Algae cons Algae in fertigation systems – pros and cons Algae in fertigation systems – pros and...

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Algae in fertigation systems Algae in fertigation systems ––pros and conspros and cons

International Symposium International Symposium on on FertigationFertigation

Beijing, China Beijing, China 22 Sept. 200522 Sept. 2005

Dietmar Schwarz, Dietmar Schwarz, Institute of Vegetable and Institute of Vegetable and Ornamental CropsOrnamental Crops

Lothar Lothar KrienitzKrienitz, , LeibnizLeibniz--Institute of Freshwater Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland FisheriesEcology and Inland Fisheries

Dominik Feistkorn Dominik Feistkorn Technical College, BerlinTechnical College, Berlin

Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

Algae consAlgae cons

in competition with plants for in competition with plants for oxygen consumption oxygen consumption nutrient consumptionnutrient consumption

nitrogennitrogen--losses by release of gaseous N losses by release of gaseous N (N(N22 or Nor N22O)O)

release of toxinsrelease of toxinsgrowth reduction, die offgrowth reduction, die off

clogging of drip lines and drippers clogging of drip lines and drippers problems on supply of nutrient solutionproblems on supply of nutrient solution


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Algae prosAlgae pros

growth promoting effects on cultivated plants (wheat, corn, pea, cabbage, tomato, lettuce, cucumber)- as fertilizer (Scenedesmus spp., Ascophyllum spp.)- for soil improvements (erosion protection)- by release of phyto hormones

antiphytopathogenic effects

by production of substances with antifungal effects

production of biologically active compounds - e.g. anti substances: tumor, viral, bacterial, fungi…- aromatic and aliphatic compounds- vitamins, carotenoids, fatty acids


D

Questions to answer:Questions to answer:

Is it possible to establish algae in Is it possible to establish algae in hydroponicallyhydroponicallyfertigation systems?fertigation systems?

On algae. What are the influences of: On algae. What are the influences of:

water source,water source,root environment conditions (substrates),root environment conditions (substrates),(micro)climate conditions (temperature),(micro)climate conditions (temperature),crop (lettuce and cucumber)?crop (lettuce and cucumber)?

Are there any antagonistic effects against Are there any antagonistic effects against "root" pathogens?"root" pathogens?

On plants. Do the algae affect: On plants. Do the algae affect:

growth and yield,growth and yield,(N)nutrition,(N)nutrition,oxygen concentration in the root environment?oxygen concentration in the root environment?


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ApproachApproach

Introduction of naturally Introduction of naturally occurring species, from water occurring species, from water reservoirs used for fertigation reservoirs used for fertigation

Disadvantage: Disadvantage:

potential has to be testedpotential has to be tested

Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005 osmotic waterosmotic water

EC <0.1 EC <0.1 dS dS mm--11

ppeat ditcheat ditch

EC 1.7 EC 1.7 dS dS mm--11

natural lake (natural lake (HausseeHaussee))

EC 1.4 EC 1.4 dS dS mm--11

rrainwaterainwater pondpond

Size: 120 Size: 120 ×× 40 40 ×× 22.5.5 mm3 3

EC <0.1 EC <0.1 dS dS mm--11


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AAllggaaee ssppeecciieess ddaayy 5555 111188 113399 116622 118811 220033 224455

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii +++

Chlorhormidium pseudostichococcus

3,1* 6 4,2 2,5 +++ 2,2 6

Choricystis minor + ++ +++

Chroomonas nordstedtii ++ +

Euglena pisciformis +++

Euglena spec. +

Haematococcus pluvialis 2 5,1 5,4 3,3 +++ 4,1 4,5

Phacus occilans +

Scenedesmus longispina 4,1 5,1 6,3 6,2 6,1 5,2 5,1

Scenedesmus quadricauda ++ +

* lg cells ml-1, + <10, ++ 10-100, +++100-200

Algae species Algae species in ain a rainwater pond rainwater pond GrossbeerenGrossbeeren, Germany, Germany

AAllggaaee ssppeecciieess ddaayy:: 5555 111188 113399 116622 118811 220033 224455

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii +++

Chlorhormidium pseudostichococcus

3,1* 6 4,2 2,5 +++ 2,2 6

Choricystis minor + ++ +++

Chroomonas nordstedtii ++ +

Euglena pisciformis +++

Euglena spec. +

Haematococcus pluvialis 2 5,1 5,4 3,3 +++ 4,1 4,5

Phacus occilans +

Scenedesmus longispina 4,1 5,1 6,3 6,2 6,1 5,2 5,1

Scenedesmus quadricauda ++ +

Schwarz et al., 2005. Irr.Sci. Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

Is cultivation of algae possible? Is cultivation of algae possible?

Algae development in the systemAlgae development in the system

Schwarz et al., 2004. J.Hort.Sci&Biotechn. lettuce, greenhouse exp.

Yes!Yes!

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40Time, d after planting

Alga

e, l

g ce

lls m

l-1

with algae

no algae


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Does the water source affect the algae?Does the water source affect the algae?

cucumber, greenhouse exp. 2005

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

osmotic rainwater peat ditch

alga

e, c

ells

mm

-2 (r

oot)

abc

Yes, the better the conditions (e.g. N) of Yes, the better the conditions (e.g. N) of the water source the better they grow. the water source the better they grow.


How was the algal community affected?How was the algal community affected?

3

4

5

6

7

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35Time after planting, d

Alga

e, lg

cel

ls m

l-1

other Scenedesmus spp.

Clamydomonas variabilis

One/few species determined density!One/few species determined density!

Schwarz et al., 2004. J.Hort.Sci&Biotechn. lettuce, climate chamber exp.Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

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Does the root environment affect algae?Does the root environment affect algae?

4.44

4.46

4.48

4.50

4.52

4.54

4.56

4.58

4.60

4.62

no fleece Vermiculite

Alga

e, l

g ce

lls m

l-1

b b a

Yes! The higher the surface the higher the density?Yes! The higher the surface the higher the density?

Schwarz et al., 2004. J.Hort.Scie&Biotechn. lettuce, greenhouse exp.Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

algae without substrate algae in vermiculite

before harvest 4/9/02

fleece on 10.4.02

covered openSchwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

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Yes, plant/algae interactions obvious, Yes, plant/algae interactions obvious, but mode of action not clearbut mode of action not clear

Effect on plantsEffect on plants

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

Dec

reas

e %

Incr

ease

lettuce cucumber

yield

shoot DM

shoot DMP root DM

n.s.

44.7comparison with treatment "no algae"comparison with treatment "no algae"

lettuce+cucmber greenhouse experiment 2002+2005

Schw

arz

et a

l.; IP

I Int

erna

tiona

l Sym

posi

um o

n Fe

rtiga

tion;

Opt

imiz

ing

the

utili

zatio

n of

wat

er a

nd n

utrie

nts;

Bei

jing,

Sep

tem

ber 2

0-24

, 200

5

No, because of high N supply;No, because of high N supply;it is unlikely that reduced nitrogen concentrationit is unlikely that reduced nitrogen concentrationaccounts for growth reductionaccounts for growth reduction

55

56

56

57

57

58

58

59

59

60

no algae with algaeNi

trog

en c

once

ntra

tion,

g k

g-1ab a

0

50

100

150

200

250

no algae with algae algae

Tota

l nitr

ogen

, kg

ha-1

Nitrogen competition? Nitrogen competition?

lettuce greenhouse experiment 2002

Schw

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et a

l.; IP

I Int

erna

tiona

l Sym

posi

um o

n Fe

rtiga

tion;

Opt

imiz

ing

the

utili

zatio

n of

wat

er a

nd n

utrie

nts;

Bei

jing,

Sep

tem

ber 2

0-24

, 200

5

8

Yes, this might count for larger root systemsYes, this might count for larger root systems

cucumber, greenhouse experiment 2005

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

container gully begin gully end

Dis

solv

ed o

xyge

n, m

g l-1

- algae +algae

d cb ba a

Oxygen release by algae? Oxygen release by algae?


ConclusionConclusion

Screening of other algal species should followScreening of other algal species should follow(e.g. growth promoting (e.g. growth promoting sppspp.) .)

A competition on nutrients (N) is probably A competition on nutrients (N) is probably neglectableneglectable but has to be confirmed in furtherbut has to be confirmed in furtherexperimentsexperiments

Although settlement of algae in fertigation Although settlement of algae in fertigation systems is simple, to grow successful species systems is simple, to grow successful species seems difficult.seems difficult.

Plants may benefit from the enhanced oxygenPlants may benefit from the enhanced oxygenconcentration caused by algae activity but how concentration caused by algae activity but how can this be used to improve yield?can this be used to improve yield?


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Algae species Algae species in in different water sources, different water sources, Germany 2005Germany 2005

AAllggaaee ssppeecciieess RRaaiinnwwaatteerr ppoonndd

OOssmmoottiicc wwaatteerr

PPeeaatt ddiittcchh

NNaattuurraall llaakkee

Pseudodictiosphearium spp XXX XXX XXX XXX

Clamydomonas variabiles XX XX XX XX

Scenedesmus longispina XX XX XX XX

(Ulothrix spp.) XX XX XX

(Klebsormidium spp.) XX XX XX

Chlorella vulgaris X X

Monoraphiodium spp. X

Micractinium spp X

xxx very frequentlyxx frequentlyx rare


FFaaccttoorrss TTrreeaattmmeennttss DDeessiiggnn

Algae + -

troughs/containers open or covered

Water 4 different sources with different algae

water from: rain pond, peat ditch, natural lake, osmosis

Crop (climate)

Temp. <15 °C >25 °C

lettuce cucumber

Root environment

nutrient solution small surface large surface

NFT fleece

vermiculite

Pathogen + -

Pythium aphanidermatum Fusarium oxysporum

Rhizoctonia solani

ExperimentsExperiments


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growth growth promotingpromoting effectseffects on on cultivatedcultivated plantsplants

SSppeecciieess DDiivviissiioonn EEffffeecctt

Laminaria hyperborea Phaeophyta leaf area increase, K-effect

Ascophyllum nodosum Phaeophyta leaf area increase, K-effect cytokinine-like activity (tomato)

Undaria pinnatifidia Phaeophyta

Arthronema africanum Chlorophyta seedlings growth increase (Melissa o.) cytokinine-like activity

Caulerpa paspaloides Chlorophyta GA-like-activity

Caulerpa prolifera Chlorophyta GA-like-activity

Chlamydomonas spp. Chlorophyta extracellular polysaccharide mucilage

Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chlorophyta auxin-like activity, IAA

Chlorella spp. Chlorophyta auxin-like activity

Haematococcus pluvialis Chlorophyta ethylen emission

Oocystis spp.. Chlorophyta auxin-like activity

Scenedesmus armatus Chlorophyta IAA

Scenedesmus obliquus Chlorophyta auxin-like activity cytokinine-like activity

Scenedesmus obtusiusculus Chlorophyta auxin-like activity

Schw

arz

et a

l.; IP

I Int

erna

tiona

l Sym

posi

um o

n Fe

rtiga

tion;

Opt

imiz

ing

the

utili

zatio

n of

wat

er a

nd n

utrie

nts;

Bei

jing,

Sep

tem

ber 2

0-24

, 200

5 antifungalantifungal effectseffects

PPaatthhooggeenn AAllggee rreedduuccttiioonn ssttrroonngg wweeaakk

Macrophomia phaseolina (Tassi) Gold Anabena variabilis (Cyanob.) Calothrix spp. (Cyanob.) Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.) Hapalosiphon spp. (Cyanob.)

X X

X

X

Rhizoctonia solani Anabena spp. (Cyanob.) Calothrix spp. (Cyanob.) Hapalosiphon spp. (Cyanob.)

X X

X

Sclerotium rolfsii (succ.) Calothrix spp. (Cyanob.) Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.)

X X

Erisyphe graminis Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.) X

Penecillium oxalicum Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.) X

Phytophthora infestans Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.) X

Uromyces appendiculatis Fischerella spp. (Cyanob.) X

Aspergillus flavus Tolyphothrix spp. X

Colletotrichum lindemunthianum Hypnea musciformis (Rhodoph.) X

Trichophyton rubrum Hypnea musciformis (Rhodoph.)

Fusarium oxysporum Hypnea spp. (Rhodoph.) X Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

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ratingrating (F. (F. oxysporumoxysporum))

nutrient solution 3 nutrient solution 3 (strong inhibition)(strong inhibition)

fleecefleece 2 2 (weak inhibition)(weak inhibition)

vermiculitevermiculite 22

plates (Lab)plates (Lab)PythiumPythium aphanidermatumaphanidermatumFusariumFusarium oxysporumoxysporumRhizoctoniaRhizoctonia solanisolani

Effect on plant pathogens Effect on plant pathogens

Pathogen reduction by algal extracts is Pathogen reduction by algal extracts is not clear and has to be further tested. not clear and has to be further tested.

Schwarz et al., 2004. J.Hort.Scie&Biotechn. lettuce, lab exp.Schwarz et al.; IPI International Symposium on Fertigation; Optimizing the utilization of water and nutrients; Beijing, September 20-24, 2005

Algae species Algae species

Diatomae

Clamydomonas variabilis

Scenedesmus spp.Scenedesmus spp.


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Time course of Time course of ScenedesmusScenedesmus sppspp. density . density (lettuce, greenhouse) (lettuce, greenhouse)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Time, d after planting

Alga

e, c

ells

ml-1

noVliesVermiculit


13.4 g 12.8 g

- algae +

Lettuce: dry weightLettuce: dry weight

2.72 g 2.94 g

4.20 DMP % 4.95

head


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- algae +6.56 g 9.49 g

Cucumber: dry weightCucumber: dry weight

7.95 DMP % 8.12

231 shoot, g 210


Cucumber: yieldCucumber: yield

6200

6400

6600

6800

7000

7200

7400

7600

osmotic A- rainwater A- peat ditch A- osmotic A+ rainwater A+ peat ditch A+

Time, date 2005Yi

eld,

g p

lant

-1

no algae plus algae


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Test of the Test of the antiphytopathogenicantiphytopathogenic potentialpotential

PythiumPythium aphanidermatumaphanidermatum

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

control Alge- Alge+

Fres

h m

atte

r, g

plan

t-1

a b c

Climate chamber experimentClimate chamber experiment


Algae cons Algae in fertigation systems – pros and cons Algae in fertigation systems – pros and...

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