ALDO MOROBEN, TOMMY, JOSEF FRITZL

PERSONAL LIFE• ALDO MORO WAS BORN IN MAGLIE, MOVING TO MILAN AT THE AGE OF 4. HE

WENT ON TO STUDY LAW AT BARI UNIVERSITY, WHERE HE LATER BECAME THE PROFESSOR OF PHILOSOPHY OF LAW AND COLONIAL POLICY. MORO JOINED THE CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY STUDENTS' ASSOCIATION IN 1935 WHILST STUDYING IN BARI, AND BECAME THE PRESIDENT OF THE ASSOCIATION IN 1939 UNTIL 1942. AT THE TIME, ITALY WAS UNDER FASCIST CONTROL AND MORO TOOK PART IN MANY COMPETITIONS LED BY THE FASCIST GOVERNMENT.

• HIS POLITICAL CAREER STARTED WHEN HE JOINED THE ITALIAN SOCIALIST PARTY IN 1943, BUT GRADUALLY BECAME MORE ALIGNED TO THE DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA (DC) DUE TO HIS CATHOLIC FAITH. HE SHOT UP THROUGH THE RANKS TO BECOME THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF DC IN 1946, AND WAS ELECTED TO THE ITALIAN PARLIAMENT IN 1948, IMMEDIATELY BECOMING THE VICE-MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS. HE WAS REELECTED IN 1953 AND BECAME THE CHAIRMAN OF DC. HE ENJOYED ROLES SUCH AS THE MINISTER OF EDUCATION AND MINISTER OF JUSTICE UNTIL HIS APPOINTMENT OF PRIME MINISTER.

• ALDO MORO ENJOYED TWO STINTS OF BEING PRIME MINISTER, FROM 4TH DECEMBER 1963 TO 24TH JUNE 1968 AND 23RD NOVEMBER 1974 TO 29TH JULY 1976. IN-BETWEEN THESE ROLES HE SERVED AS THE MINISTER OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS.

STRENGTHS OF HIS TENURE AS PM• A LAW PROMULGATED ON 21 JULY 1965 INTRODUCED NEW PENSION PROVISIONS

UNDER THE GENERAL SCHEME. THE LEGAL MINIMA WAS RAISED, ALL CURRENT PENSIONS WERE REVALUED, SENIORITY PENSIONS (PENSIONI D’ANZIANITÀ) WERE INTRODUCED (AFTER 35 YEARS OF CONTRIBUTIONS WORKERS COULD RETIRE EVEN BEFORE ATTAINING THE PENSIONABLE AGE), AND WITHIN THE NATIONAL SOCIAL SECURITY INSTITUTION (ISTITUTO NAZIONALE DELLA PREVIDENZA SOCIALE, INPS), A SOCIAL FUND (FONDO SOCIALE) WAS ESTABLISHED, ENSURING TO ALL MEMBERS PENSIONERS A BASIC UNIFORM PENSION LARGELY FINANCED BY STATE, KNOWN AS THE SOCIAL PENSION (NOT RELATED TO THE LATER SOCIAL PENSION INTRODUCED IN 1968).

• A LAW OF 22 JULY 1966 EXTENDED PENSION INSURANCE TO SMALL TRADERS. A LAW OF 22 JULY 1966 EXTENDED HEALTH INSURANCE TO RETIRED TRADERS, AND A LAW OF 29 MAY 1967 EXTENDED COMPULSORY HEALTH INSURANCE TO RETIRED FARMERS, TENANT FARMERS, AND SHARECROPPERS, AND EXTENDED HEALTH INSURANCE TO THE UNEMPLOYED IN RECEIPT OF UNEMPLOYMENT BENEFITS.

• A LAW OF 18 MARCH 1968 INTRODUCED THE PRINCIPLE OF EARNINGS-RELATED PENSIONS WITHIN THE GENERAL SCHEME, WITH THE PENSION FORMULA TO EQUAL 1.626% OF AVERAGE EARNINGS IN THE LAST 3 YEARS OF WORK MULTIPLIED BY THE NUMBER OF CONTRIBUTION YEARS (MAXIMUM PENSION: 65% OF PREVIOUS EARNINGS) UP TO 40.

• IN 29 APRIL 1976, PENSION LINKAGE TO THE INDUSTRIAL WAGE WAS EXTENDED TO CIVIL SERVANTS

• A LAW OF 3 JUNE 1975 INTRODUCED VARIOUS BENEFIT IMPROVEMENTS FOR PENSIONERS. THE MULTIPLYING COEFFICIENT WAS RAISED TO 2% AND APPLIED TO AVERAGE EARNINGS OF THE BEST 3 YEARS IN THE LAST 10 YEARS OF WORK, AND AUTOMATIC ANNUAL ADJUSTMENT OF MINIMUM PENSIONS TO INCREASE OF THE MINIMUM CONTRACTUAL WAGE IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR (WITH A SMALLER ADJUSTMENT MADE FOR PENSIONS HIGHER THAN THE MINIMA).

A FEW WEAKNESSES• MORO FACED BIG CHALLENGES: ESPECIALLY, THE NECESSITY TO CONCILIATE THE CHRISTIAN

AND POPULAR MISSION OF THE DEMOCRAZIA CRISTIANA WITH THE RISING LAICITE AND LIBERAL VALUES OF THE ITALIAN SOCIETY IN THE 1960S, AND THE NECESSITY TO INTEGRATE NEW IMPORTANT SOCIAL GROUPS (YOUTH, WOMEN, WORKERS) IN THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM.

• DC'S MISSION, IN MORO'S VISION, WAS INTENDED TO RECOVER THE POPULAR CLASS THAT SUPPORTED FASCISM AND FERRY THEM IN THE DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM. THE CONTRADICTION OF MORO'S POLITICAL STANCE WAS IN TRYING TO RECONCILE THE EXTREME MOBILITY OF SOCIAL TRANSFORMATIONS WITH THE CONTINUITY OF THE INSTITUTIONS OF REPRESENTATIVE DEMOCRACY, AND THE INTEGRATION OF THE MASSES IN THE STATE, WITHOUT FALLING INTO AUTOCRACY.

KIDNAPPING AND MURDER!!!!!!!!!!• 16TH MARCH 1978. HE HAD STOPPED BEING PRIME MINISTER BUT HIS CAR

WAS ATTACKED BY SOME TERRORISTS, THEY KILLED ALL THE PEOPLE WITH HIM AND KIDNAPPED HIM

• ON 9TH MAY 1978 HIS CORPSE WAS FOUND IN THE TRUNK OF A RENAULT 4 IN VIA CAETANI AFTER BEING IMPRISONED FOR 55 DAYS. HE HAD BEEN WRITING LETTERS DURING HIS IMPRISONMENT

• ONE SUGGESTED REASON IS THAT HE WAS KIDNAPPED FOR HIS ROLE MEDIATING BETWEEN TWO OF ITALY’S MAIN PARTIES

• THE PLACE OF HIS IMPRISONMENT REMAINS DISPUTED ALTHOUGH THE OFFICIAL TRIAL SUGGESTS AN APARTMENT IN VIA CAMILLO MONTALCINI. THIS WAS WHERE HE WAS KILLED

THERE WERE 9 COMMUNICATIONS ISSUED BY THE RED GUARDS, THE 3RDOF WHICH SAID, “The interrogation, whose contents we already described, continues with the prisoner's full collaboration. His answers increasingly clarify the counter-revolutionary lines that the imperialist bases are carrying out; they clearly line out the contours and the body of the "new" regime that, in the restoration of the Imperialist State of the Multinationals is being established in our country and which has the Christian Democracy as its pivot.[27]

And:

Moro is also acquainted that he is not the only one, that he is, indeed, the higher exponent of the regime; he thus summons the other hierarchs to share with him the responsibilities, and addresses them an appeal which sounds like an explicit call of "co-culpability

• ON 9TH MAY 1978, AFTER A SUMMARY “PROCESS OF THE PEOPLE” MORO WAS MURDERED BY MARIO MORETTI, THE CORPSE WAS FOUND THE SAME DAY IN THE BOOT OF A CAR IN VIA MICHELANGELO CAETANI.