By: Jack Garrity

Macedonia

Macedonia

• The Macedonians were Greeks that had kept monarchy.

• However, the nobles controlled most of the countryside outside Pella the capital.

• Many Greeks considered the Macedonian King a barbarian. They had many wives, got drunk nightly with their troops, yet were very generous, brave, and approachable.

Philip II• King 359-336 BCE created a

powerful military machine.

• He defeated the nobles and made Macedonia into a Kingdom.

• He saw the Persian King as the biggest problem to the world of Hellas.– By 338 he controlled Greece by

treaties, battles, and diplomacy.– All polis except Sparta join him.

Philip II

• He wanted to invade Persia, but his bf killed him at a wedding in 336 BCE.

Alexander

• Instead, his son Alexander would lead the invasion of Persia.

• Olympus, mother of Alexander, 4th wife of Philip, had a strong influence and relationship with her son.

Alexander the Greatest general in history

Aristotle’s most famous student.Brought up in Macedonian armyNever lost a battleConquered the known world from age 20-33

• Alexander brought scholars and scientists with his army. They collected thousands of plant and animals and sent them back to Aristotle for classification.

Alexander

• He drank, slept, ate with his men.• He always lead in the front line in

battle.• His men loved him.

Alexander's army

• Alexander entered Asia Minor with an• army of some 37,000 foot and about

5000 cavalry.

Heavy CavalryThe Companion Cavalry

• 1800 elite noble horsemen.

Heavy CavalryThe Companion Cavalry• Alexander

• Attacked in a wedge formation, with Alexander leading.

Light Cavalry

• Fast light cavalry on the wings of the army during battle and did reconnaissance missions.

The Foot Companions

• Macedonian phalanx with smaller shields.

• Their main job was to hold the enemy in place.

Alexander's army

• Light skirmishing troops – Loose formations at

the start of the battle– Worked in front of the

main phalanxes– Hid the main army

and harassed the enemy and then run away

Alexander's army

• Hypapists

– Heavy elite fighters

– Faster than phalanx

– Could do many jobs

Alexander's army

• Greek Hoplites – The main warrior of

the army– Worked mainly in the

phalanx formation– creating impregnable

lines that demoralized the enemy

Alexander's army

• Phalanx

Alexander's army • Sieges are

surrounding a town or fortress.

• Many weapons built to

throw projectiles over or hit city walls.

• Others transport soldiers over walls.

Alexander’s tactics

– Light troops harass– The phalanx would fix the enemy in place – then the companion cavalry would attack on the flank or rear.

• Alexander wanted be Achilles of Homer’s Iliad. He kept a copy of the Iliad and a dagger—under his pillow.

• Alexander led his men in the front line. He ate drank and lived with his men who loved him.

The Battle of Granicus, 334 BCE

333 BCE Alexander crosses into Asia, the Persian satraps meet him at the

River Granicus

The Battle of Granicus, 334 BCE

• ALEXANDER

• 20,000 light foot• 22,000 heavy phalanx• 5,000 cavalry

• PERSIA

• 9,500 Light foot5,000 Greek hoplites10,000 cavalry

The Battle of Granicus, 334 BCE

The Battle of Granicus, 334 BCE

Macedonians: Persians

300-400

or

Less than1%

6,000

or

25%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

The Battle of Granicus, 334 BCE Casualties & Aftermath

333 BCE Alexander crosses in Asia freeing the Ionian polis

He stops in Troy at the Temple to Achilles

Alexander in Persia

• Cuts the Gordian knot

He whoUnties the

Gordian knot Shall rule AsiaAlexander said it did not matter how the

knot came undone

Prophecy

Alexander crosses into Persia

Alexander crosses into Persia

• Darius III leads more than 200,000 troops to crush him.

Major BattlesISSUS

Rome Total War-Battle of Issus Part 1.wmv

The Battle of Issus 34 B.C.Alexander Darius IIICavalry

Commanders

Alexander the Great Darius III of Persia

Strength

13,000 allied Greeks and skirmishers22,000 phalanx5,850 Cavalry40,850 total

25,000 Cavalry78,000 Infantry

108,000 in total

Major Battles

ISSUS

ISSUS

ISSUS

ISSUS

Macedonians: Persians:

7,000

or

17%

20,000

or

20%

Darius runs,

Alexander captures his wives and

family!By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

ISSUS Nov 333 BCCasualties & Aftermath

The Macedonian cavalry pursued the fleeing Persians for as long as there was light. As with most ancient battles, significant carnage occurred after the battle as pursuing Macedonians slaughtered their crowded, disorganized foe

• After Issus

• Most of the cities of Asia minor surrender

• Tyre (capital of the Phonetian empire) did not

Major Battles Siege of

Tyre

• built on an island two miles long, a kilometer from the coast – Walls 150 feet high

• two harbors (Sidonian and Egyptian)

• Alexander had few ships so he built a mole across the sea

Tyre

Tyre January-August, 332 BC

Strategic ContextAfter defeating Darius III, Alexander the Great marches down the eastern Mediterranean coast. He aims to control the sea by capturing Persian seaports, neutralizing their superior naval fleet. Most fortresses along the coast have surrendered in exchange for protection but the island fortress of Tyre defies Alexander’s authority. Alexander now lays siege to the seemingly impregnable island fortress.

Stakes+ A Macedonian victory would serve as an example to Alexander’s authority and ease further conquest of the eastern Mediterranean coast.

+ A Tyrian victory would frustrate Alexander and complicate his conquest of the eastern Mediterranean coast.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

No Image

Available

Macedonians

Well

30,000 infantry

Alexander the Great

200 triremes

Tyrians

Well

Citizens

15,000 men of military age 80 triremes

35,000 other civilians

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Tyre, 332 BCStrength

Alexander deploys his army on the coast, unable to reach Tyre with projectiles of any sort; his fleet is slightly outnumbered but outclassed in training by the Tyrian fleet and therefore remains close to shore. Tyre is also protected by outer walls and two inner walls. Alexander plans to take the island fortress somehow, no matter the cost. The Tyrians are confident behind their walls and plan to hold out until Alexander’s supply situation deteriorates or he abandons the siege in frustration.

Alexander orders construction of a mole, a raised tract of land, to reach Tyre. The Macedonian infantry, working as labourers, are harassed by the Tyrian fleet while Alexander’s fleet is powerless to help. Alexander orders construction of two wooden towers, reinforced by raw hides to protect against fire arrows, to deter Tyrian sorties.

The Tyrians respond to these wooden towers by converting a horse transport into a fire-ship; they load the ship with dry branches, other highly combustible materials and sulphur. When a favourable wind turns up, the fire-ship is towed out to sea and set aflame. The fire-ship collides with the Macedonian mole and explodes, obliterating both towers.

Alexander orders the mole to be widened and then to continue progressing towards Tyre. More wooden towers are also constructed for further protection against any shrewd Tyrian plans. Alexander’s fleet is reinforced by regional powers looking to back Alexander after finally learning of Darius III’s defeat at Issus in November.

The Tyrian fleet ventures into the open sea to probe the mole’s new defences but is confronted by the now greatly superior Macedonian fleet. The Tyrian fleet realizes this and hurries back to harbour where it is blockaded. Meanwhile, the mole reaches Tyre’s walls although construction is costly as labourers come in range of Tyrian archers.

Alexander constructs catapults and probes the walls to the north and south of the mole while his infantry and archers create a minor breach in the wall facing the mole. In the south however, Alexander discovers a suitable place to assault and removes the underwater stones blocking his ships from reaching it.

Alexander continues a cautious attack against the breach in the wall facing the mole to occupy the Tyrians’ attention while undertaking two preliminary maneuvers. Two fleets are filled with Macedonian infantry; one is fitted with rams and catapults to breach the southern wall while the other sails around the back of the island to threaten the Tyrian defenders’ rear.

Alexander suddenly launches a well-prepared, all-out attack to defeat the island fortress. Both blockading fleets push into the Tyrian harbours, the attack from the mole continues and a diversionary attack is launched against the western wall. The decisive attack comes at the southern breach where the fleet lands two waves of infantry; they shove the defenders back and push into the city. The Tyrians mount a last stand in the city but their front is pierced and Tyre quickly surrenders.

NN

Macedonians

(Alexander)

Tyrians

(Citizens)

Macedonians

(Alexander the Great)

30,000 infantry

200 triremes

Tyrians

(Citizens)

15,000 men of military age

80 triremes

35,000 other civilians

Macedonians: Tyrians:

420

or

1%

10,000

or

50%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Tyre, 332 BCCasualties & Aftermath

Alexander ordered 2,000 Tyrians to be crucified on the beaches as punishment for refusing to surrender. The majority of the male population was put to death and the rest were enslaved. The fall of Tyre was not the only fortress to fall along the eastern Mediterranean coast but was the only one to actively resist. The capture of Tyre reinforced the precedent that cities should surrender to Alexander to avoid destruction. This aided Alexander in neutralizing Persian control of the sea and allowed him to push further into Persia overland, culminating in the Battle of Gaugamela the following year.

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps

http://www.theartofbattle.com

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Tyre • The siege lasted seven months

Alexander enters Eqypt

Alexander advanced into Egypt in 332 BC, they regard him a liberator

They pronounce him new "master of the Universe" and son of Amun at the Oracle of Siwa Oasis.

He founds his most famous Alexandria city.

• Darius III leads more than 100,000 troops to stop him near Babylon.

Major BattlesGaugamela October 1, 331 BC

• 1Alexander the Great battle Gaugamela Greek by descend Macedonian Αλέξανδρος_(360p).flv

• Alexander the Great - Battle of Gaugamila _ Macedonians 40000 vs Persians 250000_(360p).flv

Major BattlesGaugamela

October 1, 331 BC

Alexander forces Darius III into another battle. Darius specifically flattens the battleground for use of his scythed chariots.

The night before battle, Darius keeps his army awake expecting a surprise night attack. Alexander gives his army rest. Alexander is able to march his army to the Persian left wing at dawn before Darius can respond.

StakesA Macedonian victory would further destabilize the Persian Empire.

A Persian victory would check the Macedonian advance and tarnish Alexander’s unbeatable reputation.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Macedonians

Well

30,000 heavy infantry

Alexander the Great

10,000 light infantry

Persians

Fatigued

Darius III

200 scythed chariots

4,000 heavy infantry 52,000 light infantry

35,000 cavalry

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Gaugamela, 331 BCStrength

7,000 cavalry

15 war elephants

Macedonians

Well

30,000 heavy infantry

Alexander the Great

10,000 light infantry

Persians

Fatigued

Darius III

200 scythed chariots

4,000 heavy infantry 52,000 light infantry

35,000 cavalry

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Gaugamela, 331 BCStrength

7,000 cavalry

15 war elephants

Alexander deploys his army in a hollow box to prevent it from being encircled. He places his infantry phalanx in the center, screened by light infantry and flanked by cavalry and light infantry at a 45-degree angle; this is backed by a second infantry line. Alexander’s right wing edges forward and is strengthened by archers and his elite Companion cavalry while his weaker left wing is refused. Darius deploys his massive cavalry forces in a line which overlaps the Macedonian line. Darius places his heavy infantry, archers and scythed chariots at his center, hiding his relatively untrained light infantry levy and war elephants behind the main line. The stars show the position of each commander.Persians

(Darius)

Macedonians

(Alexander)

Darius uses his archers to soften up the Macedonian phalanx with a rain of arrows and then sends his scythed chariots forward to break it. Alexander’s light infantry screen allow the scythed chariots through to be destroyed by the phalanx which also opens its disciplined ranks to let some through to be destroyed in the rear. At the same time, Darius sends some cavalry from his left wing to hit the Macedonian right; Alexander responds by committing infantry units from his reserve to stiffen this front.

With Alexander’s attention diverted to his right, Darius sends his cavalry wings in two massive sweeps against both Macedonian flanks. Alexander must commit infantry reserves to prevent his left wing from breaking while his right wing actually pushes the Persian cavalry back. Both wings break down into stalemate as the Macedonian center advances, led by Alexander himself.

Mazeus renews the attack against the Macedonian left wing which appears to be crumbling while the right wing holds its ground. As this occurs, Alexander’s strike force at his center exploits the wedge between the Persian center and left wing and smashes the forces arrayed directly in front of Darius. Darius panics, takes the reigns from his fatally wounded chariot driver and flees the battlefield, followed by many of his troops at his center who witness this. His last order is to his Indian cavalry to break into the Macedonian camp and rescue his family.

Only now does Alexander receive word that his left wing is in serious danger so he delays the pursuit and turns the Companions around to hit the Persian right wing in its flank. Word of Darius’ flight rapidly spreads through the ranks, causing the Persian forces to flee. Darius’ Indian cavalry fail to free his family and are destroyed by Macedonian infantry reserves.

Parmenio

Mazaeus BessusDarius

NN

Persians

(Darius III)

4,000 heavy infantry

52,000 light infantry

35,000 cavalry

200 scythed chariots

15 war elephants

Macedonians

(Alexander the Great)

30,000 heavy infantry

10,000 light infantry

7,000 cavalry

Macedonians: Persians:

5,500

or

12%

40,000

or

44%

Darius runs away and is killed soon

after

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Gaugamela, 331 BCCasualties & Aftermath

Alexander’s pursuit of the Persians was so aggressive that he reportedly lost over 1,000 horses to exhaustion doing so. Darius vanished, Alexander marched to Babylon to accept Mazaeus’ surrender and then reopened the pursuit of Darius. As it turns out, Darius was murdered by his own generals and so Alexander merely captured Darius’ murderers, executed them and consequently stood at the head of the entire Persian Empire.

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps

http://www.theartofbattle.com

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Alexander marches into Babylon proclaimed as

King of Persia

Alexander marches into Babylon proclaimed as

King of Persia

• Alexander occupies Persepolis, then burns it down, in retribution for Xerses burning of Athens.

• Alexander subjugates Afghanistan and marches into India.

Hydaspes River 326 BC

Strategic ContextAlexander the Great’s ambition drags himself and his army deeper into India after dissolving the Achaemenid Empire; now a vast array of powerful kingdoms stand before him. One such kingdom ruled by King Taxiles equips the Macedonians with equipment and supplies in exchange for help in subduing his rival, King Porus. The Pauravan Empire fields an army that is more than a match for the Macedonians.

Stakes+ A Macedonian victory would extend the borders of Alexander’s empire and absorb even more soldiers and supplies for further expansion into India.

+ A Pauravan victory would sustain King Porus’ kingdom and spell complete disaster for the Macedonians struggling in the harsh Indian climate.

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Macedonians

Well

23,000 infantry

Alexander the Great

8,000 cavalry

Pauravans

Well

King Porus

100 war elephants

30,000 infantry 4,000 cavalry 300 chariots

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Hydaspes River, 326 BCStrength

Under the cover of an intense storm, Alexander moves a large portion of his army upriver to a previously discovered crossing. He leaves Craterus behind with 8,000 infantry and 3,000 cavalry to keep Porus’ attention on the main camp and instructs him to cross the river and envelop the Pauravan army if he is left unguarded.

Alexander begins his crossing. Porus becomes gradually more aware of a crossing, but believing it to be a feint, sends his son with only 2,000 cavalry and 120 chariots to investigate. It is too late however; Alexander’s force is already across the river and promptly annihilates this force. Porus, after losing half of his cavalry in one move, decides to face Alexander with the bulk of his army.

The Macedonians encamp opposite the Pauravans, separated by a rapid, rising river. Porus thinks only a madman would attempt a crossing and Alexander only cements this belief; he sends for large supplies of wheat and spreads rumours that he has no intention to cross until the monsoon season ends. He also stages continuous cavalry patrols which, with no consequence, cause Porus to relax.

Pauravans

(Porus)

Pauravans

(King Porus)

30,000 infantry

4,000 cavalry

300 chariots

100 war elephants

Macedonians

(Alexander)Macedonians

(Alexander the Great)

23,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

NN

Alexander

Craterus

Coenus

Porus deploys his infantry behind the war elephants in the center, protected by cavalry on the flanks with a reserve of infantry and war elephants just behind his line. He leaves an infantry contingent to disrupt any attempted crossing by Craterus. Alexander deploys the phalanx which includes his elite Hypasists in the center, backed by archers. He divides his cavalry in half: one half including his elite Companions and Scythian horse-archers on his right wing and the other half hidden on his left wing. He plans to eliminate Porus’ cavalry and then hit with the phalanx.

The Macedonian horses’ fear of the elephants prevent a charge on the main line so Alexander seeks to lure Porus’ cavalry away from them. Alexander uses his horse-archers to destroy the Pauravan chariots, which are immobilized by the mud, and lure the Pauravan cavalry into the open where they are assaulted by his heavy cavalry. Porus meanwhile orders an attack on the Macedonian center.

Porus sees his left wing cavalry in danger and shifts his right wing cavalry to aid it. Coenus, following this movement, circles behind the Pauravan line to attack the rear of the Pauravan cavalry. Porus’ attack on the Macedonian center is a bloodbath; the Macedonian phalanx is not accustomed to full war elephant charges and is gradually giving ground.

Coenus

The Pauravan cavalry is completely surrounded and is destroyed. The Macedonian phalanx nearly breaks but remains firm and repels the Pauravan war elephants. Some are killed but others veer around in a rampage, trampling infantry and ripping holes in the Pauravan line. The Macedonian cavalry then envelops Porus’ left wing, careful to avoid the war elephants.

NN

Pauravans

(Porus)

Pauravans

(King Porus)

30,000 infantry

4,000 cavalry

300 chariots

100 war elephants

Macedonians

(Alexander)Macedonians

(Alexander the Great)

23,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Craterus

The Pauravan cavalry is completely surrounded and is destroyed. The Macedonian phalanx nearly breaks but remains firm and repels the Pauravan war elephants. Some are killed but others veer around in a rampage, trampling infantry and ripping holes in the Pauravan line. The Macedonian cavalry then envelops Porus’ left wing, careful to avoid the war elephants.

Coenus

Alexander

Porus knows he is in great danger and makes one last counter stroke with his reserve. His infantry is engaged with the Macedonian cavalry so he uses 40 war elephants in a desperate charge against the Macedonian phalanx. Alexander’s phalanx is better prepared, using missiles and skirmishers to repel the war elephants.

Coenus

Panics quickly spreads to the Pauravan camp and its garrison flees along with any infantry capable of fleeing the Macedonian envelopment while Craterus’ force pursues. His force arrives in time to cut off the retreat of the majority of the Pauravan army, which surrenders soon after.

Craterus

NN

Pauravans

(Porus)

Pauravans

(King Porus)

30,000 infantry

4,000 cavalry

300 chariots

100 war elephants

Macedonians

(Alexander)Macedonians

(Alexander the Great)

23,000 infantry

8,000 cavalry

Macedonians: Pauravans:

4,000

or

13%

21,000

or

62%

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

Hydaspes River, 326 BCCasualties & Aftermath

Alexander spared Porus’ life and allowed him to continue ruling his kingdom, albeit in Alexander’s name. The Macedonian victory proved to be an empty one however; Alexander’s exhausted army mutinied shortly after and refused to undertake any further conquest. The Macedonians were forced to cross the Gedrosian Desert and suffered horrendously for the chance to sail back home.

The Art of Battle: Animated Battle Maps

http://www.theartofbattle.com

By Jonathan Webb, 2009 ©

His men exhausted, and thinking India the edge of the world, he returns to Susa.

324 BCE

• Alexander is heart broken when his second in command and lover Hephaestion dies in Susa.

323 BCE Alexander returns to Babylon and dies of a fever

age 32-33.

323 BCE Alexander returns to Babylon and dies of a fever

age 32-33.

After Alexander

• His generals and family fought for power. By 275 they had divided the kingdom into three large states– Antigonus took

Greece and Macedon

– Ptolemy took Egypt– Seleuces took the

former Persian

Hellenistic Culture

• Alexander planned to integrate the best of Greek and Asian culture.

• He envisioned one great universal culture.

• When he burnt the Persian palace at Persepolis he married Macedonian officers to Asian wives.

Building Greek Cities in the East

Building Greek Cities in the East

Pergamum:

A New “Hellenis

tic”City

Pergamum:

A New “Hellenis

tic”City

Cosmopolitan

Culture

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Trade in the Hellenistic World

Alexandria Egypt

• Becomes the greatest city of the ancient world, surpassing Athens as the center of literacy and culture.

Lighthouse of Alexandria

• Another of Herodotus'’ 7 wonders of the Ancient world, 140 M tall with a range of 50 km.

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Library at Alexandria (333 B.C.E.)

Purpose was to collect all the world’s knowledge. Ptolemy II set 500,000 scrolls, Mark Anthony gave Cleopatra over 200,000 scrolls for a wedding present.

Hellenistic Culture

• The rise of the great kingdoms and decline of classical polis results in the rise of international popular and individual culture.

International organizations

• International boxing and wrestling association

International organizations

• International actors guilds perform Hollywood style plays with happy endings.

Writing focus on individual

• Greek tragedies go out. • Hollywood style plays with happy

endings come in.• People write biographers,

autobiographies, and stories about individuals and problems.

Individual choice in religions

• Polis directed religion goes out, individual religions comes in.

• Individuals choose to worship who they want.

Individual choice in religions

• Isis

Individual choice in religions

• Dionysus

Individual choice in religions

• Mithras

• Polis directed art goes out, individual art comes in.

• Hellenistic art strove for realism, movement.

• Gods and heroes out, real people in.

Classical vs. Hellenistic ArtClassical vs.

Hellenistic Art

Hellenistic art strove for realism, not the ideal of classical art.

Still life, which would be irrelevant during classical times.

Paintings of individuals.

Gone are Gods and Heroes from pottery.

• Advances in Science and Math continued.

Eratosthenes

• He calculated the circumference of the Earth within 2%, the distance to the sun and the moon.

Euclid c 300BCE

• Taught in Alexandria. Advanced Geometry and wrote Elements, still used today in schools.

Archimedes 287 BC – c. 212 BC

• Pulley, Geometry, established the value of pi (3.141592653…)

Archimedes

• Discovered specific gravity in his bath. He jumped out of the water and ran home nude, shouting, “Eureka!” (I found it!)

Aristarchus heliocentric theory 270 BCE.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers

$ Cynics Diogenes lived in a barrel: cynical ignore society and money.

Drop out of society

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers

$ Epicurians Epicurus Epicurean avoid pain & seek

pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be avoided.

Hellenistic PhilosophersHellenistic

Philosophers$ Stoics Zeno nature is the expansion of

divine will.

concept of natural laws.

get involved in politics, not for personal gain, but to perform virtuous acts for the good of all.

true happiness is found in great achievements.

• The great kinds of Seleucid, Ptolemaic Egypt and Macedonia took on Asian characteristics.

• They began to be worshiped like Gods, which the Greeks rejected.

Hellenistic Kingdoms spread culture eastward, yet was checked in the west.

Hellenistic Kingdoms spread culture eastward, yet was checked in the west.

A more powerful state arose in the WestROME