AD-AIIO 233 NAVAL FACILITIES ENGINEERING COMMAND ALEXANDRIA VA F/6 13/13STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING. CONCRETE STRUCTURES. DESIGN MANUAL 2.4.(U)MAY G0

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NAVFAC DM-2.4

MAY 1980

STRUCTURALENGINEERING

l '< CONCRETE STRUCTURES

DESIGN MANUAL 2.4APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

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1. REPORT NUMBER 2. GOVT ACCESSION NO. 3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

NAVFAC D-2.4 i6 -AlI 0 -_33.

4. TITLE (and Subtitle) 5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVEREO

NAVFAC Design Manual DM-2. 4 Design CriteriaStructural Engineering FinalConcrete Structures 6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

DM-2.47. AUTHOR(*) S. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBER(s)

Naval Facilities Engineering Command200 Stovall StreetAlexandria, VA 22332 (Code 0452)

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS 10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK

Naval Facilities Engineering Command AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS

200 Stovall Street Engineering and Design

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18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

* 82 o1 05O0I9. KEY WORDS (Continue on reveree side it necesary and identify by block number)

Aggregate concrete; Class A, B, and C Structures; concrete strength;

joints; limited life structures; plain concrete; reinforced concrete.

20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse side Ift necessary end identify by block numbet)

Basic criteria for the design of concrete structures, except floating struc-

tures and pavements, are presented for use by experienced engineers and

architects. Design standards are established for Class A (Bridge), Class B

(Building), and Class C (Special) structures. A discussion of special consid-

erations such as concrete protection, types of aggregate joints, climatic

influences, shear effects, design criteria for slabs-on-grade, and capacities

of anchor bolts is included.

FORMDD , JAN 73 1473 EDITION Of I NOV 63 IS OBSOLETE

* I ABSTRACT

-I

Basic criteria for the design of concrete structures, exceptIfloating structures and pavements, are presented for use by expe-

rienced engineers and architects. Design standards are estab-lished for Class A (Bridge), Class B (Building), and Class C(Special) structures. A discussion of special considerations suchas concrete protection, types of aggregate joints, climatic influ-ences, shear effects, design criteria for slabs-on-grade, and

I capacities of anchor bolts is included.

NTIS4 LTN2 3 Li

Avail "1ior C .Ies

'Di'~t

I.

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I -2.4-iii

*Tor rno by the IGPwMrn#m t of DOOmmt U.S. OomftftIatlw 0. WmMtAf. D.C. IS

j FOREWORD

i This design manual is one of a series developed from an evaluation of facili-ties in the shore establishment, from surveys of the availability of new mate-rials and construction methods, and from selection of the best design prac-tices of the Naval Facilities Engineering Command, other Government agencies,

3 and the private sector. This manual uses to the maximum extent feasible,national professional society, association, and institute standards in accord-ance with NAVFACENGCOM policy. Deviations from these criteria should not bemade without prior approval of NAVFACENGCOM Headquarters (Code 04).

Design cannot remain static any more than can the naval functions it servesor the technologies it uses. Accordingly, recommendations for improvementare encouraged from within the Navy and from the private sector and should befurnished to NAVFACENGCOM Headquarters, Code 04. As the design manuals arerevised, they are being restructured. A chapter or a combination of chapterswill be issued as a separate design manual for ready reference to specificcriteria.

This publication is certified as an official publication of the Naval Facili-ties Engineering Command and has been reviewed and approved in accordancewith SECNAVINST 5600.16.

D. G. IselinRear Admiral, CEC, U.S. NavyCommanderNaval Facilities Engineering Command

4I

1iII

1 2.4-v

STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING DESIGN MANUALS

New Superseded ChapterDM Number in Basic DM Subject

2.1 - General Requirements

2.2 1 Loads

2.3 2 Steel Structures

2.4 3 Concrete Structures

2.5 4 Timber Structures

2.6 5, 6, 7, 8 Aluminum StructuresMasonry StructuresComposite StructuresOther Structural Materials

2.7 Snow Loads (Tri-Service)

4

.1i1

2.4-vi. iii

CONTENTS

CONCRETE STRUCTURES

Page

Section 1. SCOPE AND RELATED CRITERIA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-1

1. SCOPE .. .. ....... . . .. .. .. .. . . * . 2.4-12. CANCELLATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-13. RELATED CRITERIA. .. .. .. .. ... . . .. .. 2.4-14. CONCRETE STRENGTH . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . 2.4-15. STANDDPE PEICAION I. AT.I.. N. . . .. . .... 2.4-3

Section 2. DESIGN STANDARDS . . . . . . . .. .. . .. . . . . 2.4-3

Part 1. CLASS A STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-3

1. HIGHWAY BRIDGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-32. RAILR ARDGERID.. GE.S. . . .. . .. ... . 2.4-33. OTHER . . *. . .. .. .. .. ..... . . . . . . 2.4-3

Part 2. CLASS BSTRUCTU RESS... ... .. .. . .. . . .. 2.4-4

1. REINFORCED CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 2.4-42. PLAIN CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. 2.4-43. MODIFICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 2.4-4

a. Concrete Cover for Severe ExposureConditions . . . .. .. .. ... . . . . . . 2.4-4

b. Concrete Footings Bearing on Rock or OtherHard Material . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . 2.4-4

Part 3. CLASS CSTRUCTURES. .. ..... .. . ... . .. 2.4-4

1.* GENERAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-42. CHIMNEYS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-43. BINS, SILOS, ANDBUNK RS... .. . .. . . .. .. 2.4-44. TANKS ANDRESERV IRS... . .. .... . . .. .. 2.4-4

a. Non-Prestressed Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-4b. Prestressed Tanks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-4a.* Cover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-4d. Underground Tanks . . . . . . . . * 2.4-4e. Tanks for Storage of Liquids Other Tihan

f WFoations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-5

Ig. Temperature Gradient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-5

Section 3. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS . . . . . . .. .. .. . .. 2.4-5

1. CONCRETE PROTECTION FOR REINFORCEMENT . . . . . . . 2.4-5a. Normal Exposure Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-5b. Seawater Exposure . o . . . . . . . . . * . . . 2.4-5

a. Tanks and Reservoirs . . * . . * . . . . . . 2.4-5d. Severe Exposure Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-5

2.4-vii

CONTENTS (continued)

Page

2. LIGHTWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . .2.4-6a. Design Standard .. .. .. .. .. ... . . . 2.4-6b. Acceptable Types of Aggregate. .... .... 2.4-6c. Questionable Types of Aggregate . . . . . . . .2.4-6d. Usage . . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . . . . .2.4-6

e.* Unit Weights.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-6f. Shrinkage and Creep .. . . . . . . . .* . . . 2.4-6

3. HEAVYWEIGHT AGGREGATE CONCRETE . . . . . . . . . . .2.4-6a. Basis of Design . . .. .. .. .. . . . . . .2.4-6b. Acceptable Aggregates . . .. .. .. .. ... 2.4-8a. Questionable Types of Aggregate. .... .... 2.4-8

4. CORAL-AGGREGATE CONCRETE . . .. .. ... . . . . . 2.4-8.4a. Basis of Design. .... ......... ... 2.4-8

b. Application . .. . . . .. . . . .2.4-8a. Cover Over Reinforcement 2.4-8

5.* JOINTS . . . . . . .. . . . .. .. .. .. .. . .2.4-8

a. Expansion Joints .. ..... . . . . . . . . . .2.4-8b. Control Joints .. .... ......... . . 2.4-9c. Sealing Joints.. . . . . . . . .. .. .. . .2.4-9

6. CLIMATIC INFLUENCES . .. .. .. .. .. .. . .2.4-9

a. Cold Regions .. .. ... . . . .. . . .. .. 2.4-9b. Tropical Regions .. .. .. ... . . . . . . . 2.4-9c. Salt (Chlorides) in Mixing Water in

Aggregates.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-97. SHEAR TRANSFER . .. .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. 2.4-10

a. Compatibility .. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .2.4-10

b. Shear on Keys.. . . . . . . . . . .. .. . .2.4-10

8. SLABS-ON-GRADE.. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..... 2.4-10a. Design Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-10b. Bending Stresses . . . .. .. .. .. . . . . .2.4-10

a. Subgrade Drag. .... .. .. .. ... . . . .2.4-10d.* Joints.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-13

9. ANCHOR BOLTS .. . . ...... . . . 2.4-1310. LIMITED E STRUCTURES.... . .. 2

a. Application .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-13b. Modifications of Concrete Mix . . . . . . . . .2.4-15a. Reduction of Cover. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-15

METRIC CONVER IO NACTORS. R. . .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. . . 2.4-16

REFERENCES . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . Reference-i

2.4-viii

I

! CONTENTS (continued)

FIGURES

Figure Title Page

1. Shrinkage and Creep Data for Lightweight Concrete . . 2.4-72. Average Relationship Between Compressive Strength of

6 x 12-inch Cylinders and Flexural Strength of BeamsTested by Third-Point Loadings . . . . . . ....... 2.4-11

3. Design Aid for Slabs-On-Grade . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-12

TABLES

Table Title Page

1. Recommended Concrete Strengths . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4-22. Soil Classifications . ................ 2.4-143. Allowable Shear and Tension on Bolts .......... 2.4-14

I, 2.4-ix

• |

i ISection 1. SCOPE AND RELATED CRITERIA

1. SCOPE. This manual prescribes criteria for the design of concrete struc-tures, except floating structures and pavements.

2. CANCELLATIONS. This manual, NAVFAC DM-2.4, Concrete Structures, cancelsand supersedes Chapter 3 of Structural Engineering, NAVFAC DM-2, of October1970, and Changes 1 and 2.

f 3. RELATED CRITERIA. Certain criteria related to the design of concretestructures appear in other manuals in the design manual series and in othersources, as follows:

Subject Source

General Requirements ... ............. NAVFAC DM-2.1Service Classification

Soil Mechanics, Foundations, EarthStructures ..... ................ ... NAVFAC DM-7Foundations

Fire Protection Engineering .. ........ . NAVFAC DM-8Fire Protection

Cold Regions Engineering . . . . . . . . . . NAVFAC DM-9Concrete in Cold Regions

Liquid Fueling and Dispensing Facilities . . NAVFAC DM-22Underground Concrete Storage Tanks

Bridges........ .... .. . . . . Standard Specifica-tion for HighwayBridges, AASHTOStandard Manual forRailway Engineering,AREA Standard.

Building Code Requirements for ReinforcedConcrete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ACI Standard 318Reinforced Concrete

Plain Concrete. ........... ....... ACI Standard 322

Chimneys . ............ . . ACI Standard 307

General Criteria for WaterfrontConstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . NAVFAC DM-25.7

Exposure to Seawater

4. CONCRETE STRENGTH. Recommended concrete strengths for various types ofstructures and various exposures are listed in Table 1.

I 2.4-1

I l ii - - --- -- , - - - .. .. . ... .. .... . .. . . . . . ,

TABLE 1Recommended Concrete Strengths

Application Recommended Strength*

1. Mass concrete, not exposed to atmospheric 2000 psi (13.79 MPa)," orconditions or other deteriorating agents, lesswhere mass rather than strength is prin-cipal condition.

2. Fills.

3. Encasements for utility lines and ducts. 2500 psi (17.24 MPa)4. Concrete exposed to frost action where

2000 psi concrete would otherwise beused.

5. Foundation walls and footings. 3000 psi (20.68 MPa)6. Drainage and utility structures.7. Mass concrete exposed to sea water or

other deteriorating agents.8. Cast-in-place concrete piles for shore

use.9. Retaining walls subject to ordinary

exposure conditions.

10. Reinforced concrete buildings and similar 3000 to 3500 psi (20.68 tostructures. 24.13 MPa)

11. Architectural precast members. 3000 to 4000 psi (20.68 to27.58 MPa)

12. Structures to contain noncorrosive fluids 3500 to 4000 psi (24.13 tosuch as tanks and reservoirs. 27.58 MPa)

13. Waterfront structures on fresh water. 3500 (24.13 MPa)14. Reinforced concrete structures over sea J

water which are sufficiently elevated sothat they are not ordinarily wetted bysalt water.

15. Walls subjected to severe exposure 3500 to 4000 psi (24.13 toconditions. 27.58 MPa)

16. Concrete deposited under water (tremieconcrete).

17. Mass concrete exposed to sea water from 3500 psi (24.13 MPa)3 ft below low water to 3 ft abovehigh water or above normal action.

18. Columns in multistory buildings carrying 4000 psi (27.58 MPa)heavy loads. [

2.4-2 1______ U