Alcohol, Aldehydes and Acids

Some organic Functional Groups

Alcohols

An alcohol is any compound with an OH group (alcohol group) attached to single bonded hydrocarbons (alkanes).

Ethanol

Ethanol, when fermented from sugar, is the alcohol in beverages. It can also be made from ethene by the addition of water for nonbeverage use, like an additive to gassoline to make "gasahol." 2-Propanol (better known as isopropyl alcohol) is in (with some water) rubbing alcohol. It is also used in gasoline to prevent freezing of the gas line in automobiles by keeping excess moisture dissolved in the gasoline.

Types of alcohols

The mono hydroxyl alcohols can be classified : - primary alcohols - secondary alcohols - tertiary alcohols

What about more than one alcohol group?

Diols Diols are named

systematically as poly-alcohols, e.g. HOCH2CH2OH = 1,2-ethanediol, so the same nomenclature rules as for alcohols apply.

ethylene glycol Aka: Ethanediol

Diols Nomenclature:

Diols are named systematically as poly-alcohols,

e.g. HOCH2CH2OH = 1,2-ethanediol, so the same nomenclature rules as for alcohols apply.

ethanediol 1,2-propanediol 1,3-propanediol cis-1,2-cyclohexanediol

Alcohols

Alcohols (R-OH) take the suffix "-ol" with an infix numerical bonding position: CH3CH2CH2OH is propan-1-ol. The suffixes -diol, -triol, -tetraol, etc., are used for multiple -OH groups: Ethylene glycol CH2OHCH2OH is ethane-1,2-diol.

If higher precedence functional groups are present

(see order of precedence, below), the prefix "hydroxy" is used with the bonding position: CH3CHOHCOOH is 2-hydroxypropanoic acid.

Aldehydes

The aldehyde fucntional group is a -CHO which looks like this:

Ends in -al

Nomenclature

butanal.

3-butenal

2-ethylhex3-ene-4-yne-al.

Cyclo Aldehydes

For cyclic aldehydes, the suffix -carbaldehyde is added to the ring name

Cyclopentanecarbaldehyde.

Carboxylic Acids

The naming of carboxylic acids is fairly simple. You simply find the longest carbon chain which includes the carboxylic group. Use that as the stem for the name, cross off the -e on the ending of the alkane name and replace it with -oic acid

Examples

Pentanoic Acid Draw 2-

bromohexanoic acid