Alexander Nikov - University of the West Indiesanikov/info1500/lectures/10-iitf-lect... · service...
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INFO 1500 Introduction to Information Technology Fundamentals Alexander Nikov 10. IT application domains Outline 1. IT in our daily life 2. IT in enterprise 3. IT in health care 4. Geographic information systems 10-2 IT in Education • Driving force in educational reform • Students have many opportunities to learn the basic computer skills to facilitate their learning. Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a projector 10-3 IT at Home • Smart home technology – Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet • Personal computer – Has become a necessity for many households 10-4
Transcript of Alexander Nikov - University of the West Indiesanikov/info1500/lectures/10-iitf-lect... · service...
INFO 1500 Introduction to Information Technology Fundamentals
Alexander Nikov
10. IT application domains
Outline
1. IT in our daily life
2. IT in enterprise
3. IT in health care
4. Geographic information systems
10-2
IT in Education
• Driving force in educational reform• Students have many opportunities to learn the basic
computer skills to facilitate their learning.
Multimedia learning centre (MMLC) in secondary school Classroom with a
projector 10-3
IT at Home• Smart home technology
– Allows people to control household and other domestic appliances over the Internet
• Personal computer– Has become a necessity for many households
10-4
IT at Home
• Home office– Refers to a small computerized office setup at home– Self-employed persons can work at home and
communicate with others through the Internet.
Self-employedperson
Self-employedperson
ClientsClients
ColleaguesColleagues
10-5
IT in Public Places
• Information kiosk– Provides information on nearby facilities in public places
• Electronic Money– Can be used for petty cash payments– Example: Octopus
Kiosks
10-6
IT in Public Places
• Internet access service– It is provided in various public places.– The public can obtain information from the Internet
more conveniently.
Internet access service in public area
10-7
IT in Business
• Office automation– Office automation helps office workers improve working
efficiency productivity, data security and communications with others
An automated office
10-8
IT in Business
• eCommerce– Refers to commercial activities carried out in an electronic
network– The Internet is now the most popular way to conduct
eCommerce.
eBay, a popular online auction site
10-9
IT in Government• eGovernment (or Digital Government) is defined as ‘The
employment of the Internet and the world-wide-web for delivering government information and services to the citizens.’ (United Nations, 2006; AOEMA, 2005).
• Electronic Government (or in short 'eGovernment') essentially refers to ‘The utilization of IT, ICTs, and other web-based telecommunication technologies to improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the public sector.’ (Jeong, 2007).
• eService is a term usually referring to the provision of services provided via the Internet (the prefix 'e' standing for "electronic", as it does in many other uses)
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IT in Government
• Electronic Service Delivery– A web site that provides a wide range of government
information and services– The services include,
application forgovernment job vacancies
application forgovernment job vacancies
payment of government
bills
payment of government
bills
makingappointments for
the use of public services
makingappointments for
the use of public services
purchasingbooks
purchasingbooks
10-1110-12Source: http://unpan3.un.org/egovkb/Portals/egovkb/Documents/un/2014-Survey/E-Gov_Complete_Survey-2014.pdf
UN eGovernment Development Indices
10-13
UN country profile
Source: http://www2.unpan.org/egovkb/datacenter/CountryView.aspx
10-14
gov.tt website
Outline
1. IT in our daily life
2. IT in enterprises
3. IT in health care
4. Geographic information systems
10-15
• Also called “enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems”
• Suite of integrated software modules and a common central database
• Collects data from many divisions of firm for use in nearly all of firm’s internal business activities
• Information entered in one process is immediately available for other processes
EnterpriseSystems
10-16
How Enterprise Systems Work
Enterprise systems feature a set of integrated software modules and a central database that enables data to be shared by many different business processes and functional areas throughout the enterprise.
FIGURE 9-1 10-17
• Built around thousands of predefined business processes that reflect best practices– Finance/accounting: General ledger, accounts payable, etc.– Human resources: Personnel administration, payroll, etc.– Manufacturing/production: Purchasing, shipping, etc.– Sales/marketing: Order processing, billing, sales planning, etc.
• To implement, firms:– Select functions of system they wish to use– Map business processes to software processes
• Use software’s configuration tables for customizing
Enterprise Software
10-18
Business processes supported by enterprise systems
19 10-19
• Increase operational efficiency
• Provide firm wide information to support decision making
• Enable rapid responses to customer requests for information or products
• Include analytical tools to evaluate overall organizational performance
Business value of enterprise systems
10-20
Outline
1. IT in our daily life
2. IT in enterprise
3. IT in health care
4. Geographic information systems
10-21
Introduction to eHealth
10-22
What is the significance of IT for health care?
• Health IT strongly influence quality and efficiency of health care, and technical progress offers advanced opportunities to support health care.
• Information processing is an important quality factor, but an enormous cost factor as well. It is also becoming a productivity factor.
• Information processing should offer a holistic view of thepatient and of the hospital.
• A hospital information system can be regarded as thememory and nervous system of a hospital.
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Examples• Incorrect reports, e.g. lab report, may lead to erroneous and
even harmful treatment decisions
• Repeated examinations or lost findings have to be searchedfor, the costs of health care may increase
• Information should be documented adequately, enablinghealth care professionals to access the information neededand to make sound decisions
• In general clinical patient-related information should beavailable on time, and it should be up-to-date and valid
10-24
Impact on economics
• The worldwide information and communication technologymarket volume is 2.5 trillion € in 2009 with a growth rate ofabout 5 % per year
• IT has become a major factor for quality and efficiency ofhealth care worldwide. IT in health care also emerged to aleading industry branch
• There is a significant and increasing economic relevancefor information and communication technology in generalbut also in health care
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The office of a senior physician
10-26
Paper-based patient record archive
10-27
Electronic health records
• An electronic health record is a repository of information about a single person in a medical setting, including clinical, demographic and other data.
• The repository resides in a system specifically designed to support users by – providing accessibility to complete and accurate data – may include services to provide alerts, reminders, links
to medical knowledge and other aids to clinical practice.
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Electronic health records
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• Access of patient data by clinical staff at any given location • Accurate and complete claims processing by insurance
companies • Building automated checks for drug and allergy interactions • Clinical notes • Prescriptions • Scheduling • Sending and viewing labs
Electronic health records
10-30
NHS project in UK: One of the largest projects in the world for a countrywide EHR• Goal: 60,000,000 patients with centralised EHR by 2010.
Guardian, August 2011 :– The Department of Health will not deliver the £11bn
programme .... and has been "unable to demonstrate" any benefits for the taxpayer
– MPs said the intention of creating electronic records was a "worthwhile aim" but one "that has proved beyond the capacity of the department to deliver".
– ... the scale of the project has caused companies to walk away
– Officials were "unable to show what has been achieved for the £2.7bn spent to date on care records systems”
Electronic health records
10-31 10-32
Electronic medical record Electronic health records: pros
• Compact• Simultaneous use• Easily copied/archived• Portable (handheld and wireless devices)• Secure• Supports many other services
– Decision support– Workflow management– Performance audits– Research
10-34
Electronic health records: cons
• High capital investment– Hardware, software, operational costs– Transition from paper to computer
• Training requirements• Power outs – the whole system goes down!• Continuing security debate
– Stealing one paper record is easy, 20 is harder, 10,000 effectively impossible – the security risks are very different for electronic data
10-35
IT application areas in health care
1. Hospital Information Systems (HIS) or Medical Information Systems (MIS)
Managing budgets, inventories, lab reports, ordering, personnel scheduling, and general records.Maintain and retrieve vital patient information including demographics, insurance, etc.Patient medical records.Drug interaction alerts.Patient scheduling.Clinical Pathways/Care Maps – standardization of care
10-36
2. Diagnostic Testing• Computerized Tomography (CT Scan), Magnetic
Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET), Stress Testing, Electrocardiography, and Ultrasonography.
• Development of these types of computer applications have contributed to more accurate and less invasive methods of diagnosis and treatment.
IT application areas in health care
10-37
3. Educational ToolsComputer-assisted Instruction, Interactive Video.Research has shown that computer-based learning decreases time on the task, and increases achievement and retention of knowledge.
4. Basic & Applied ResearchStatistical analysis of data.Internet, databases.Computer controlled research testing.
IT application areas in health care
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5. Telemedicine• “The delivery of medicine at a distance.”• Images, such as x-rays can be transmitted.• Benefits:
– Allows patient access to specialists located far away.– Communicate vital signs from home to a facility.– Perform physical exams from a distance.– Link physicians to emergency medical workers in the
field.
IT application areas in health care
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5. Telemedicine (cont.)
• Telemedicine most useful when • Specialist services are in very high demand or• Patients are extremely isolated (Antarctica or remote
communities in Australia, Africa and Alaska)
• Home care is often delivered by telemedicine• Automatic monitoring and pill dispensing etc.
• Telesurgery may also be considered as a subset of telemedicine.• Patient operated on by remotely controlled robotic arms
etc.
10-40
Telemedicine on the Grid• Multi-site videoconferencing • Real-time delivery of microscope imagery• Communication and archiving of radiological images
– Supports multi-disciplinary meetings for the review of cancer diagnoses and treatment.
• Remote access to computational medical simulations of tumours and other cancer-related problems
• Data-mining of patient record databases– Improved clinical decision making.
• Currently clinicians travel large distances
• Grid technology can provide access to appropriate clinical information and images across the network.
Source: http://www.escience.cam.ac.uk/projects/telemed/
http://www.rcuk.ac.uk/escience/examplesh.asp
5. Telemedicine (cont.) Cancer Diagnosis
10-41
6. Telepharmacies• Allow dispensing of drugs at sites other than
pharmacies.• Instructions for prescriptions are sent to a computerized
dispensing unit over telephone lines.• The dispensing unit prepares and releases the exact
dosage.• Safety features are built into the system to prevent
incorrect types and amounts of drugs from being dispensed.
IT application areas in health care
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IT application areas in health care7. Clinical Decision Support Systems
• Software to aid clinical decision-making; characteristics of patient are matched to knowledge base, recommendations are presented to the clinician/patient
• Objectives:– Diagnostic support– Drug dosing– Preventive care reminders– Disease management (diabetes, hypertension, AIDS, asthma)– Test ordering, drug prescription
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• Methods:– rule-based, Bayesian network, neural network, fuzzy logic, genetic
algorithms, case-based reasoning, swarm optimization, etc.• Forward reasoning (data-driven) use if sparse data
– start with data, execute applicable rules, see if new conclusions trigger other rules:• if high WBC AND cough AND fever AND etc. => pneumonia• if pneumonia => give antibiotics, etc.
• Backward reasoning (goal-driven) use if lots of data– start with “goal rule,” determine whether goal rule is true by evaluating the
truth of each necessary premise • patient with lots of findings and symptoms• is this lupus? => are 4 or more relevant criteria satisfied?
IT application areas in health care7. Clinical Decision Support Systems
10-44
Outline
1. IT in our daily life
2. IT in enterprise
3. IT in health care
4. Geographic information systems
10-45
Definitions of GIS
• GIS is a system of computer software, hardware and data, and personnel to help manipulate, analyze and present information that is tied to a spatial location:
• spatial location – usually a geographic location• information – visualization of analysis of data• system - linking software, hardware, data• personnel – a thinking explorer who is key to the power of GIS
• GIS is a method to visualize, manipulate, analyze, and display spatial data to study the world
• GIS are “Smart Maps” linking a database to the map, creating dynamic displays
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What is GIS?
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GIS Components
• Map data– Information about location w/graphics
Source: http://www.zoology.unimelb.edu.au/stats/Eworksheets/images/RandomCoordinates.jpg 10-54
GIS Components:
• Attribute data– Information about what
can be found at a particular location
Source: http://www.extension.umn.edu/distribution/naturalresources/images/5740f02.gif 10-55 Source: http://utca.eng.ua.edu/projects/final_reports/02403fnl_files/image004.jpg
GIS as database
10-56
Spatial data examples
• Road networks• Vegetation inventories• Soil inventories• Census results• Municipal boundaries• Elevation values• Climate readings• Habitat ranges• …
10-57
GIS Components• Software
– A technology for storing and analyzing location and attribute data
Source: http://www.l.hsr.ch/skripte/gisscripts/media/softwarescreen1.jpg 10-58
GIS Components
• Hardware– Systems to support rapid graphic analysis and
processing
Source: http://www.gdf-hannover.de/pics/gisrechner.png
10-59
GIS Personnel
• People– Project coordinators– Data analysts– Programmers– Data and knowledge managers
• Librarians
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GIS Components• Methods
– The analysis to be performed on the data
Source: http://www.wwf.org.co/colombia/images/a28_c.gif 10-61
GIS Methods and Analysis
• GIS is used to answer questions and support decisions
• The quality of the answer depends on:– The Methods chosen– The Data (more on that later)
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Data Layers
Topography
Hydrography
Census
Highways
Places
• The ability to ‘stack’ layers in a GIS allows us to ask questions about the relationship between different objects of study
Image courtesy of Charlene Nielsen, Department of Biology, University of Alberta
10-63
Overlay
• What two things occur at the same location?
Source: http://www.orthogate.com/guide/workshops/images/image002.gif
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Overlay – GIS
• What residences lie beneath this toxic plume of ammonia?
10-65
Types of GIS
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (or GIS software) availabletoday range from high-powered analytical software to visual webapplications, and each of those are used for a different purpose.
Three main groups of GIS:• Desktop GIS: ArcGIS• Geobrowser: Google Earth• Web-based GIS: ONS and London Profiler
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Desktop GIS
• A GIS allows to work interactively with spatial data.• A desktop GIS is a mapping software that needs to be
installed onto and runs on a personal computer.• For example ArcGIS developed by ESRI: a suite of products
which can be tailored a vast range of activities, covering bothcommercial and educational uses.
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Geobrowser• Geobrowser can be understood as an Internet Explorer for
geographic information.• Like the internet it allows the combination of many types of
geographic data from many different sources. The biggestdifference between the World Wide Web and the geographicweb however is that everything within the latter is spatiallyreferenced.
• Google Earth is the most popular Geobrowser available.
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Web-based GIS• Web-based GIS, or WebGIS, are online GIS applications
which in most cases are data visualisation tools.• There are many WebGIS available, e.g.
– Office of National Statistics (ONS) Neighbourhoodmapping tool
– London Profiler.
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GIS Applications
• GIS applications combine multiple analytical processes to support decision-making
• Some examples from non-profit and government sectors:
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Habitat tracking and analysis
maps.gov.bc.ca/imf406/imf.jsp?site=libc_habwiz
Health Care: Disease outbreak monitoring and modeling
Dispersion of Avian Flu in Thailand
Affected and at-risk poultry farms
Avian Flu
Source: http://www.gisdevelopment.net/application/health/links/ma04184pf.htm 10-72
Facilities Management for Municipal Government
10-73
Route Optimization Modeling
10-74
Crime Analysis
10-75
Video Case
Sinosteel Strengthens Business Management with ERP http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQixz6twCpo/
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Video Case
Sinosteel Strengthens Business Management with ERP
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1. What is the business of Sinosteel, what are its major challenges, and how would an ERP system address the challenges they face?
2. Why did Sinosteel pursue the development of an ERP system? What were the objectives? What challenges (risks) does ERP address for Sinosteel? [The CEO is difficult to understand on some of the objectives, but later in the video an IT manager is more clear and reflects the CEO’s position almost exactly. You will need to listen carefully].
3. What factors were important in the choice of Oracle?
4. How did business processes change in order to implement this ERP system?
5. What do you think some of the implementation issues and risks might have been with this system?
6. How did this investment in ERP systems help Sinosteel achieve operational excellence? What do you think were the benefits of installing this system given the substantial costs involved?
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• A state‐owned enterprise with seventy six subsidiaries worldwide. These different business units engage in all aspects of steel production including mining, processing, supply, research and development, trade, logistics, and equipment supply. They were a decentralized company with each subsidiary maintaining their own customer and vendor relationships, a disparate management culture unique to each unit, separate HR policies. The overarching business need was the need to manage this global diversity.
1.WhatisthebusinessofSinosteel,whatareitsmajorchallenges,andhowwouldanERPsystem
addressthechallengestheyface?
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Goals: • optimize resources; • optimize management resources; • prevent information risks; • optimize resource allocation, and • optimize HR; • management labor?”
2.WhydidSinosteelpursuethedevelopmentofanERPsystem?Whatweretheobjectives?What
challenges(risks)doesERPaddressforSinosteel?
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• A global company with a strong ERP product suite and reputation for delivery;
• Oracle provided an integrated business management platform including ERP, CRM, and SCM modules, along with JD Edwards financial applications and PeopleSoft human resource applications. A strong, integrated suite of tools. One company, one database.
3.WhatfactorswereimportantinthechoiceofOracle?
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• Management processes throughout the company had to change in order to implement the ERP system. Operations needed to be standardized across all units; coding of information and defining information had to be standardized and centralized; human resource management, along with custom and supplier management, also was centralized. Aside from the increases in efficiency and coherency, this centralization reduced information and financial risks (the problem of a customer dealing with several business units with no central awareness of the potential risk).
4.HowdidbusinessprocesseschangeinordertoimplementthisERPsystem?
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• Finding agreement on the changes in business processes across the diverse group of subsidiaries; developing the centralized coding and defining of data (what constitutes a fiscal year?); encouraging suppliers to conform to new purchasing procedures; finding internal talent who could implement the system, and avoiding reliance totally on Oracle consulting; training employees in new processes and data procedures; imposing centralized standards and procedures which may be less efficient than local standards and procedures; spending so much time and money on the project that the financial benefits net of costs are not substantial.
5.Whatdoyouthinksomeoftheimplementationissuesandrisksmighthavebeenwiththissystem?
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• The benefits referred to in the video include the free flow of information (intermediate benefit) which results in greater management efficiency, greater operational efficiency, and faster, more accurate decision making.
6.HowdidthisinvestmentinERPsystemshelpSinosteelachieveoperationalexcellence?Whatdoyouthinkwerethebenefitsofinstallingthissystem
giventhesubstantialcostsinvolved?
