Alfred Nobel 1

Alfred Nobel

Alfred Nobel

Born Alfred Bernhard Nobel21 October 1833Stockholm, Sweden

Died 10 December 1896 (aged63)Sanremo, Italy

Resting place Norra begravningsplatsen, Stockholm592124.52N 1819.43E [1]

Occupation Chemist, engineer, innovator, armaments manufacturer and inventor

Knownfor Invention of dynamite, Nobel Prize

Signature

Alfred Bernhard Nobel (Swedish pronunciation:[alfrd nobl] listenWikipedia:MediahelpFile:sv-Alfred_Nobel.ogg; 21 October 1833 10 December 1896) was a Swedish chemist, engineer, innovator,and armaments manufacturer.He was the inventor of dynamite. Nobel also owned Bofors, which he had redirected from its previous role asprimarily an iron and steel producer to a major manufacturer of cannon and other armaments. Nobel held 350different patents, dynamite being the most famous. His fortune was used posthumously to institute the Nobel Prizes.The synthetic element nobelium was named after him. His name also survives in modern-day companies such asDynamit Nobel and AkzoNobel, which are descendants of or mergers with companies Nobel himself established.

Life and careerBorn in Stockholm, Alfred Nobel was the fourth son of Immanuel Nobel (18011872), an inventor and engineer, and Karolina Andriette (Ahlsell) Nobel (18051889). The couple married in 1827 and had eight children. The family was impoverished, and only Alfred and his three brothers survived past childhood.[2] Through his father, Alfred Nobel was a descendant of the Swedish scientist Olaus Rudbeck (16301702),[3] and in his turn the boy was interested in engineering, particularly explosives, learning the basic principles from his father at a young age. Alfred Nobel's interest in technology was inherited from his father, an alumnus of Royal Institute of Technology in

Alfred Nobel 2

Stockholm.[4]

Portrait of Nobel by Gsta Florman(18311900)

Following various business failures, Nobel's father moved to Saint Petersburg in1837 and grew successful there as a manufacturer of machine tools andexplosives. He invented modern plywood and started work on the "torpedo". In1842, the family joined him in the city. Now prosperous, his parents were able tosend Nobel to private tutors and the boy excelled in his studies, particularly inchemistry and languages, achieving fluency in English, French, German, andRussian. For 18 months, from 1841 to 1842, Nobel went to the only school heever attended as a child, the Jacobs Apologistic School in Stockholm.

Alfred Nobel's death mask, atBjorkborn, Nobel's residence in

Karlskoga, Sweden.

As a young man, Nobel studied with chemist Nikolai Zinin; then, in 1850, wentto Paris to further the work; and, at 18, he went to the United States for fouryears to study chemistry, collaborating for a short period under inventor JohnEricsson, who designed the American Civil War ironclad USS Monitor. Nobelfiled his first patent, for a gas meter, in 1857.[5]

The family factory produced armaments for the Crimean War (18531856); but,had difficulty switching back to regular domestic production when the fightingended and they filed for bankruptcy. In 1859, Nobel's father left his factory in thecare of the second son, Ludvig Nobel (18311888), who greatly improved thebusiness. Nobel and his parents returned to Sweden from Russia and Nobeldevoted himself to the study of explosives, and especially to the safemanufacture and use of nitroglycerine (discovered in 1847 by Ascanio Sobrero,one of his fellow students under Thophile-Jules Pelouze at the University ofTurin). Nobel invented a detonator in 1863; and, in 1865, he designed theblasting cap.

On 3 September 1864, a shed, used for the preparation of nitroglycerin, explodedat the factory in Heleneborg Stockholm, killing five people, including Nobel's younger brother Emil. Dogged bymore minor accidents but unfazed, Nobel went on to build further factories, focusing on improving the stability ofthe explosives he was developing. Nobel invented dynamite in 1867, a substance easier and safer to handle than themore unstable nitroglycerin. Dynamite was patented in the US and the UK and was used extensively in mining andthe building of transport networks internationally. In 1875 Nobel invented gelignite, more stable and powerful thandynamite, and in 1887 patented ballistite, a forerunner of cordite.

Nobel was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1884, the same institution that wouldlater select laureates for two of the Nobel prizes, and he received an honorary doctorate from Uppsala University in1893.Nobel's brothers Ludvig and Robert exploited oilfields along the Caspian Sea and became hugely rich in their ownright. Nobel invested in these and amassed great wealth through the development of these new oil regions. Duringhis life Nobel issued 350 patents internationally and by his death had established 90 armaments factories, despite hisbelief in pacifism.

Alfred Nobel 3

Alfred Nobel Medal 1975 by Richard Renninger

In 1888, the death of his brother Ludvig caused several newspapers topublish obituaries of Alfred in error. A French obituary stated "Lemarchand de la mort est mort" ("The merchant of death is dead").

In 1891, following the death of his mother and his brother Ludvig andthe end of a longstanding relationship, Nobel moved from Paris to SanRemo, Italy. Suffering from angina, Nobel died at home, of a cerebralhemorrhage in 1896. Unbeknownst to his family, friends or colleagues,he had left most of his wealth in trust, in order to fund the awards thatwould become known as the Nobel Prizes. He is buried in Norrabegravningsplatsen in Stockholm.

Personal life

Through baptism and confirmation Alfred Nobel was Lutheran and during his Paris years he frequented regularly theChurch of Sweden Abroad led by pastor Nathan Sderblom who would in 1930 also be the recipient of the NobelPeace Prize.

Nobel travelled for much of his business life, maintaining companies in various countries in Europe and NorthAmerica and keeping a permanent home in Paris from 1873 to 1891. He remained a solitary character, given toperiods of depression. Though Nobel remained unmarried, his biographers note that he had at least three loves.Nobel's first love was in Russia with a girl named Alexandra, who rejected his proposal. In 1876 Austro-BohemianCountess Bertha Kinsky became Alfred Nobel's secretary. But after only a brief stay she left him to marry herprevious lover, Baron Arthur Gundaccar von Suttner. Though her personal contact with Alfred Nobel had been brief,she corresponded with him until his death in 1896, and it is believed that she was a major influence in his decision toinclude a peace prize among those prizes provided in his will. Bertha von Suttner was awarded the 1905 Nobel Peaceprize, 'for her sincere peace activities'.

The Bjrkborn manor house, Nobel's residence atthe time of his death, on the property of the

Bofors iron works.

Nobel's third and longest-lasting relationship was with Sofie Hess fromVienna, whom he met in 1876. The liaison lasted for 18 years. Afterhis death, according to his biographers Evlanoff, Fluor, and Fant,Nobel's letters were locked within the Nobel Institute in Stockholm.They were released only in 1955, to be included with otherbiographical data.Despite the lack of formal secondary and tertiary level education,Nobel gained proficiency in six languages: Swedish, French, Russian,English, German and Italian. He also developed sufficient literary skillto write poetry in English. His Nemesis, a prose tragedy in four actsabout Beatrice Cenci, partly inspired by Percy Bysshe Shelley's TheCenci, was printed while he was dying. The entire stock except for three copies was destroyed immediately after hisdeath, being regarded as scandalous and blasphemous. The first surviving edition (bilingual SwedishEsperanto) waspublished in Sweden in 2003. The play has been translated into Slovenian via the Esperanto version and into French.In 2010 it was published in Russia in another bilingual (RussianEsperanto) edition.

Alfred Nobel 4

InventionsMain articles: Dynamite, Gelignite and BallistiteNobel found that when nitroglycerin was incorporated in an absorbent inert substance like kieselguhr (diatomaceousearth) it became safer and more convenient to handle, and this mixture he patented in 1867 as 'dynamite'. Nobeldemonstrated his explosive for the first time that year, at a quarry in Redhill, Surrey, England. In order to helpreestablish his name and improve the image of his business from the earlier controversies associated with thedangerous explosives, Nobel had also considered naming the highly powerful substance "Nobel's Safety Powder",but settled with Dynamite instead, referring to the Greek word for 'power'.Nobel later on combined nitroglycerin with various nitrocellulose compounds, similar to collodion, but settled on amore efficient recipe combining another nitrate explosive, and obtained a transparent, jelly-like substance, whichwas a more powerful explosive than dynamite. 'Gelignite', or blasting gelatin, as it was named, was patented in 1876;and was followed by a host of similar combinations, modified by the addition of potassium nitrate and various othersubstances. Gelignite was more stable, transportable and conveniently formed to fit into bored holes, like those usedin drilling and mining, than the previously used compounds and was adopted as the standard technology for miningin the Age of Engineering bringing Nobel a great amount of financial success, though at a significant cost to hishealth. An off-shoot of this research resulted in Nobel's invention of ballistite, the precursor of many modernsmokeless powder explosives and still used as a rocket propellant.

Nobel PrizesMain article: Nobel Prize

The Nobel family

v t e [6]

In 1888 Alfred's brother Ludvig died while visiting Cannes and a French newspaper erroneously published Alfred'sobituary. It condemned him for his invention of dynamite and is said to have brought about his decision to leave abetter legacy after his death. The obituary stated, Le marchand de la mort est mort ("The merchant of death is dead")and went on to say, "Dr. Alfred Nobel, who became rich by finding ways to kill more people faster than ever before,died yesterday." Alfred was disappointed with what he read and concerned with how he would be remembered.On 27 November 1895, at the Swedish-Norwegian Club in Paris, Nobel signed his last will and testament and setaside the bulk of his estate to establish the Nobel Prizes, to be awarded annually without distinction of nationality.After taxes and bequests to individuals, Nobel's will allocated 94% of his total assets, 31,225,000 Swedish kronor, toestablish the five Nobel Prizes. This converted to GBP 1,687,837 at the time.[7] In 2012, the capital was wortharound SEK 3.1 billion (USD 472 million, EUR 337 million), which is almost twice the amount of the initial capital,taking inflation into account.The first three of these prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, in chemistry and in medical science or physiology; the fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction" and the fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of

Alfred Nobel 5

standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.The formulation for the literary prize being given for a work "in an ideal direction" (i idealisk riktning in Swedish),is cryptic and has caused much confusion. For many years, the Swedish Academy interpreted "ideal" as "idealistic"(idealistisk) and used it as a reason not to give the prize to important but less Romantic authors, such as Henrik Ibsenand Leo Tolstoy. This interpretation has since been revised, and the prize has been awarded to, for example, DarioFo and Jos Saramago, who do not belong to the camp of literary idealism.There was room for interpretation by the bodies he had named for deciding on the physical sciences and chemistryprizes, given that he had not consulted them before making the will. In his one-page testament, he stipulated that themoney go to discoveries or inventions in the physical sciences and to discoveries or improvements in chemistry. Hehad opened the door to technological awards, but had not left instructions on how to deal with the distinctionbetween science and technology. Since the deciding bodies he had chosen were more concerned with the former, theprizes went to scientists more often than engineers, technicians or other inventors.In 2001, Alfred Nobel's great-grandnephew, Peter Nobel (b. 1931), asked the Bank of Sweden to differentiate itsaward to economists given "in Alfred Nobel's memory" from the five other awards. This request added to thecontroversy over whether the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel is actually a"Nobel Prize".

References[1] http:/ / tools. wmflabs. org/ geohack/ geohack. php?pagename=Alfred_Nobel& params=59_21_24. 52_N_18_1_9.

43_E_region:SE_type:landmark[2] Encyclopedia of Modern Europe: Europe 17891914: Encyclopedia of the Age of Industry and Empire, "Alfred Nobel", 2006 Thomson Gale.[3][3] Schck, Henrik, Ragnar Sohlman, Anders sterling, Carl Gustaf Bernhard, the Nobel Foundation, and Wilhelm Odelberg, eds. Nobel: The

Man and His Prizes. 1950. 3rd ed. Coordinating Ed., Wilhelm Odelberg. New York: American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 1972, p.14. ISBN 0-444-00117-4, ISBN 978-0-444-00117-7. (Originally published in Swedish as Nobelprisen 50 r: forskare, diktare, fredskmpar.)

[4] http:/ / www. svantelindqvist. com/ anobel_inventor. pdf[5] Carlisle, Rodney (2004). Scientific American Inventions and Discoveries (http:/ / books. google. com/ books?id=pDbQVE3IdTcC&

pg=PA256), p. 256. John Wiley & Songs, Inc., New Jersey. ISBN 0-471-24410-4.[6] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ w/ index. php?title=Template:Nobel_family& action=edit[7][7] At exchange rate of 18.5:1 in SEK:GBP

Further reading Nobel, Alfred Bernhard in the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica Schck, H, and Sohlman, R., (1929). The Life of Alfred Nobel. London: William Heineman Ltd. Alfred Nobel US Patent No 78,317, dated 26 May 1868 Evlanoff, M. and Fluor, M. Alfred Nobel The Loneliest Millionaire. Los Angeles, Ward Ritchie Press, 1969. Sohlman, R. The Legacy of Alfred Nobel, transl. Schubert E. London: The Bodley Head, 1983 (Swedish original,

Ett Testamente, published in 1950). Jorpes, J.E. Alfred Nobel. British Medical Journal, Jan.3, 1959, 1(5113): 16. Sri Kantha, S. Alfred Nobel's unusual creativity; an analysis. Medical Hypotheses, April 1999; 53(4): 338344. Sri Kantha, S. Could nitroglycerine poisoning be the cause of Alfred Nobel's anginal pains and premature death?

Medical Hypotheses, 1997; 49: 303306.

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External links Media related to Alfred Nobel at Wikimedia Commons Alfred Nobel Man behind the Prizes (http:/ / www. nobel. se/ nobel/ alfred-nobel/ index. html) Biography at the Norwegian Nobel Institute (http:/ / www. nobel. no/ eng_com_will1. html) Nobelprize.org (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ ) "The Nobels in Baku" in Azerbaijan International, Vol 10.2 (Summer 2002), 5659. (http:/ / azer. com/ aiweb/

categories/ magazine/ ai102_folder/ 102_articles/ 102_nobels_asbrink. html) The Nobel Prize in Postage Stamps (http:/ / azer. com/ aiweb/ categories/ magazine/ 43_folder/ 43_articles/

43_nobel. html) A German branch or followup (German)

Article Sources and Contributors 7

Article Sources and ContributorsAlfred Nobel Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=609125326 Contributors: *drew, 123Hedgehog456, 193.150.238.xxx, 995742a, A.J.1.5.2., Abdowiki, Abdullais4u, Achen00,Adashiel, Aditya, AdjustShift, Adrian, Adrian.benko, Ahoerstemeier, Ajakajason, AlainV, Alansohn, Alarm, Alatius, Alex, Alex.tan, AlexanderYuanata, All Hallow's Wraith, Alpha RalphaBoulevard, Alphachimp, Alsandair, AltiusBimm, Anaraug, Andre Engels, Andrew Levine, Anna Roy, Anonymous editor, Antandrus, AppuruPan, Arcturus, Arcy, Art LaPella, AshishG,AssistantX, AuburnPilot, Aunva6, Avicennasis, BR3ISAURUS, BRG, Babbage, Bachrach44, Bastique, Bballguy55, Bear475, Ben-Zin, Berlin-George, Bfinn, Bgwhite, Bhawani Gautam,Bibliomaniac15, Bidgee, Bihco, Bingobangobongoboo, Blanchardb, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bodnotbod, Bongwarrior, Boomur, Born2play4nike, Bosonhiggs287, Boypeel, BreakfastJr, Bronks,Bryan Derksen, Btd, Cactus.man, Cade rogers1, Calmer Waters, CambridgeBayWeather, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canadian-Bacon, Canejas, Cantsleepclownwilleatmeisgay, Carzx7,Catgut, CatherineMunro, Catstail, Cbrown1023, Cerejota, Chakrachakra, Charlie9163, Chasingsol, Chenopodiaceous, Chienlit, Chowbok, ChrisGualtieri, Chrisp510, Christine1107, Ckatz,Clarityfiend, Cliffhanger407, Cocytus, Conical Johnson, Connormah, Conti, Conversion script, Cool3, Css, Curps, D6, DARTH SIDIOUS 2, DMacks, DSRH, Dakoolst, Danny, Dantadd,Darolew, Darth Panda, David Kernow, DavidLeighEllis, Dbtfz, De728631, Dead3y3, Death motor, Deb, Defender of torch, Den fjttrade ankan, Dinamyte, Discospinster, DivineAlpha,Djdaedalus, Dk1965, Don4of4, Doulos Christos, Download, Dpodoll68, Dr pda, Dr.alf, Dramartistic, Durantula135, Dwmyers, Ed Poor, Edgar181, Edward, Egmontaz, Elassint, Elemesh, Elen ofthe Roads, Eliyak, Elmazagangi, Emeraldcityserendipity, Ency, Enhamre, Enviroboy, EronMain, Evolvedbeyondu, Excirial, Eyas, Falcon8765, Faradayplank, Fedayee, Floradarwin, Flyingmonkies, Fourthords, Franjklogos, Frans de zob, Fredrik, Friend of a friends, Friginator, Funandtrvl, Funnybunny, G S Palmer, Gaff, Gaius Cornelius, Galloping Ghost U of I, Garion96,Geiresdal, Gianfranco, Gilliam, Ginsuloft, Glane23, Gogo Dodo, Grafen, Graham87, GrapeSteinbeck, Grhabyt, Gryllida, Gsmgm, Gunnar Gllmo, Gwernol, HJ Mitchell, Hadal, Hall Monitor,Hamtechperson, HappyApple, HappyCamper, Hbobrien, Hectorpedroza, Heron, Hteink.min, HuPi, Hughdbrown, HumphreyW, I dream of horses, Ike9898, Imyoung, Infernowolf36,Infrogmation, Intwizs, Iridescent, Ishdarian, Island Monkey, Ixfd64, J.delanoy, JForget, JNW, Jack Greenmaven, January, Jared Hunt, Jay, Jecowa, Jeff G., Jenny lud, Jerzy, Jfioeawfjdls453,Jiang, JillandJack, Jim1138, Jinlye, Jivecat, Johan., John, John Vandenberg, Johnnyboyca, Johnuniq, Jormungander, Jose77, Joseph Solis in Australia, Jpgordon, Jrcla2, Jrdioko, Judyholiday,Juhko, Juliancolton, Jusdafax, Jwy, KTC, Kallemax, Kandar, Karma842w, Karmosin, Kartano, Kbog, Kiensvay, Kimchi.sg, Kimse, Kingpin13, Klilidiplomus, KnowledgeOfSelf, Knutux,Konstantin, Kotjze, Ktsquare, Kumioko (renamed), Kwekubo, LA2, Lahiru k, Lear's Fool, Lee S. Svoboda, Leithp, Lenoxus, Lihaas, Limideen, Lir, Little miss bobby joe, LittleOldMe, LunaSantin, Lundgren8, Lysy, M.O.X, M.thoriyan, MER-C, MONGO, Magioladitis, Magister Mathematicae, Mahmudmasri, MalTsilna, Malcolm Farmer, Malke 2010, Mandarax, Mangoman140,Mani1, Manuel Anastcio, Manuelt15, Manway, Marc-Andr Abrock, Marcus2, Marek69, MarioCGR, Mark Arsten, Martarius, Martin8777, MarturetCR, Materialscientist, Matt Crypto, Mattdenney07, Matthew Meta, Mav, Maxim, Mcspazatron, MegaSloth, Melchoir, Mentifisto, Mentoz86, Metropolitan90, MiPe, Mic, MikeLynch, Mikel96, Mimihitam, Mitrius, Mkdw, Monty845,Morel, Moreschi, Mormegil, Mrpanda01, MusikAnimal, Mxzero11, MyNameIsNotBob, Mystylplx, NHRHS2010, Naddy, NaiPiak, Nasnema, Nathparkling, Neo-Jay, Netsnipe,NewEnglandYankee, Nick8325, Nick897, NickCT, NickelAz, Nickj, Nickwells, Nikck, Ninmacer20, Nk, Notorious4life, NotoriousNick500, NuclearWarfare, O.Koslowski, Odie5533,Ohconfucius, Olaagente, Old Moonraker, Oldlaptop321, Oleg Alexandrov, Oleg326756, Oliver202, OliverWKim, Olivier, Omgpanda123, Omicronpersei8, Omnipaedista, Onopearls, Ot,Outlawz187, Outsidedog, Owen, Paladin Hammer, Panzuriel, ParkerHiggins, Pat Payne, Peanutcactus, Pendragon5, Pentap101, Pereant antiburchius, Periglio, PeterisP, Pevernagie, Pgarret, Pgk,Philip Trueman, PhosphateBufferedSaline, Piano non troppo, Pigsonthewing, Pilotguy, PinchasC, Pinethicket, Piniricc65, Pinktulip, Plrk, Ponder, Poochy, Preetikapoor0, Prodego, Prof. Nelson,Propaniac, Prplman, PseudoSudo, Pyrotec, QuackOfaThousandSuns, Quadell, Quatloo, Quenhitran, Qwerty Binary, R'n'B, RA0808, Ragib, Raso mk, RenamedUser01302013, Rettetast, RexNL,Rhcalder, Rich Farmbrough, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Richardpku, Riley Huntley, Rileyw25, Rjwilmsi, Robert4565, Robma, Rocastelo, Rogron Wolfe, Rollinsk, RoyBoy, Russavia,RyanDaniel, SDaniel, SFK2, Saalstin, Saddy Dumpington, Sarfa, Satori Son, Scientizzle, Scipius, Scottywong, Septimus Wilkinson, Shadowjams, Shanes, Shejken, SheogorathForever, ShineB,Shoaler, Simson, Sintau.tayua, Sirloco226, Sj, Skies, Skizzik, Skr15081997, Sladen, Slarre, Solipsist, Solkoll, Some jerk on the Internet, Soze, SpaceFlight89, Spel-Punc-Gram, Spellage,SpikeToronto, Spooliscool, Steamroller23, Stephenb, Stolen Vehicle, Studerby, Suffusion of Yellow, Sumahoy, Supten, SvNH, Sven Manguard, Svencb, Sverdrup, Swarm, TAnthony, TOO,Tabisu, Tango, Tarquin, Tbhotch, Teles, Terbospeed, Thatguyflint, The Brain, The Rambling Man, The Thing That Should Not Be, TheKaiser53, Thecheesykid, Theda, Thedunc8819,ThinkEnemies, ThomasK, Thumperward, Tide rolls, TigerShark, Timc, Timwi, Tkynerd, Tom Pippens, Tom harrison, Tomas e, Tony johnsong, Tovojolo, Tpbradbury, Trtrtr123456, Trut-h-urtsman, Truthflux, Ulric1313, Uncle Dick, Unyoyega, Uppland, Utcursch, Utility Monster, VASANTH S.N., Vary, VegaDark, Verne Equinox, Versus22, Viridae, Vishnu2011, Vrenator, Vssun,Walter, Wayne Slam, Webclient101, Widr, WikHead, WikipedianMarlith, Wikipelli, Wildhartlivie, William Avery, Windchaser, Wmahan, Woohookitty, Wtmitchell, Wuzur, Wylve, X!, X-Fi6,XJaM, XStarburstX, Xezbeth, Xhaoz, Xhienne, Xiglofre, YellowMonkey, Yintan, Yuckfoo, Yvwv, Zedriodor, Zeighna, Zoicon5, Zone46, Zpb52, Zyxw, le flottante, , , , 1177 anonymous edits

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