Albert EinsteinAlbert Einstein

The work was done byO.Oleshko, E.GolotsutskayaForm 11 AThe teacher: V.Korovina

The PlanThe Plan Youth and collegeYouth and college Work and doctorateWork and doctorate Annus Mirabilis PapersAnnus Mirabilis Papers Middle yearsMiddle years World War 2World War 2 Institute for Advanced StudyInstitute for Advanced Study

Albert Einstein (march 14, 1879 – april 18, Albert Einstein (march 14, 1879 – april 18, 19551955)) was a German-born Jewish theoretical was a German-born Jewish theoretical physicist of profound genius, who is widely physicist of profound genius, who is widely

regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20-th regarded as the greatest scientist of the 20-th century and one of the greatest scientists of all century and one of the greatest scientists of all

time. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize time. He was awarded the 1921 Nobel Prize for Physics for his explanation of the for Physics for his explanation of the

photoelectric effect in 1905 and photoelectric effect in 1905 and ««for his for his services to Theoretical Physicsservices to Theoretical Physics»». .

Youth and Youth and collegecollege

Einstein was born Einstein was born at Ulm in Baden-at Ulm in Baden-

Wurttemberg, Wurttemberg, Germany. His parents Germany. His parents

were Hermann Einstein were Hermann Einstein and Pauline. Einstein and Pauline. Einstein attended the Luitpold attended the Luitpold Gymnasium where he Gymnasium where he received a progressive received a progressive

education.education.

Work and Work and doctoratedoctorate

In 1904, Einstein’s position at the In 1904, Einstein’s position at the Swiss Patent Office was made Swiss Patent Office was made

permanent. He obtained his doctorate permanent. He obtained his doctorate after submitting his thesis “A new after submitting his thesis “A new

determination of molecular determination of molecular dimensions” (“Eine neue Bestimmung dimensions” (“Eine neue Bestimmung

der Molekuldimensionen”) in 1905.der Molekuldimensionen”) in 1905.

Annus Annus Mirabilis Mirabilis

PapersPapersThe first paper, named “On a The first paper, named “On a

Heuristic Viewpoint Heuristic Viewpoint Concerning the Production and Concerning the Production and

Transformation of Light”, Transformation of Light”, proposed the idea of “energy proposed the idea of “energy

quanta”.quanta”.

Middle yearsMiddle yearsOn November 11, 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to On November 11, 1930, U.S. Patent 1,781,541 was awarded to

Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. The patent covered a Albert Einstein and Leo Szilard. The patent covered a thermodynamic refrigerator cycle providing cooling with no thermodynamic refrigerator cycle providing cooling with no

moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an moving parts, at a constant pressure, with only heat as an input. The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and input. The refrigeration cycle used ammonia, butane, and

water.water.From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser From 1914 to 1933, he served as director of the Kaiser

Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this Wilhelm Institute for Physics in Berlin, and it was during this time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most time that he was awarded his Nobel Prize and made his most

groundbreaking discoveries.groundbreaking discoveries.

World War 2World War 2After Adolf Hitler came to After Adolf Hitler came to

power in 1933, expressions of power in 1933, expressions of hatred for Einstein reached new hatred for Einstein reached new

levels. He was accused by the levels. He was accused by the National Socialist regime of National Socialist regime of creating “Jewish physics” in creating “Jewish physics” in

contract with Deutsche Physik – contract with Deutsche Physik – “German” or “Arian physics”.“German” or “Arian physics”.

Institute for Institute for Advanced Advanced

StudyStudyHis work at the His work at the Institute Study Institute Study focused on the focused on the

unification of the unification of the laws of physics, laws of physics,

which he referred to which he referred to as the Unified Field as the Unified Field

Theory.Theory.