Alfred Korzybski : Collected Writings 1920-1950

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description

Collected and arranged by M. Kendig (1892-1981). Published in 1990 with the help of Charlotte Schuchardt Read and Robert P. Pula.

Transcript of Alfred Korzybski : Collected Writings 1920-1950

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~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~~~ ~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~ ~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~ ~~~~~~ ~~~ ~~ ~~~~~ ~ ~~~~ ~~~~~ ~~ ~~~~ ~~ ~~ ~~TIME-BINDING :THEGENERALTHEORY(FirstPaper)Presen ted atth eIn tern atio n al Math em atic al C o n g ress, To ro n to , C an ad a, Au g u st1 1 to 1 6 , 1 9 2 4. Pu b l ish ed b y E . P. Du tto n , New Yo rk , 1 9 2 4 ." Ab strac tso f th eC o n g ress. " U n iv ersity o f To ro n to Press, 1 9 2 4 , p . 2 1 .Firstan d S ec o n d Paper(# 6 )reprin ted b y In stitu teo f Gen eral S em an tic s, Lak ev il l e,C o n n ec tic u t, 1 9 4 9 .5 556TIME-BINDING:Th eGen eral Th eo ryBYALFREDKORZYBS KIPresen ted in ab strac tb ef o reth eIn tern atio n al Math em atic al C o n g ress, Au g u st, 1 9 2 4.To ro n to , C an ad a.NEWYORKE . P. DU TTON&C OMPANY6 81 Fif th Av en u e5 7C o py rig h t, 1 9 2 4 b yALFRED KORZYBS KIWarsaw , Po l an d ,an d New Yo rk C ityAl l in tern atio n alrig h ts reserv ed .Prin ted b y th eGraph ic Press, 39 W. 8th S t. , N. Y. C .Ph o to g raph sb y th eFern an d S tu d io s, N . Y . C .5 8TIME-BINDING:Th eGen eral Th eo ryb y eALFRED I, ORZYBS KIPresen ted in ab strac tb ef o reth eIn tern atio n alMath em atic al C o n g ress, Au g u st, 1 9 2 4 , To ro n to , C an ad a.(Th ispaperisasu m m ary 'o f al arg erw o rk o n Hu m an En g in eerin g so o nto b epu b l ish ed . )AILLHU MANk n o w l ed g eisc o n d itio n ed an d l im ited , atpresen t,b y th epro pertieso f l ig h tan d h u m an sy m b o l ism . Th eso l u tio no fal lh u m an pro b l em sd epen d su po n in q u iriesin to th esetw o c o n -d itio n san d l im itatio n s .Ein stein 'sth eo ry isaf u n d am en tal in q u iry an d appl ic atio n o f th ek n o w n pro pertieso f l ig h t ; th e irref u tab l em in im u m o f h isth eo ryresu l tsin an en tirel y n ew w o rl d c o n c eptio n , asb eau tif u l an d c h eerf u lasth eo l d o n esw ereg l o o m y an d d espairin g.Th em in im u m o f o u rin q u iry in to th estru c tu reo f h u m an k n o w l -ed g ean d sy m b o l ism isal so irref u tab l e, an d th isb eg in n in g , im perf ec tasitm ay b e, h asal read y en o rm o u sb en ef ic ial c o n seq u en c es .Ein stein 'sth eo ry w asth eappl ic atio n o f m o d ern sc ien tif ic m eth o d sto th eu n iv erse, m an ex c l u d ed. Th epresen tin q u iry in c l u d esm an inth ef iel d o f m o d ern sc ien c e.Asaresu l t, b o th th eo riesm eeto n ac o m m o n g ro u n d.Th eth eo ry presen ted h ereisb ro ad erth an Ein stein 's . Itm ay b epro v ed th atth ew h o l eo f th eth eo ry o f rel ativ ity c an b ed ed u c edf ro mth eappl ic atio n o f c o rrec tsy m b o l ism to f ac ts ; so th atth eg en eral th eo ryo f Tim e-b in d in g in c l u d es th eg en eral th eo ry o f rel ativ ity asapartic u l arc ase .Fo raf u l l u n d erstan d in g th isessay sh o u l d b eread tw ic e, atl east,b ec au seth eb eg in n in g presu ppo ses th een d , an d v ic ev ersa . Th isth eo ry isb u il tu po n th em in im u m o f th eb estasc ertain ed sc ien tif icf ac tso f 1 9 2 4 -Itssc ien tif ic so u n d n essh asto b ej u d g ed o n th eo retic alg ro u n d s(1 9 2 4 ) . Itsw o rk in g c an n o tb ej u d g ed b y arg u m en ts, o n l yb y appl ic atio n.Fo rtu n atel y , itw o rk sw ith th eread erw h o h asu n d er-sto o d it.If itd o esn o tw o rk , th eread erh asn o tu n d ersto o d .(5 )5 9Wec an n o targ u easto w h eth erth esu n issh in in g , w em u stg o an dsee . In th ec aseh erepresen ted , arg u m en tsal o n e areal so n o tl eg iti-m ate .S tatem en tsc o n tain in g v ariab l esarec al l ed " pro po sitio n al f u n c tio n s" ;th ey aren eith ertru en o rf al se . Wh en v al u esareassig n ed to su c hv ariab l esth eex pressio n sb ec o m epro po sitio n s, w h ic h areeith ertru eo rf al se . (Ru ssel l . )Man y w o rd saren am esf o rstag eso f pro c essesan d 'areth eref o rev ariab l es, asf o rin stan c e, " c iv il iz atio n " , " sc ien c e" , " h u m an ity " ," m ath em atic s" , etc . , etc. To g en erateapro po sitio n w ith su c h w o rd s,w em u stassig n to th em av al u eth ro u g h th eu seo f c o -o rd in ates . Fo ro u rpu rpo se, itw il l b esu f f ic ien tto u seo n l y th etim e-c o -o rd in ate, w h ic hw il l b ein d ic ated b y th ey earin paren th esis, su c h as" sc ien c e(1 9 2 4 ) . "Ob v io u sl y " sc ien c e(1 9 2 4 )" isad if f eren taf f airf ro m " sc ien c e(1 5 00), " o r" sc ien c e (300 B. C . ) . " In th ef iel d o f th isin v estig a-tio n th eterm " sc ien c e" m ean s, f o rth em aj o rity , " sc ien c e(300 B.C . ), " o r, atb est, " sc ien c e (1 800A . D. ) . " Fo rsu c h read ers, th isin q u iry w il l b ein c o m preh en sib l e .Mo st, n o tal l , o f th ed etail so f th isg en eral th eo ry arev ag u el yk n o w n; itseem sth atth em ain n o v el ty c o n sistsin th eb u il d in g u po f an au to n o m o u ssy stem .S u c h sy stem s, if sc ien tif ic , areu sef u l ;th ey ec o n o m iz eth o u g h tan d b rin g to l ig h ttru th sasw el l asf al l ac ies .In ad eepersen sef al l ac ies, if sc ien tif ic , areo f ten asu sef u l astru th s,b ec au seth ey o pen n ew an d u n ex pec ted f iel d sf o rin q u iry. Pro b ab l yn o sy stem istru e, al th o u g h th isstatem en td o esn o tin c l u d em ath em atic sw h ic h d o esn o tc l aim to b etru eb u tto b ec o rrec t.Th esc ien tif ic rev o l u tio n started w ith Geo m etry , an d , in ad eepersen se, itisc arried o n b y Geo m etry. U n til Gau ss, Lo b ac h ev sk i, Bo l y ai,Riem an n , etc. , th eEu c l id ean Geo m etry , b ein gu n iq u e, w as th eo l o g i-c al l y b el iev ed to b eth e g eo m etry o f th e spac e . Th em o m en tasec o n dg eo m etry w aspro d u c ed , " j u stasg o o d , " sel f -c o n sisten t, y etc o n tra-d ic to ry to th eo l d o n e, h eg eo m etry b ec am e a g eo m etry . No n ew asu n iq u e . On eab so l u tew asd ead. U n til Ein stein (ro u g h l y ) th eu n iv erseo f New to n w asf o ru s th eu n iv erse . With Ein stein itb ec am eau n iv erse . Th esam eh appen ed to m an. An ew " m an " w aspro -d u c ed , " j u stasg o o d " an d atrif l eb etter, y etc o n trad ic to ry to th eo l do n e . * Th em an b ec am eam an , o th erw iseac o n c eptu al c o n stru c tio n ,o n eam o n g th ein f in ity o f po ssib l eo n es .* S eem y " Man h o o d o f Hu m an ity. " Th eS c ien c ean d Arto f Hu m an En g in eer-in g . E. P . Du tto n &C o . , N . Y. C .(6 )6 0Gran tin g ,f o rth etim eb ein g , al l th atm ath em atic ian ssayab o u tm ath em atic s (1 9 2 4 ), th erearetw o aspec tso f m ath em atic sw h ic h h av eb een n eg l ec ted .Th atw h ic h h assy m b o l san d pro po sitio n s isal an g u ag e .Th isaspec tm u stb etak en in to ac c o u n t. *Besid es, if w ef reem ath em atic sen tirel y f ro m th eo l o g y , m ath em atic sm ay b ev iew ed asanac tiv ity o fth eseb ag so f pro to pl asm c al l ed " S m ith , " " Bro w n , " etc. Th isaspec tm ak esm ath em atic saf o rm o f b eh av io u ro f m an . No psy c h o l o g y o fm an c an ev erb ev al id so l o n g asw ed isreg arden tirel y th ism o stc h arac teristic b eh av io u ro fm an . Itex pl ain sth eu tterf ail u reo f th eo l d m y th o l o g ic al psy c h o l o g ies, an d th ef ail u reo f th o sec o n tem po rarystu d en tso f psy c h o l o g y w h o sesc ien tif ic stan d ard san dm en tal ag eareso m ew h ereB . C .Latel y th en atu ral sc ien c esh av ef irm l y estab l ish ed th ef ac tth atan o rg an ism sh o u l d b etreated " as-a-w h o l e" (Lo eb , Ritter, etc . ) . Th eth eo ry o f rel ativ ity h asestab l ish ed an o th erf ac t, th atal l w ek n o w an dm ay k n o w isa" j o in tph en o m en o n " o f th eo b serv eran d th eo b serv ed .In d eed th ereisn o su c h th in g asan " o b serv er, " w ith o u tso m eth in g too b serv e, n eith ersu c h th in g asth e" o b serv ed , " w ith o u tso m eb o d ym ak -in g th eo b serv atio n .An y in q u iry in to th eaf f airso f m an w ith an y preten se o f b ein gsc ien tif ic (1 9 2 4 ), m u sttak ein to ac c o u n tth esetw o f u n d am en talprin c ipl eso rf ail .Ou rd ail y l an g u ag e, an d , in m o stc ases, o u rso -c al l ed sc ien tif icl an g u ag eto g eth erw ith itsl o g ic , o rig in ated m o stl y in apre-sc ien tif icepo c h an d arel arg el y el em en tal istic an d ab so l u tistic ; w h ic h m u sth am persu c c essf u l reaso n in g an d so l u tio n s .Ith asb een k n o w n f o rso m ey earsth atw ec an n o tspeak sen seab o u tm an in th eo l d l an g u ag e . Al th o u g h Wittg en stein h aspro v ed th ispo in t, h ed id n o tsh o w u sth ew ay o u t . Th ew ay o u tissim pl e. Wem u stf o rm an ew v o c ab u l ary , w h ic h w o u l d b e in ac c o rd w ith th eab o v e-m en tio n ed prin c ipl es.S o m eau th o rsh av eal read y u sed n ew term ssu c c essf u l l y , y etth eyd id n o tex pl ain th eim po rtan c eo f th esen ew term s . Fo rin stan c eth el ateJ . Lo eb in tro d u c ed th eterm " Tro pism " to c o v erth ef o rc ed m o v e-m en tso f th eo rg an ism " as-a-w h o l e" ; th epresen tw riterin tro d u c ed th eterm " Tim e-b in d in g " to c o v eral l th e f ac to rs" as-a-w h o l e" w h ic hm ad em an , am an . Wem ay ag reeth atm an d if f ersso m eh o w f ro m an i-* S eem y " Fatean d Freed o m , " in Math em atic sTeac h er, May , 1 9 2 3 .(7 )61m al sb y th ec apac ity f o rb u il d in g th isac c u m u l ativ eaf f airc al l ed c iv il iz a-tio n . In th eo l d w ay w ec o u l d arg u een d l essl y ab o u t" w h atm ad ec iv il iz atio n po ssib l e . " S o m esay th at" th in k in g " m ad eit, o th erssayth at" speec h " isrespo n sib l e(Watso n ), o rw ritin g , etc . , etc . Asam attero f b ru tef ac t, al l su c h statem en ts, tak en separatel y , aref al se,b ec au sec iv il iz atio n isaj o in taf f airo f al l o f th em an d an in f in ity o fo th ers, asy etn o tab strac ted .Th en ew w o rd sd o perf o rm th etask , b ec au seth ey d o n o tspl itw h at,f o ro u rpu rpo se, sh o u l d n o tb eseparated (Po in c are) . Th isex pl ain sw h y th e. l an g u ag eo f th ispaperisn o to u ru su al o n e .Th eo l d su b j ec t-pred ic atel an g u ag ean d l o g ic v eil th ein ter-rel ated -n ess o f n atu re(Wh iteh ead ) ; th en ew , b rin g sth eserel atio n sto ash arpf o c u s(Ko rz y b sk i) .Th ereisapro f o u n d d if f eren c e, in d eed , b etw een am an -m ad eg reenl eaf an d an o n -m an -m ad eg reen l eaf . In . th ef irst, g reen c o l o rw asad d ed , it isa" pl u s" af f air, itw as" m ad e . " In th esec o n d , c o l o rw asn o tad d ed , itisa f u n c tio n al af f air, itw as n o tm ad e, it" h appen ed , "" b ec am e . "Q u iteo b v io u sl y , asu b j ec t-pred ic ate" pl u s" l an g u ag ean d l o g icc an c o v erm an -m ad e" pl u s" af f airs, b u tc an n o tc o v er f u n c tio n alaf f airs, " h appen in g s, " " b ec o m in g s" -w h ere, f o rin stan c e, th en atu ralg reen n esso f th el eaf isin h eren tin th el eaf itsel f , w h ic h isn o tth ec asew ith am an -m ad el eaf .On l y - af u n c tio n al l o g ic an d l an g u ag ec an c o v erf u n c tio n al n atu ralph en o m en a(Ko rz y b sk i) . S u c h l o g ic an d l an g u ag eh av eb een b u il tb y m o d ern m ath em atic al d isc o v eries(Wh iteh ead , Ru ssel l , Key ser, etc . ) .To treatm an atl eastasf airl y asw etreatag reen l eaf , th esam em eth o d sm u stb eu sed .U n iv ersal Peac e-(b eitf am il y , sc h o o l , in d u strial , ec o n o m ic , po l itic al ,sc ien tif ic , perso n al , in tern atio n al an d w h atn o t)d e-pen d su l tim atel y o n U n iv ersal Ag reem en t .U n iv ersal Ag reem en t-isf in al l y b ased o n Rig o ro u sDem o n stratio n .Rig o ro u sDem o n stratio n -ab so l u tel y d epen d so n Def in itio n s .Def in itio n s-areu l tim atel y c o n d itio n ed b yC o rrec tS y m b o l ism .S o , if w ew an tu n iv ersal ag reem en t, w em u ststart w ith c o rrec tsy m b o l ism . Bef o reath eo ry o f c o rrec tsy m b o l ism m ay b ew rittend o w n itm u stal read y h av estarted w ith c o rrec tsy m b o l ism .Itm u stb ef el tin stin c tiv el y .Apro to ty peo f c o rrec tsy m b o l ism w em ay f in din m ath em atic s.

(8)6 2Aw o rd isasy m b o l. Bef o reasig n m ay b ec o m easy m b o l so m e-th in g m u st ex istf o rth issig n to sy m b o l iz e, el seth esig n h asn om ean in g; itisn o tasy m b o l , n o taw o rd , b u tan o ise . Fo ro u rpu r-po sew em ay speak , in th ero u g h , o f tw o k in d so f ex isten c e, n am el y ,th eph y sic al ex isten c e, so m eh o w c o n n ec ted w ith persisten c e, an dl o g ic al ex isten c e. By l o g ic al ex isten c ew em ean in th isc aseath in k -ab l eth o u g h t, o th erw isef reef ro m sel f -c o n trad ic tio n (Po in c are) . A" w o rd " w h ic h l ab el sasel f -c o n trad ic to ry " id ea" isn o taw o rd , n o tasy m b o l , b ec au seitsy m b o l iz esn o th in g; if spo k en , itisan o ise, o rifw ritten , ab l o to f b l ac k o n w h ite ; itism ean in g l ess, n o m atterh o wm an y th o u san d so f v o l u m esh av eb een w ritten ab o u tit.If w eu sesu c h n o isesassig n if ic an tw o rd s, itisaf rau d pl ay ed o nth eo th erf el l o w . S u c h ac tssh o u l d an d w il l b eso m ed ay , l isted inth ec rim in al c o d eso f c iv il iz ed c o u n tries asam o n g th em o sth arm f u lc rim esag ain stc iv il iz atio n .With th isin tro d u c tio n perm an en tl y in m in d w em ay pro c eed , pro -v id ed w eag reeth atw ew il l try to tal k sen seab o u t" m an. " If th isu n u su al req u estisg ran ted , o u rtask isn o td if f ic u l t; w ith o u tit, itisim po ssib l e .Letu sim ag in eag en etic series, f ath er-so n -g ran d so n , etc . Westartw ith " Am o eb aI" (A 1 ), an d en d th eseriesw ith " Al b ertEin -stein " (AE) . S o m ew h eren earth een d th ereisan in d iv id u al , " Ad am "(A) . Al l in d iv id u al sarev ery " real , " an d ev ery o n eo f th em isd if f eren t . Ac c o rd in g to o n eo f th eim po rtan tru l eso f c o rrec tsy m -b o l ism w el ab el ev ery in d iv id u al w ith ad if f eren tn am e, so th atev eryin d iv id u al h aso n ean d o n l y o n en am e .Wew ish , (it iso n l y o u rpl easu re)to pro d u c etw o o th erw o rd s" m an " an d " an im al . " Isaid " Wew ish " ; itisso b ec au seth ereisn osu c h th in g in th ew o rl d as" am an " o r" an an im al . " Th esel ab el saren am esf o rab strac tio n so f h ig h o rd er, f o r" id eas" an d n o tth in g s .S m ith , Bro w n , J o n es, etc . , are" real ities, " o b j ec ts, b u tth ey al l ared if f eren t, an d th ec o l l ec tiv en am e" m an " isg iv en to an id eaan d n o tath in g . Th ispo in tisex trem el y im po rtan t, an d Iw o u l d su g g esttoth eread erto b een tirel y c o n v in c ed o n th ispo in tb ef o reh epro c eed s,o th erw iseh ew il l n o tb eab l eto f o l l o w th erest .In c id en tal l y w eseeth atth en atu ral istic , asw el l asan ti-n atu ral isticc reed sare f al se, b ec au seb o th areb ased o n th ef al seassu m ptio n th at" am an " o r" an an im al " isath in g .If w ew an tto tal k sen seab o u tth eid eas" m an " an d " an im al " ,w em u st h av eth em sh arpl y d ef in ed , o th erw isec o n f u sio n m u stf o l -(9 )6 3l o w . Wed o n o tw an tto pro d u c eu n n ec essary n ew w o rd s; w ein q u irew h eth erth eo l d term sin w h ic h w eu sed to speak ab o u tth e term s" m an " an d " an im al " w il l serv eo u rpu rpo se, w h ic h isto tal k sen se .Th ereiso n ec o n d itio n , am o n g o th ers, w h ic h m u stb ef u l f il l ed , n am el yth eterm s m u stb esh arp . Wepic k an y o f th eo l d term s, l etu ssay ,f o rin stan c e, th eterm " th in k in g . "Ho w d o w eg etth isterm ? Wef in d th atw ew atc h ed th eb eh av io u ro f S m ith , Bro w n , J o n es, etc .; w epassed th ro u g h am en tal pro c esso f ab strac tio n , g en eral iz atio n , assu m ptio n , in f eren c ean d w h atn o t,an d in th isw ay w eg o to u rterm " th in k in g . "Wed o th esam ew ith ,l etu ssay , " Fid o " (Isel ec tFid o b ec au seth em aj o rity o f u sk n o w an dl ik ed o g s) .Wew atc h th eb eh av io u ro f d if f eren t d o g s, Fid o I, Fid oII, Fid o III, etc .; w epassth ro u g h th esam epro c esseso f ab strac tio n ,etc. an d w ec o n c l u d e, " Fid o th in k s . "Ob v io u sl y th eterm " th in k in g "is n o tsh arp,an d b ec au seitisn o tsh arp, w em u stab an d o n itasu sel ess.Wem ay retain th isterm f o rf am il y u se, b u tsc ien c eisapu b l icac tiv -ity , an d f o rpu b l ic u sen ic k n am esw il l n o td o.Th epro b l em n o w issu c h th atw e w an tto k eepth eu sef u l term s" m an " an d " an im al " an d w eh av en o term sin w h ic h w ec o u l d tal ksen seab o u tth em .Th ereiso n l y o n ew ay o u t, n am el y , to pro d u c en ew term sw h ic h w il l b esh arp .As" m an " an d " an im al " are n o tth in g sb u tl o g ic al en tities, th ef in d in g o f th o sesh arpd ef in itio n sisapro b l em o f in g en u ityo n l y .Weo b serv eag ain o u rg en etic series; w en o teth at" m an " isanac c u m u l ativ ec l asso f l if ew ith aspec ial h ig h rate, in th atth eso nm aystartw h ereth ef ath eren d ed , an d th at" an im al s" aren o tac -c u m u l ativ e, o r, if ac c u m u l ativ e, th ey areso w itha d if f eren tan dsl o w errate .With Ko rz y b sk iw el ab el th esetw o d if f eren trateso fac c u m u l atio n " Tim e-b in d in g " f o r" m an , " an d " S pac e-b in d in g " f o r" an im al s . "Am o eb al

Ad am

Al b ertEin steinIIIan im al

m anNo n -ac c u m u l ativ ec l asso f l if eo rif ac -

ac c u m u l ativ ec l asso f l if e,c u m u l ativ e, w ith a d if f eren t an d sl o w er

w ith arapid rate, w h ic hrate, w h ic h w el ab el :

w el ab el :" S pac e-b in d in g "

" Tim e-b in d in g "Th esed if f eren c esaresh arp.Th ef o u n d atio n f o rad ed u c tiv esc ien c eo f m an isth u sl aid d o w n.(1 0)6 4If w ein q u irein to th em ec h an ism o f th israpid ac c u m u l atio n(Tim e-b in d in g , PR')w esh o u l d b een titl ed to ex pec tth atw ew il l strik eth ev ery c o reo f o u rpro b l em .Th is ac tu al l y h appen sw ith m o stu n ex pec tedresu l ts .Wem u ststo ph ereto em ph asiz e, an d itc an n o tb eo v er-em ph asiz ed ,n am el y , th e po w ero f th em eth o d. Wec an n o ttal k sen sein th eo l d" psy c h o l o g ic al 'term s, th eref o rew ed el ib eratel y av o id su c h term s;w ec arry o n o u rin q u iry in a" q u eer" en g in eerin g w ay an d l an g u ag e,y etth e resu l tsared eepl y psy c h o l o g ic al.Th isin q u iry u n rav el sto u sth ed eepestsec reto f m an asm an , asec retw h ic h n eith erpsy c h o l o g yn o rph il o so ph y h ad ev erd isc l o sedan dc apital iz ed (th el astth reew o rd srepresen t o n e id ea) .Th eex pl an atio n issim pl e : Th isc o u l d n o tb ed o n eb ef o reth eph y sic o -m ath em atic al rev o l u tio no f m o d ern sc ien c e .IITHEread erisw arn ed ab o u tan ex trem el y im po rtan t prin c ipl een tirel y d isreg ard ed in prac tic e, n am el y , th atw h atc an h esh o w nc an n o tb esaid (Wittg en stein ). If w e sh o wso m eth in g w h ic h w ec al l" apen c il , " itisan en tirel y d if f eren taf f airth an w h en w e speak o f " apen c il . "Th e c o n ten t o fth ef irstisin ex h au stib l e, th esec o n d isac o n c ept, w ith f in itec o n ten t, f ix ed b y ad ef in itio n.Th ef o l l o w in g appl iestoth in g s, an d th eref o reth eac tu al th in gsh o u l d al w ay sb e sh o w n .Wetak eso m eth in g (an y th in g )l etu ssay apen c il ; w e sh o w itan d ask , " Wh atisth isi" Th isisapro c ess, ac h u n k o f n atu re, ac l o go f el ec tric ity , am ad d an c eo f el ec tro n s ; th is is so m eth in g ac ted u po nb y ev ery th in g el se, an d reac tin g u po n ev ery th in g el se;th isisso m eth in gw h ic h isd if f eren tal lth etim e, so m eth in g w h ic h w ec an n ev errec o g -n iz e, b ec au sew h en itisg o n e, itisg o n e, etc .Th isso m eth in g w h ic h w ec an n ev errec o g n iz ew ec al l an ev en t(Min k o w sk i, Lo ren tz , Ein stein , Wh iteh ead , Pl an c k , Mil l ik en , etc . ) .Th en u m b ero f c h arac teristic san ev en th as, isin f in ite.Yetin th isev en tw h ic h w ec an n o trec o g n iz e th ereisso m eth in gf airl y perm an en tw h ic h w ec an rec o g n iz e . Th isw ec al l an o b j ec t(Wh iteh ead ). Wel ab el o u ro b j ec tw ith aspec ial sy m b o l w h ic h w ec al l aw o rd .Th eac c o m pan y in g pic tu rerepresen tsth eAn th ro po m eter, apl asticd iag ram to il l u stratew h ath asb een said.C represen tsth e" ev en t" ;itisab ro k en -o f f parab o l o id w h ic h in d ic atesex ten sio n to in f in ity , w h il eth eh o l esrepresen tc h arac teristic s, in f in itein n u m b er .(II)6 56 6Bisth eo b j ec to f f in itesiz ew ith al arg e, y etf in ite, n u m b ero fc h arac teristic s .Aisth el ab el -aw o rd . Th eh o l es, al so , represen tc h arac teristic s .Wh at isan o b j ec t? An o b j ec tis a f irstab strac tio n , af irstro u g hsu m m ary , af irstin teg ratio n , etc . , o f th ein f in iten u m b er'o f c h arac ter-istic so f th eev en t, in to th ef ew c h arac teristic so f th eo b j ec t . Th ispro c esso f ab strac tin g isin d ic ated b y l in esF .Wh atisth el ab el ?Th el ab el isasy m b o l . Asy m b o l f o rw h at?Fo ran ab strac tio n o f f irst'o rd er .In th eh isto ry o f m an k in d tw o , an d o n l y tw o , an sw ersh av eb eeng iv en to th isal l -im po rtan tq u estio n; o n ew asth atth esy m b o l w asf o ra" perc ept, " th eo th erth atf o ra" c o n c ept. " Bo tho fth esean sw ersareel em en tal istic , an d th eref o ref al l ac io u s .Ou rpo sitiv ean sw ersettl eso n e. o f th em o sttro u b l eso m ean d im po rtan tpro b l em so f th eth eo ry o f k n o w l ed g e, asto th e m ean in g o fth esy m b o l . Weseeth atIc an n o tk n o w w h atYOU ab strac t, u n l essYOU tel l ME .Oth erw iseth em ean in g o f th esy m b o l MU S Th eg iv en b y aDEFINITION.Weg etth em ean in g o f o u rsy m b o l b y d ef in in g it, th atis b yab strac t-in g asec o n d tim e (F')f ro m th em an y c h arac teristic s o f th eo b j ec tin to th estil l f ew erc h arac teristic so f th el ab el. Th esy m b o l isa sec o n do rd erab strac tio n . Th en f o l l o w ab strac tio n so f h ig h ero rd ers .Ho w ab o u tFid o ?Wed ef in ed o b j ec tsin term s o f rec o g n itio n ,th eref o re" w h o rec o g n iz esh aso b j ec ts . " Itm ean s, b y d ef in itio n , th atFid o " h aso b j ec ts. " Areh iso b j ec tsth esam easo u rs? S im il ar, b u tn o tth esam e(D), Fo rin stan c e, w ec an n n o trec o g n iz eo u ro w n g l o v esam o n g ath o u san d o f g l o v es, b u tFid o c an. HasFid o " sy m b o l s" ?Yes, h eb ark satac atan d an o th erFid n " k n o w s" so m eh o w , so m eth in g .Bu th issy m b o l saren o tartic u l ate (E) .Weseeth atFid o 'so b j ec ts(D)aref irst-o rd erab strac tio n s; w h ath el ac k sisth esec o n d an d h ig h er-o rd erab strac tio n s. Itm u stb ere-m em b ered th atth en ew l an g u ag eo f o rd erso f ab strac tio n s h asth ef l ex ib il ity an d ex ac tn esso f n u m b erseries .Wec o u l d asc rib eto Fid om an y o rd erso f ab strac tio n s, b u tm an w o u l d h av estil l h ig h er .Itak eh ereth esim pl estc ase ; th eo th erref in em en tsw o u l d n o tal terth em eth o d , an d th isisim po rtan t .Weseeth atth ed if f eren c eb etw een " Fid o " an d " S m ith " isin th eo rd ero f ab strac tio n s, an d th isd if f eren c eis sh arp .Hereac ru c ial q u estio n n arises . No d o u b tFid o d idth eab strac tin g ;d o esFid o k n o w , an d c an Fid o k n o w th ath eab strac ts? Th ean sw eris po sitiv e(d u eto th e m eth o d ) : Fid o d o esn o tk n o w an d c an n o t k n o + v(I3)6 7th ath eab strac ts,b ec au seittak essc ien c eto k n o w th atw eab strac t,an d Fid o h asn o sc ien c e, asam attero f b ru tef ac t.Th isf ac u l ty f o rb u il d in g h ig h eran d h ig h erab strac tio n sisth em e-c h an ism o f th ec h arac teristicrapid -ac c u m u l atio n ,w h ic h m ak esm anam an .If , f o rin stan c e, w ec o u l d seean el ec tro n in itsf l ig h t, th ew o rl dw o u l d b eam az e; n o l aw , n o o rd er, n o in tel l ig en c ew o u l d b epo s-sib l e.Th ef irstn erv e, th ef irstd y n am ic g rad ien t(Pro f esso rC h il d )(a)w asn o tstim u l ated b y al l o f (b )b u to n l y b y asm al l part(c ) . (a)g o tth eex perien c eo f (b )b y ex pl o rin g , su m m ariz in g , ab strac tin g th e(c 's),an d so itg o esal l th ro u g h l if e, m an in c l u d ed.Lif ean d " in tel l ig en c e" an dab strac tin g startto g eth er, th isb ein g th eresu l to f th eph y sic o -c h em ic alstru c tu reo f l iv in g o rg an ism s . Th ef u n c tio n b u il d sth eo rg an (Pro f esso rC h il d ). Th em ec h an ism o f th erapid h u m an ac c u m u l atio n isth ef ac u l ty f o rh ig h eran d h ig h erab -strac tio n s, w h ic h ac c el erateitspro g ressataperm an en tl y in c reasin grate .Th eterm " ab strac tin g " isu sed h erein th e" o rg an ism -as-a-w h o l e"w ay , w h ere" sen ses" an d " m in d " aren o td iv id ed; w ek n o w th atth -o l d el em en tal istic m eth o d saren o tv al id .Th ec o m pl ex itieso f l if ean d o fth eo rg an ism b ec o m ein tel l ig ib l einterm so fo rd erso f ab strac tio n s,an d itm u stb erepeated ag ain , th atitisim m aterial h o w m an y o rd erso f ab strac tio n sw easc rib eto an o rg an -ism -th e m eth o d rem ain sth esam e.Wem ay il l u stratew h atw assaid b y asim pl eex perim en talf ac t.Weal l k n o w an el ec tric f an .Wh en th ef an isro tatin g rapid l y w ed o n o tseeth eseparateb l ad es(a)b u tw eseead isk , ash iel d (b ) ." Matter" an d " o b j ec ts" aresu c h sh iel d so rd isk s; in o th erw o rd sa" j o in tph en o m en o n " o fth ero tatin g b l ad esan d o u rab strac tin go rg an ism .Wec an n o tpu to u rf in g erth ro u g h th ed isk , al th o u g h it(I4 )6 8isaf ic tio n , b ec au seth ero tatio n o f th eb l ad esism u c h m o rerapid(f o ro n eo f th ereaso n s)th an th ev el o c ity o f o u rf in g er. S im il arreaso n sex pl ain w h y w ec an n o tpu to u rf in g erth ro u g h atab l e; ittak esan X -ray to b eab l eto d o so , in so m ein stan c es .Th eAn th ro po m etersh o w sto th eph y sic al ey e, th atin h u m anec o n o m y (A)isn o t(B)an d (B)isn o t(C )(th ism u stb e sh o w no n th eAn th ro po m eter); in an im al ec o n o m y (A)is(B)an d (B)is(C ) ;in o th erw o rd s, th ean im al d o esn o td isc rim in ateb etw een th eth ree . If m an o m itsto d isc rim in ate, h ec o pies th ean im al sin th in k in g .Th issim pl ef ac tisth eso l u tio n o f prac tic al l y al l h u m an tro u b l es.Th eread ersh o u l d n o tb em isl ed b y th ec h il d ish sim pl ic ity o f th isal l -im po rtan tissu e. Asam attero f f ac tw e n earl y al l ,u n til th isd ayc o py Fid o sin o u rth in k in g , b y n o tb ein g c o n sc io u sth atw eab strac t .Th ish ab itso perm eateso u ro l d th eo riesan d prac tic e, th ato n eh asto h av eth eAn th ro po m eterb ef o reh im f o rso m etim eto o v erc o m eth ispern ic io u sh ab it . Th o sew h o c o py Fid om u st b ed o g m atists, c ateg o rists,ab so l u tists, " k n o w -al l s" ; th ey m u stb ef an atic s, in to l eran t ; w h enth ey m eeto th erso f th eirk in d , af ig h tm u stf o l l o w , etc . Th ey d o n o tw an tto th in k , th ey aren o tin terested to in v estig ate, f o rw h y sh o u l dth ey ? Th ey " k n o w ital l , " th ey aresel f -satisf ied in th eirig n o ran c e,th ey " k n o w " th atth ey " k n o w al l , " w h ic h isal l th ereisto k n o wab o u tit. Th ey w il l persec u teo th ersw h o th in k . Fo rth em th in k in gan d sc ien c earec rim es, o r, atb est, u n n ec essary w asteo f tim e ; an d , iff o rc ed to th in k , itisaserio u spain to th em. Th ey tak eev ery th in g f o rg ran ted , c ritic al th o u g h tan d th espirito f in q u iry isen tirel y f o reig nto th eirm ak eu p .Man to b eam an an d th in k asam an m u stb earel ativ ist, w h ic h isan in ev itab l ec o n seq u en c eo f th eappl ic atio n o f c o rrec tsy m b o l ism to(I5 )6 9f ac ts. Hek n o w sth ath ed o esn o tk n o w , b u t m ay k n o w in d ef in itel ym o re, th ath isk n o w l ed g eiso n l y l im ited b y h is o w n in g en u ity an dn o th in g el se. Th isf eel in g l ib eratesh isc reativ ef ac u l ties, aro u sesh isin terest, h isen erg y , b u il d su ph isc h arac teran d pu tsh isstriv in g s o n av ery h ig h l ev el . Hisspo rti