonic

Macrophyta

Mollucs prouction

Both aquaculture productions has some similarities

Algae production planctonic

Source: Dr. C. S. Kasper presentation

Introduction

You have got larval fish!! Great!!

Now what??

You should feed them.

By what?

Plankton

Phytoplankton

Microalgae (phytoplankton)

Nutritionally, microalgae are a good source of macro and micronutrients for some larval fish.

Fatty acids and pigments gained from ingestion of microalgae are especially important for larval fish health.

Spirulina: Ultimate Food?

Cultured for over 600 years.

~65-68% protein (similar to herring)

One ha of this stuff

produces 25 tons of protein

(wheat only gets you 5 tons)

Other

Chlorella and Scenedesmus are also excellent sources of protein.

Could yield 100 tons/ha/yr

That would be feeding 2500 cows for a year with a one ha pond of this stuff 1m deep!!

Phytoplankton Production

Feeding Larvae

Cell Size 4-8 µm

Species

Isochrysis galbana

Chaetoceros gracilis

Nannochloris sp.

Chlorella sp.

Pavlova lutheri

Pavlova lutheri

Morphology

Golden brown

Spherical with 2 flagella

3-6 µm

Salinity

8-32 ppt

Temperature

11-26 °C

Culture media

Guillards f/2

Proximate Analysis

52% Protein

24% Carbs

29% Fat

Isochrysis galbana

Morphology Tahiti (T-Iso strain) Golden brown Cells spherical with 2 flagella 5-6 µm length, 2-4 µm wide

Salinity 8-32 ppt

Temperature 23 - 28°C

Culture media Guillards f/2

Proximate Analysis 47% Protein 24% Carbs 17% Fat

Chaetoceros gracilis

Morphology Golden brown diatom Medium-size 12 µm wide,

10.5 µm long Cells united in chains

Salinity 26 - 32 ppt

Temperature 28 - 30°C

Culture media Guillards f/2 with Si

Proximate Analysis 28% Protein 23% Carbs 9% Fat

Plankton for Larger Fry/Shellfish

Broodstock and Spat

Cell Size 10-24 microns

Species

Tetraselmis sp.

Green

Thalassiosra sp.

Diatom

Tetraselmis sp.

Morphology

Ovoid green cells

14 to 23 µm L X 8 µm W

4 flagella

Salinity

28-36 ppt

Temperature

22-26°C

Culture media

Guillards f/2

Proximate Analysis

55% Protein

18% Carbs

14% Fat

Thalassiosra sp.

Morphology

Golden brown diatom Cells united in chains Barrel-shaped Non-motile 4 µm

Salinity

26 – 32 ppt Temperature

22-29 °C Culture media

Guillards f/2 with Si Other characteristics

Micro Algae Culture

General Conditions

Culture Phases

Culture Water

Sterilization

Nutrient Enrichment

Inoculation

Cell Counts

Harvest and Feeding

Stock Culture

Figure 2.3. Five growth phases of micro-algae cultures.

Culture Types

Indoor/Outdoor. Indoor culture allows control over illumination, temperature, nutrient level, contamination with predators and competing algae, whereas outdoor algal systems make it very difficult to grow specific algal cultures for extended periods.

Open/Closed. Open cultures such as uncovered ponds and tanks (indoors or outdoors) are more readily contaminated than closed culture vessels such as tubes, flasks, carboys, bags, etc.

Axenic (=sterile)/Xenic. Axenic cultures are free of any foreign organisms such as bacteria and require a strict sterilization of all glassware, culture media and vessels to avoid contamination. The latter makes it impractical for commercial operations.

Inoculation

Culture vessels 1,000 ml flask 18.7 L (5 gal.)

Carboy (glass) 178 L (47 gal) Transparent

Tank Add enough algae to give a strong

tint to the water 100,000-200,000/ml

Lighting Types Sunlight Fluorescent VHO fluorescent Metal halide

Highest Densities: 24/7

Figure 2.8.

Carboy culture apparatus

(Fox, 1983).

Harvesting and Feeding

Batch

Total harvest occurs once or over several days

Semi-Continuous

Works well with diatoms

Part of the algae remains in the vessel

New media is added to replenish the algae removed

Algae production macrophyta

Uses of Seaweeds

Food

Feed

Fertilizer

Medicine

Cosmetics

Textile

Paper

Leather

Major Sources of Phycocolloids

Food Value of Seaweeds

Average percentage of protein – 5 – 10 %

Average percentage of fat – 0.5 – 1.5 %

Average percentage of ash – 10 – 18 %

Average percentage of fibre – 3 – 6 %

Average percentage of carbohydrate – 40 –60 %

Rich concentration of Minerals, Vitamins and Trace elements

Food

World Sea weed Utilization

221 Species of seaweeds are commercially used.

• 145 species as food 79 Red

38 Brown

28 Green

• 101 species for phycocolloids.

33 Agar

27 Carrageenan

41 Alginates

24 species are used for Medicines

25 species are used in Agriculture.

2 species are used for paper manufacturing.

THE TOTAL ANNUAL MARKET OF SEAWEED IS US$ 6.2 BILLION

Seaweed Industry

1984 Production 1994/1995 %

(Wet Weight) (Wet Weight) (Growth Rate)

Chlorophyceae 8,402 tons 39,986 tons 376%

Phaeophyceae 2,392,958 tons 4,736,519 tons 97%

Rhodophyceae 1,035,760 tons 2,770,249 tons 167%

Total 3,437,120 tons 7,546,754 tons 119%

(Over all Increase)

90% of these seaweeds came from just six countries.

China, Japan, Korea, France, United Kingdom and Chile.

52% of seaweeds are produced through Mariculture.

74 % Green

22 % Red

82 % Brown

China, Japan and Korea contribute to 90% Mariculture

Ulva sp.

Glacilaria sp.

Eucheuma sp.

Sarcothalia crispata

Laminaria

BENEFITS OF SEAWEEDS CULTIVATION

Seaweeds farms acts as nutrient sinks

Seaweeds farms increase the primary productivity

The farms act as habitat for certain fish and shell fish

Seaweeds farming provides a sustainable lively hoods

In many cases women are involved in seaweeds farming

Many old people are engaged in tying and drying of seaweeds

Since it is a sustainable and lucrative business, it prevents

migration

Since seaweeds are cash crops it gives instant money to the

farmers

In many island nations, these seaweeds have become the crops

with highest export earnings

Molusca

Production of molluscs in the World

In 2000, the World aquaculture production of molluscs was estimated at 10.73 millions of metric tonnes by the FAO it represented 23.5% contribution to the global aquaculture production

Top five cultivated mollusc species the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (3 944 042 metric tons)

the Japanese carpet shell, Ruditapes philippinarum (1 693 tmt)

the Yesso scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis (1 132 tmt)

the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis (458 tmt)

and the blood cockle, Anadara granosa (319 tmt),

a total of 42 mollusc species contributes to the production

This production is still increasing

C. gigas

P. yessoensis

R. philippinarum

M. edulis

Crassostera gigasPacific cupped oyster

2,92 mil. t.

3,23 bil.US$

2,92 mil. t.

3,23 bil.US$

OystersRafts used to

suspend oysters in

baskets

Harvesting a

rope of oysters

Oyster bed on ocean floor

Raking oysters from bed

World yield of whole oysters was

about 4,5 MT in 2003

France

117,000 China

3,668,237Korea

238,326

Japan

260,644

United States

108,723

Pearl Oyster

Japan is the

leading producer

of pearls

Inserting a nucleus

Removing a pearl

Patinopecten yessoensisYeasso scallop

1,27 mil. t.

1,62 bil.US$

Ruditapes philippinarumJapanese carpet shell

1,12 mil. t.

1,52 bil.US$

Mytilus edulis

Mytilus sp.

Abalone sp.

Video!

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DAMLE6zG7z4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EKAQz3DnIq8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hyoM-_UBI58&feature=related

Common problems

Mollusc aquaculture is primarily an aquaculture activity and therefore shares common problems with the finfish and crustacean aquaculture sectors;

Although no specific problems as compared to finfish and crustacean aquaculture, relative importance of these problems may be specific to the mollusc aquaculture sector.

Transfers and introductions: a baseline of mollusc aquaculture

In many countries, mollusc aquaculture is traditionally based on wild stocks which frequently do not fulfil market demand

because of poor market value of the products, over-fishing of the resource, environmental disorders or impact of diseases

An answer to this has very often been the introduction of new species or transfers of new stocks

cultural improvements and hatchery production increase the demand for transfers of live molluscs

Management of diseases

No vaccines, and treatments difficult to apply

Health management in impacted zones

In an area free of a disease, the key point is to avoid any introduction of infected stocks

standards, guidelines and recommendations are provided at international, regional and national levels

efforts have been made to improve diagnostic methods for diseases of molluscs

however, transfers are not the unique route of disease introduction or emergence

Summary

Mollusc production, world-wide 5 main species of economic interest highly dynamic sector of production Asia is the main region although important producing countries

exist outside the region variety of culture systems

Current problems most of current problems are shared with other sectors transfers and introductions as underlying cause of disease outbreaks health management for invertebrates is a challenge in open water

systems zoning, monitoring and surveillance of important diseases is the corner

stone of health management other control option may exist depending on the culture system