ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

A. Siswanto 2010

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ALAT PELINDUNG DIRI

Personal Protective Equipment

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A successful PPE program requires strong management commitment and worker’s participation.

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Management commitment and worker involvement are complementary and essential elements of an effective safety and health management system

OCCUPATIONAL

SAFETY AND

HEALTH IS

EVERYBODY’S

RESPONSIBILITY

INCLUDING YOURS

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IT IS BETTER SAFE THAN SORRY

PPE is the Last Line of Defence

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• As an interim measure, before more effective controls can be established.

• If other controls are impossible or not completely effective.

• During maintenance or clean up and in emergencies.

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PPE are usually used :

Penggunaan APD

• Identifikasi & evaluasi potensi bahaya

• Pemilihan yang tepat & kesesuaian

• Diklat• Pemeliharaan• Kesadaran

Manajemen & pekerja

Use of PPE can be an effective part of the

health and safety program in the workplace. But

it will only work if it is :• Selected carefully• Used and maintained properly• Monitor carefully.

• PPE is often uncomfortable, making it difficult to work effectively.

• This make cause stress, increase the time spent working in dangerous environments, and make it less likely that PPE will be used to the full extent it should be.

Oxygen deficiency in the confined space which may be caused by :

a. Slow oxidation reactions of either organic or

inorganic substances. b. Rapid oxidation (combustion). c. The dilution of air with inert gas. d. Absorption by grains, chemicals or soils. e. Physical activity.

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Oxygen Deficiency

The process of using PPE can be summarized as follows :

1. The manager identifies the hazards;

2. Matches the PPE to the particular hazard;

3. Convinces workers to use the PPE, reminding them of the chances they would be taking if they worked in the presence of a hazard without appropriate protection.

Protective clothing and devices need to be carefully selected to meet the following requirements :

1. They must give adequate protection against the specific hazard or hazards to which the worker will be exposed.

2. Clothing should be of minimum weight cause minimum discomfort compatible with protective efficiency.

3. Attachment to the body should be flexible but effective.

4. The weight should be carried by a part of the body well able to support it.

5. The wearer should not be restricted in movement or sensory perception essential to the job.

6. Clothing should be attractive.7. They should be durable.8. Parts should be accessible so that they can

be adequately inspected and maintained on the premises by the staff of the organization using them.

Protective Clothing(cont’d)

• Comfort and appearance are critical

factors in ensuring that equipment will be

used.

• Where possible, workers should be allowed

to make their own selection from a range

of equipment that provides the required

level of protection.

Permasalahan

• Tidak semua APD telah dilakukan pengujian laboratoris sehingga tidak diketahui tingkat proteksinya.

• Tidak nyaman sehingga si pemakai enggan menggunakannya.

• APD dapat menciptakan bahaya baru• Perlindungan yang diberikan APD sulit

untuk dimonitor.

Permasalahan

• Kewajiban pemeliharaan APD dialihkan dari pihak manajemen ke pekerja

• Efektifitas APD sangat tergantung ‘good fit’ pada pekerja

• Kepercayaan pada APD akan menghambat pengembangan kontrol teknologi yang lebih dianjurkan.

Alat Pelindung Kepala

Melindungi kepala dari :• Rambut pekerja terjerat oleh mesin.• Bahaya terbentur benda tajam atau keras

yang dapat menyebabkan luka gores, memar atau luka tusuk.

• Bahaya kejatuhan benda-benda atau terpukul oleh benda-benda yang melayang atau meluncur di udara.

• Panas radiasi, api, dan percikan bahan-bahan kimia korosif.

• Safety helmet (hard hat) Dipakai untuk melindungi kepala dari

bahaya kejatuhan, terbentur, dan terpukul oleh

benda keras atau tajam• Hood Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari

bahaya bahan kimia, api, dan panas radiasi yang

tinggi.• Hair cap (hair guard) Digunakan untuk melindungi kepala dari kotoran/debu dan melindungi rambut dari

bahaya terjerat oleh mesin yang berputar.

Jenis Alat Pelindung Kepala

Alat Pelindung Kepala

• Helm

• Tutup Kepala

• Hats / Cap

Melindungi kepala dari benda keras, pukulan dan benturan, terjatuh dan terkena arus listrik

Melindungi kepala dari kebakaran ,korosi ,panas / dingin

Melindungi kepala dari kotoran dan debu

HELMET

Helm

1. ABS (Acrylic Butyl Styrene)Bahan yang keras dan padatKeunggulan : Tahan terhadap BenturanKelemahan : Kurang tahan terhadap panas (80-90 Derajat Celcius)

2. Polyethelene ( PE )Keunggulan : Tahan panas (110 Derajat C)Kelemahan: Kurang tahan terhadap benturan

Emboss

Accessories slot

Peak

Emboss with 1) CE and PSB mark 2) Manufacturing month and year 3) Material type

Sweatband

Nylon harness

6-point suspensionsystem

Standard Assembly (Chin strap included for Malaysia only)

User sticker pasted on this position

Clock system for month & year

Identifying different parts of the helmets (Assembled)

Menurut bentuknya, alat pelindung mata dapat

digolongkan menjadi:

• Kacamata, dengan atau tanpa pelindung

samping.• Goggles.• Tameng muka.

Alat Pelindung Mata

Bump cap face shield and prescription for this employee. Shields are available in clear light green, dark green

Eye Protection

Chemical Splash Goggles

Recommended Eye and Face Protectors

• Dapat membatasi pandangan

• Timbul kabut, noda dan goresan kecil

• Tidak dapat untuk melihat kerusakan secara

visual

• Beberapa kacamata pengaman memungkinkan

benda masuk dari samping.

Masalah Alat Pelindung Mata

• Alat pelindung telinga dapat digolongkan menjadi empat jenis

• Sumbat telinga (ear plugs atau aural inserts)

• Canal caps atau superaural protectors• Tutup telinga (ear muffs / circumaural

protectors)• Enclosures (menutupi seluruh bagian

kepala/ entire head), misalnya helmet

Alat Pelindung Telinga

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• The maximum amount that a hearing protector can reduce the sound reaching the ear is from about 35 dB at the higher frequencies.

• By wearing hearing protectors and then adding a helmet that encloses the head, an additional 10 dB reduction of sound transmitted to the ears can be achieved.

Enclosure

Helmets can be used to support earmuffs or earphones and cover the bony portion of the head in an attempt to reduce bone conducted sound. Helmets are particularly well-suited for use in extremely high-noise level areas and where workers need to protect their heads from bumps or missiles.

Personal Hearing Protection

With good design and careful fitting of the

seal between the edges of the helmet and

the skin of the face and neck, 5 - 10 dB of

sound attenuation can be obtained beyond

that already provided by the earmuffs or

earphones worn inside the helmet.

Personal Hearing Protection

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• Didesain untuk sekali pakai. Terbuat dari

serat gelas yang halus (Swedish wool),

kapas yang diberi malam (wax-impregnated

cotton), plastik yang dapat mengembang

(expandable plastic) dan busa (foam).

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Formable Ear Plug

• Umumnya sumbat telinga jenis ini terbuat dari campuran dari dua bahan atau lebih untuk membentuk suatu persenyawaan yang menyerupai karet lunak bila campuran tersebut mengeras.

• Setelah mengeras, campuran tersebut dengan sendirinya akan membentuk sumbat telinga sesuai dengan bentuk saluran telinga dan telinga luar dari pemakaiannya.

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Custom (individually) – molded earplugs

• Bahan terbuat dari silikon, karet atau plastik yang lunak.

• Ear plugs jenis ini dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 tipe yaitu tipe universal-fit type (satu ukuran) dan tipe dimana dibuat ukuran yang berbeda.

• Pemakaian alat pelindung telinga ini memerlukan pemasangan yang tepat oleh seseorang yang telah terlatih.

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Earplug (premolded)

Earplugs - Superaural Protectors

• Hearing-protective devices in this category (commonly know as canal caps) seal the external opening of the ear canal to achieve sound attenuation.

• A soft, rubber-like material is held in place by a lightweight headband.

• The tension of the band holds the superaural device against the external opening of the ear canal.

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Earmuffs-Superaural Protectors

• Circumaural hearing - protective devices, or earmuffs, consist essentially of two cup or dome-shaped devices that fit over the entire external ear, including the lobe, and a cushion or pad that seals against the side of the head.

• The ear cups are generally made of a molded rigid plastic and are lined with a cell-type foam material.

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Earmuffs/Superaural Protectors

• The size and shape of the ear cup vary from one manufacturer to another. The cups are usually held in place by a spring - loaded suspension assembly or headband.

• The force applied against the head is directly related to the degree of attenuation desired.

• The width, circumference, and material of the earmuff cushion must be considered to maintain a proper balance of performance and comfort.

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Keuntungan Ear Plug• Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang

kecil• Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja

yang panas• Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala• Harganya relatif murah• Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak

dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.

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Kerugian Ear Plug• Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug

memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.

• Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.

• Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya yang kecil.

• Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang telinganya sehat.

• Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.

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Keuntungan Ear Muff• Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara

yang direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.

• Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang berbeda.

• Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.

• Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita infeksi telinga yang ringan.

• Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff yang relatif besar.

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• Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang panas.

• Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, anting-anting dan rambut yang menutupi telinga. Demikian pula kenyamanan dari pemakainya.

• Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.

• Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila digunakan di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat sempit.

• Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.• Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau

bila headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.

Kerugian Ear Muff

Advantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors Muff-type protctors

They are small and are carried easily

The protection provided by a good muff-type protector is generally greater and less variable between wearers than that of good ear plugs

They can be worn conveniently and effectively with other personally worn items such as glasses, headgear

A single size of ear muffs fits a large percentage of heads

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Advantages of Ear ProtectorsInsert-type protectors Muff-type protectors

They are relatively comfortable to wear in hot environments

The relatively large muff size can be seen readily at a distance thus the wearing of these protectors is easily monitored

They are convenient to wear where the head must be manoeuvred in close quarters

Muffs are usually accepted more readily at the beginning of a hearing conservation program than earplugs

The cost of sized earplugs is significantly less than muffs However, hand-formed and personally molded protectors may be as much or more than muffs

Muffs can be worn even with many minor ear infections. Muffs are not easily misplaced or lost as easily as earmuffs.

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Disadvantages of Ear ProtectorsInsert-type protectors Muff-type protectors

Sized and molded insert protectors requires more time and efforts for fitting than for muffs

Muffs are uncomfortable in hot environments

The amount of protection provided by a good earplug is generally less and more variable between wearer than that provided by a good muff protector

Muffs are not as easily carried nor stored as earplugs

Dirt may be inserted into the ear canal if the earplug is removed and reinserted with dirty hands

Muffs are not as compatible with other personally worn items such glasses and headgear as are earplugs.

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Disadvantages of Ear Protectors

Insert-type protectors Muff-type protectors

Earplugs are difficult to see in the ear from a distance; Hence it is difficult to monitor groups wearing these devices

Muff suspension forces may be reduced by usage, or by deliberate bending, so that the protection provided may be substantially less than expected

Earplugs can be worn only in healthy ear canals, and even in some healthy canals a period of time is necessary for acceptance

The relatively large muff size may not be acceptable when the head must be maneuvred in closed quarters. Muffs are more expensive than most insert-type protectors

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Alat pelindung Telinga

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HEARING PROTECTION DEVICES

Dapat mengurangi intensitas suara 20 s/d 30 dB

Ear Muffler (Penutup telinga)

Keuntungan Ear Plug• Mudah dibawa karena ukurannya yang

kecil• Relatif lebih nyaman dipakai di tempat kerja

yang panas• Tidak membatasi gerakan kepala• Harganya relatif murah• Dapat dipakai dengan efektif dan tidak

dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup kepala dan anting-anting/giwang.

Kerugian Ear Plug• Untuk pemasangan yang tepat, ear plug

memerlukan waktu yang lebih lama dari ear muff.

• Tingkat proteksi yang diberikan oleh ear plug adalah lebih kecil dari ear muff.

• Sulit dipantau oleh pengawas apakah pekerja memakai ear plug atau tidak (karena ukurannya yang kecil.

• Ear plug hanya dipakai oleh pekerja yang telinganya sehat.

• Bila pekerja menggunakan tangan yang kotor pada saat memasang ear plug, maka hal ini kemungkinan dapat menyebabkan iritasi/peradangan pada kulit saluran telinga.

Keuntungan Ear Muff• Atenuasi suara (besarnya intensitas suara

yang direduksi) umumnya lebih besar dari ear plug.

• Satu jenis ukuran dari ear muff dapat dipakai oleh semua pekerja dengan ukuran yang berbeda.

• Pemakaiannya mudah dipantau oleh pengawas.

• Dapat dipakai oleh pekerja yang menderita infeksi telinga yang ringan.

• Mudah dicari bila hilang karena ukuran ear muff yang relatif besar.

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• Tidak nyaman dipakai ditempat kerja yang panas.

• Efektivitas dari ear muff dapat dipengaruhi oleh pemakaian kacamata, tutup telinga, anting-anting dan rambut yang menutupi telinga. Demikian pula kenyamanan dari pemakainya.

• Penyimpanannya relatif lebih sulit dari ear plug.

• Dapat membatasi gerakan kepala bila digunakan di tempat kerja yang sempit/sangat sempit.

• Harganya relatif lebih mahal dari ear plug.• Pada pemakaian yang terlalu sering atau

bila headband yang berpegas sering ditekuk oleh pemakainya, hal ini akan menyebabkan daya atenuasi suara dari ear muff menurun.

Kerugian Ear Muff

• Step one. Determine how many decibels

you are over the limit in your workplace.

• Step two. Determine whether your

workplace decibel measurements are

made using the A scale (dBA) or the C

scale (dBC).

Determining Adequacy of HPD Attenuation

Let’s calculate how high an NRR we will

need.

For example, let’s select an HPD that has a

NRR

of 21 dB. Choose one of the two options

below.

Step three


Option A : Use this option if the scale used in

step two is in dBA.

• Subtract 7 from the selected HPD’s NRR

rating : (21 – 7 = 14)

• Divided that number by 2 (14 : 2 = 7)


• Subtract this value from the number of decibels you are over limit calculated on the previous calculation (105 – 90 = 15 dBA).

• 105 dBA is the measured noise level in your workplace; while 90 dBA is the exposure limit established by OSHA.


• 15 – 7 = 8 dB …………………….. this still exceeds the OSHA Standard.

• Obviously we will have to select an HPD

with a higher NRR rating and recalculate,

using the same procedure until we drop

below the maximum allowable exposure.


Option B : Use this option if the scale used in

step two was dBC.

• If your workplace decibel value is measured

in units of dBC, follow the same steps

outlined in option A, except do not

subtract the 7 in step one.


What about using plugs and muffs together ?1. Add 5 dB to the value of the higher-rated

HPD, but only after following the steps on the previous slide.

2. Example : let’s say NRR plug = 30 and NRR

muff = 21 dB. [(30 – 7) /2] + 5 dB = 17 dB of

effective protection.3. By combining two forms of HPD’s, we now

fall within the parameters of the OSHA standard.


• In most cases, elimination, engineering

controls and administrative controls will

effectively control a hazard.• However, sometimes, even after all of

these three control measures have been

undertaken, PPE will still be needed.

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To use this selection logic, the user must first

assemble the necessary toxicological, safety, and

other relevant information for each respiratory

hazard, including the following:• General use conditions, including

determination of contaminant(s);• Physical, chemical, and toxicological

properties of the contaminant(s);

Criteria for Selecting Respirators

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• Expected concentration of each respiratory hazard;

• Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration;• Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen

concentration;• Eye irritation potential; and• Environmental factors, such as presence of

oil aerosols.

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• An IDLH exposure condition is one that poses a threat of exposure to airborne

contaminants when that exposure is likely to cause death or immediate or delayed

permanent adverse health effects or prevent escape from such an environment. 80

IDLH

• The purpose of establishing an IDLH

exposure level is to ensure that the worker

can escape from a given contaminated

environment in the event of failure of the

respiratory protection equipment.

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IDLH

Respiratory Protection

• Respirators protect you from breathing hazardous airborne contaminants.

• They must be properly selected, fitted, and maintained.

• Most important, you must know their proper uses and limitations.

• If the contaminants in your work environment require you to wear a respirator, wear it.

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• NIOSH defines an oxygen-

deficient atmosphere as any

atmosphere containing oxygen at

a concentration below 19.5% at

sea level.

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Oxygen-Deficient Atmosphere

• The minimum requirement of 19.5% oxygen at sea level provides an adequate amount of oxygen for most work assignments and includes a safety factor. • The safety factor is needed because

oxygen-deficient atmospheres offer little warning of the danger, and the continuous measurement of an oxygen-deficient atmosphere is difficult.

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• At oxygen concentrations below 16% at sea level, decreased mental effectiveness, visual acuity, and muscular coordination occur. • At oxygen concentrations below10%, loss of consciousness may occur, and below 6% oxygen, death will result. • Often only mild subjective changes are noted by individuals exposed to low concentrations of oxygen, and collapse can occur without warning.

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Respiratory Protection

• Exposure to high concentrations of a toxic substance, even for a short time, can cause serious injury or death.

• Exposure to low concentrations of certain toxic substances can cause permanent damage to the lungs, liver, kidneys, or other organs.

• Work environments can be fatal if the oxygen content of the air is too low.

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• Is there a hazard which warrants the wearing of some protective device? What is the probability of the hazard being released?

• What degree of protection is required and what clothing or equipment would be most suitable?

• How can one ensure that the devices are not only worn, but worn correctly?

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Three main questions should be considered :

• Identify steps taken to assess potential hazards in every employee’s work space and in workplace operating procedures.

• Identify appropriate PPE selection criteria.• Identify how you will train employees on the use of PPE, including : a. What PPE is necessary b. When PPE is necessary c. How to properly inspect PPE for wear or damage

Establishing a PPE program

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d. How to properly put on and adjust the fit of

PPE.

e. How to properly take off PPE.

f. The limitations of the PPE.

g. How to properly care for and store PPE.

Establishing a PPE program (cont’d)

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• Identify how you will assess employee understanding of PPE training.

• Identify how you will enforce proper PPE use.

• Identify how you will provide for any required medical examinations.

• Identify how and when to evaluate the PPE program.

Establishing a PPE program (cont’d)

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RESTRICTION & REQUIREMENTS FOR RESPIRATORS USAGE

The following requirements and restrictions mustbe considered to ensure that the respiratorselected will provide adequate protection underthe conditions of intended use:1. Workers are not exposed to a single

unvarying concentration of a hazardous substance, rather, individual exposures may vary throughout a work shift and between days. The highest anticipated concentration should therefore be used to compute the required protection factor for each respirator wearer.

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2. Qualitative or quantitative fit tests must be provided as appropriate to ensure that the tight-fitting facepiece respirator fits the individual. NIOSH endorses the OSHA standard 29 CFR1910.134 for fit testing except for irritant smoke Employees must pass a fit test with the exact model and size that they will wear in the workplace.

3. Respirators with tight-fitting face pieces should not be used when facial scars or deformities interfere with the face seal.

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4. Respirators with tight-fitting facepieces (including pressure-demand respirators) should not be used when facial hair interferes with the face seal.

5. The usage, limitations of air-purifying elements, particularly gas and vapor cartridges or canisters, should not be exceeded.

6. Respirators must be certified by the NIOSH.

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7. A complete written respiratory protection

program must be developed which includes

regular worker training; maintenance, inspection,

cleaning, and evaluation of the respirator; use of

the respirator in accordance with the

manufacturer’s instructions; fit testing; medical

evaluation; and environmental monitoring.

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TYPES OF AIR CONTAMINANTS

• Dusts : these substances consist of

mechanically produced solid particles whose

size can range from microscopic to visible or

macroscopic.

• Dust particles can be inorganic, such as

rock, coal, or grain, or they can be organic,

as in polymeric materials.

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• Fumes adalah partikel zat padat yang terbentuk dari kondensasi uap logam yang dipanaskan.

• Ukuran fumes adalah sangat kecil yaitu kurang dari 1 um (mikron).

• Aerosols adalah suspensi partikel dalam udara yang berukuran sangat kecil.

• Aerosols dapat berupa partikel zat cair atau partikel zat padat.

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• Aerosols : these are suspension of fine liquid

or solid particles in air, which because of their

small size can remain in a dispersed state for a

relatively long period of time.

• Smoke : this substance consists of carbon or

soot particles less than 0,1 micron in size,

formed from incomplete combustion of carbon-

containing compounds.

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• Mists : these substances, formed by condensation of vapors into small liquid droplets or by the fine dispersion of liquid into small particles, are produced in such operations as foaming or atomizing.

• Examples are oil mists formed during metal cutting or grinding and acid mists from electroplating.

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• Gas, uap, mist, fume dan debu yang halus

tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata. Oleh karena

itu, menghirup udara yang terkontaminasi zat-

zat kimia tersebut adalah berbahaya. • Sebagai contoh, kabut (mist) asam sulfat

yang dihasilkan oleh proses electroplating tidak dapat dilihat oleh mata sehingga pekerja sering tidak menyadari bahwa ia telah terpapar oleh mist tersebut.

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AIR PURIFYING RESPIRATORS

Respirators

To use this selection logic, the user must first assemble the necessary toxicologic, safety, and other relevant information for each respiratory hazard, including the following:• General use conditions, including determination

of contaminant(s);• Physical, chemical, and toxicological properties

of the contaminant(s);


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• NIOSH recommended exposure limit (REL), OSHA recommended permissible exposure limit (PEL), and American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) recommended TLV.

• American Industrial Hygiene Association (AIHA) Workplace Environmental Exposure Limit (WEEL), or other applicable occupational exposure limit;


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• Expected concentration of each respiratory hazard;

• Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) concentration;

• Oxygen concentration or expected oxygen concentration;

• Eye irritation potential; and• Environmental factors, such as presence of oil

aerosols


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Types of Respirators

Respirators

Air-PurifyingRespirators

Tidak tergantung ambient atmosphere

Tergantung dariambient atmosphere

Suplied AirRespirators

There are two types of air-purifying respirators

1. Filtering purifiers to remove dusts, mists,

and fumes.

2. Sorbent purifiers to remove gases and vapors.

Air Purifying Respirators

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Use sorbentsHoused in cartridges or canistersRemoval mechanisms:• adsorption• absorption• chemisorption• catalysisDesigned for specific contaminants or classes

Gas and vapor removing respirators

Filter Efficiency

• 3 levels of filter efficiency: - 95% (called “95”) - 99% (called “99”) - 99.97% (called “100”)• 3 categories of resistance to filter efficiency degradation: - N (Not resistant to oil) - R (Resistant to oil) - P (oil Proof)

Oxygen

Nitrogen

Carbon dioxide

Noble gases

Inhalation Exhalation

21%

78 %

0,04%

0,96%

17%

78 %

4,04%

0,96%

Inhaled and Exhaled Air

• If no oil particles are present in the work environment, use a filter of any series.

• If oil particles are present, use an R- or P-series filter.

• If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only a P-series filter.

• Selection of filter efficiency depends on how much filter leakage can be accepted.

• Choice of face piece depends on level of protection needed (APF).

Selection of N, R, and P-series filters

• Currently tested with CCl4 at 1000 ppm (only)

• May or may not be very effective for specific vapors

• Seek guidance from respirator manufacturer including test data on vapor in use

• Only small amount of charcoal in cartridges• More charcoal in canisters• Color code: black

Organic Vapor Cartridges

Alkaline Gas Cartridges

• Contains chemicals for removing alkaline gases such as : ammonia

• Concentrations limited Ammonia : 300 ppm• Color code : green

• The gas filter removes certain gases from the inhaled air.

• The filter has a limited useful life which varies with the volume of sorbent and the conditions under which it is used.

• Gas filters are affected by such factors as the concentration of the contaminant in the atmosphere, the humidity and the breathing rate of the wearer.

Gas Filters

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• For each type of respirator, there is a variety of air-purifying filters, cartridges, or canisters.

• It is designed to protect against specific contaminants.

• Cartridges are small and are usually attached directly to the face piece. They are designed to protect against low concentrations of contaminants.


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• Canisters are larger and are usually connected to the facepiece with a breathing tube.

• Canisters are designed to protect against higher concentrations of contaminants.

• The contaminants and their expected concentrations must be known before a decision can be made as to (mengenai) the type of facepiece to use and which cartridge or canister is required.


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• You must never use the wrong type of cartridge

or canister or use one type of cartridge on one

side of your face piece and a different type on

the other side.

• Cartridges and canisters are color-coded for

their specific use.


118

• In atmospheres containing more than 2% by

volume of a known contaminant.

• When the sorbent service life is unknown or the respirator has no end-of-service-life indicator.

• In conditions that may adversely affect sorbent performance, such as high humidity.

119

Air-purifying respirators should not be used :

• For contaminants that can not be detected by odor or irritation, or do not have good warning properties.

• For contaminants that are highly irritating to the eyes.

120

Air-purifying respirators should not be used :

• These respirators are capable of removing low concentrations of hazardous vapors and gases from breathing air.

• Cartridges usually attach directly to the respirator face piece. The larger-volume canisters attach to the chin of the face piece or are carried with a harness and attach to the face piece by a breathing tube.

Canister and cartridge respirators

121

• Canisters or cartridges are useful for a limited

period of time, depending on the size and type

of canister, the concentration of the

contaminant, and the activity of the wearer.

• They also have limited “shelf life” which means

they can only be stored for a certain period

before becoming chemically inactive.

122


• The removal of air contaminants is accomplished either physically by adsorption or chemically by neutralization of the particular contaminants.

• The type of contaminants removed and the removing efficiency of the bed are a strong function of the adsorbing medium, temperature, partial pressure of components, and gas velocity.


123

• Canisters will usually heat up when they are functioning properly.

• If a canister gets very hot, this usually indicates that there is a high concentration of gas or vapor present, and the worker should leave the area immediately.

• If a canister is not functioning properly, the worker may become dizzy, have a headache, have difficulty seeing, or have a bad taste in the mouth.

124

NIOSH : daily or after each

use, or even more often if odor, taste, or irritation is detectable.

• Some canisters may have end of service life indicators

Replace cartridges

Air-Supplying Respirators

Supplied air respirator with auxiliary. Escape-only SCBA

Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)

Gas Filter

127

Sealing stripAir outletCover cap

Gas filter(Active charcoal)

Air inlet

Particle Filter

Cover cap

Filter Sleeve

Particle Filter

Coarse dust filterSieve

128

A Dust – mask respirator

Full facepiece cartridge respirator

130

TWIN CHEMICAL CARTRIDGE RESPIRATOR

131

132

1. Prefilter

2. Dust filter

Gas filter

Combination filter

Twin Chemical Cartridge Respirator

136

Fitting Tests

137

Cartridge

138

• The choice of face piece depends on the level

of protection needed – that is, the assigned

protection factor (APF) needed.

• APF : the minimum anticipated protection

provided by properly functioning respirator or

class of respirators to a given percentage of

properly fitted and trained users.

APF - Assigned protection factor

The selection of N-, R-, and P-series filters depends on the presence of oil particles as follows:• If no oil particles are present in the work

environment, use a filter of any series (i.e., N-, R-, or P-series).

• If oil particles (e.g., lubricants, cutting fluids, glycerin) are present, use an R- or P-series filter. Note: N-series filters cannot be used if oil particles are present.

• If oil particles are present and the filter is to be used for more than one work shift, use only a P-series filter.

140

Respirators should be regularly cleaned and

disinfected, particularly after its use. The

Following procedure is recommended :• Remove any filters, cartridges, or canisters.

• Wash face piece and breathing tube in cleaner-disinfectant or detergent solution. Use a hand brush to remove dirt.

• Rinse completely in warm water.• Air-dry in a clean area.

141

• Clean other respirator parts as recommended by the manufacturer.

• Inspect valves, head straps, and other parts; replace with new parts if defective.

• Insert new filters, cartridges or canisters, making sure there is a tight seal.

• Place in a plastic bag or container for storage.

142

• The most common and most persistent problem

with all respirators is leakage around the

edges of the mask.

• This occurs because it is impossible to design

one type of mask to provide an air-tight fit for

the many different shapes and sizes of faces.

143

• Any respirator with negative pressure inside the mask will tend to leak.

• Men with beard or sideburns can not get an airtight fit.

• Any movement of the face or any talking can frequently cause leaks.

• People with one or both dentures missing may also have problems with negative-pressure masks.

144

• Most chemical sorbent canisters are imprinted

with an expiration date, and may be used until

that date as long as they have not been opened

previously.

• Once opened, they begin to sorb humidity and

air contaminants, which will cause their efficiency

and service life to decrease.

145

• Cartridges should be discarded after use but should not be used for longer than one shift or when breakthrough occurs, whichever comes first.

• Some respirators combined a mechanical filter with a chemical cartridge for dual or multiple exposure.


146

NIOSH permits air purifying respirators only if the contaminant has adequate warning properties:• Reliable detection of the contaminant below the

PEL by user’s sense of smell, taste, or irritation• Only applies to gases and vapors ---------- not

particulate• Exception is if AP element has an ESLI.• Remember that odor thresholds vary

substantially from one individual to another

147

• Acid gas white• Organic vapors black• Ammonia gas green• Carbon monoxide blue• Acid gases and organic vapors

yellow• Acid gas, ammonia, and OV brown• Acid gas, ammonia, CO, and OV red• Other vapors and gases olive• Radioactive materials (HEPA)

purple *• Dusts, fumes, mists (non-radio)

orange *

Coloring for AP Elements

148

• Designed for removing acidic gases• Tested by NIOSH against chlorine, HCL

and SO2 (only)

• Limited to fairly low concentrations - Chlorine 10 ppm - Hydrogen chloride 50 ppm - Sulfur dioxide 50 ppm• Color code: white

Acid Gas Respirators

Depends on:• Quality and amount of sorbent• Packing uniformity and density• Exposure conditions, breathing rate• Relative humidity• Temperature• Contaminant concentration• Affinity of the gas or vapor for the sorbent• Presence of other gases and vapors

Service life of Cartridges or Canisters

AIR-SUPPLYING

RESPIRATORS

• Airline respirators

- Called “Type C” or “Type CE”- Hose can be up to 300 feet- 4 cfm required for tight-fitting mask, 6 cfm for hoods and helmets- Available in demand, pressure demand, and continuous flow arrangements

• Hose masks

- Type A (motor or hand-operated blower)- Type B (no blower)- Large diameter hoses

152

• Supplied air respirators deliver breathing air or oxygen to the wearer from an independent source. There are three major categories of supplied air respirators :

a. Air-hose respirators ---- the air supplied in this type of respirator is not pressurized, i.e. it is at or near atmospheric pressure. The mode of air delivery may be either by a wide bore hose (natural breathing) or an air-hose connected to a low pressure blower.

Supplied Air Respirator (SAR)

153

b. Air-line respirators --- the air supplied to this type of respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater than atmospheric pressure. The mode of air delivery may be by one of the means described below. Air-line respirators could utilize a compressor or large compressed gas cylinders. The air should be of respirable quality.

c. SCBA ---- the air supplied to this type of respirator is pressurized, i.e. it is greater than atmospheric pressure.

Supplied Air Respirators

154

• Compressed air, compressed oxygen, liquid air, and liquid oxygen used for respiration should be of high purity.

• Compressed oxygen should not be used in supplied-air respirators or in an open-circuit SCBA that has previously used compressed air.

• Oxygen must never be used with airline respirators.

Air Quality

155


• Supplied air respirators supply breathing air to a face piece via a hose from a fixed source.

• This type of respirator is useful against all atmospheric contaminants that are IDLH.

156

• This limitation is imposed on this type of respirator in consideration of the fact that the air supply is not carried by the user.

• There is always a possibility, however remote, that the air supply equipment might malfunction and conditions of IDLH make the escape from the contaminated atmosphere impossible.


157

The following questions should be addressed inconsidering supplied air respirators :• Is the atmosphere IDLH or likely to become IDLH?• Is enough mobility provided ?• Is there danger that the air line will become entangled or punctured?• Can a clean supply of air be provided by the compressor?


158

In establishing the IDLH concentration, the following conditions must be assured:

a. The ability to escape without loss of life or immediate or delayed irreversible health effects. (Thirty minutes is considered the maximum time for escape so as to provide some margin of safety in calculating the IDLH).

b. The prevention of severe eye or respiratory irritation or other reactions that would hinder escape.

159

• The main SCBA (Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus) components consist of an air or

oxygen supply carried by the wearer, a hose, a

regulator valve, and a face piece.

• SCBAs are divided into positive pressure

respirators and negative pressure respirators

depending on the type of air or oxygen flow

supplied to the face piece.

160

• A self-contained breathing apparatus

(SCBA) provides air to the user for escape

from oxygen-deficient environments.

• Escape SCBA devices are commonly used

with full face pieces or hoods and, depending

on the supply of air, are usually rated as 3 -

60-minute units.

161

• Self-contained self-rescuer (SCSR) devices have been approved by MSHA/NIOSH for escape from mines, but these devices may also have application in other similar environments.

• SCSRs are mouthpiece respirators that provide a source of oxygen-enriched air for up to 60 minutes. SCSRs are normally stored in mines and used for emergency escape from mine disasters. All SCBA devices can be used in oxygen deficient atmospheres.

162

• Positive pressure respirators maintain

a positive pressure in the face piece

during exhalation and inhalation, and are

further divided into pressure demand and

continuous flow types.

SCBA

163

164

Self-contained Breathing Apparatus

SELF-CONTAINED

BREATHING

APPARATUS

(SCBA)

• The IDLH is considered a maximum level above

which only a highly reliable breathing apparatus

providing maximum worker protection is permitted.

• Any appropriate approved respirator may be used

to its maximum use concentration up to the IDLH

concentration.

166

• Negative pressure respirators draw air into the face piece as a result of the negative pressure created by the wearer’s inhalation.

• The major disadvantage of this type of respirator is that if a leak develops, the contaminated atmosphere can flow into the face piece.

• In situations where even the smallest leaks can not be tolerated, the use of positive pressure respirator is recommended.

167

• SCBAs can be or either open circuit or closed

circuit designed.

• Open circuit devices exhaust the unbreathed air

or oxygen.

• In closed circuit equipment, the exhaled air

passes through an adsorbent to remove CO2

and water, and make up air then is added to the

regenerated stream.

168

• Some designs provide an oxygen-generating breathing apparatus. These devices use closed circuits and contain an oxygen rich compound such as a metal peroxide or superoxide (e.g. KO2) that can react with moisture in exhaled air to

produce oxygen.• The major disadvantage of this type of equipment

is that the rate of chemical reactions, and therefore oxygen generation, is a strong function of temperature.

169

• Most SCBAs provide cylinders containing air

or oxygen.

• Some designs provide an oxygen-generating

breathing apparatus.

• These devices use closed circuits and contain

an oxygen-rich compounds such as a metal

peroxide or superoxide that can react with

moisture in exhaled air to produce oxygen.

170

• Although SCBAs can provide protection

against most types and levels of contaminants,

the duration of the air or oxygen supply is an

important factor in its use.

• This is limited by both the amount of the air or

oxygen available and its rate of consumption by

the user.

171

• Another disadvantage of SCBAs is that they

are bulky and heavy and may cause heat

stress or impair movement in confined areas.

• SCBAs may be approved for (1) escape only,

or (2) for both entry into and escape from a

hazardous area.

172

When deciding whether an SCBA is appropriate for a given situation, one should consider the following points :

• If the atmosphere is IDLH or is likely to become IDLH, a positive pressure SCBA should be used.

• The amount of air supply should match the duration of time required to perform the tasks.

• The effect of the bulk and weight of the SCBA on worker performance should be evaluated.

173

There are problems with self-contained breathing systems :• First, they are limited by the amount of air a

worker can carry as well as by the existing air pressure.

• If the air pressure is doubled, the service life of the device is cut in half.

• How much extra effort a person has to make while using a mask is important, as breathing through a mask can place extra strain on he heart, which may be especially dangerous for some people.

174

• Each SCBA should have a warning device

that indicates when its service life is about to

expire.

• SCBAs are bulky and heavy, and require

extensive training for use.

• They are awkward to use in confined spaces

for long periods of time.

175

Supplied-Air Breathing Apparatus (SABA)

consists of the following components :

1. Air supply

2. Air pressure regulator

3. Air exhausts, and

4. Egress cylinder (egress = going out; way

out; exit.)

Supplied-Air Breathing Apparatus

176

• Air-line respirators supply high pressure

air (maximum 125 pounds per square

liter) to a pressure reduction device worn

by the worker, then to a mask.

• Compressed air may be supplied either

for cylinder or from an air compressor.

177

Conditions that adversely affect respirator fit

include the following :• Facial features such as long sideburns,

mustache, and beard.• Spectacles with temple bars or straps.• A head covering that passes between the

sealing surface of a respirator and wearer’s face.

Use of Respirators

178

• Scars, hollow temples, excessively protruding cheek bones, and deep creases in the facial skin.

• The absence of teeth or dentures, or an unusual facial configuration.

Use of Respirators

179

Color Codes For Gas Mask CanisterAtmospheric contaminants

for which protection is needed

Colors assigned

Acid gases, White

Hydrocyanic acid gas (HCN) White with a 0,5 inch green stripe completely around the canister near the bottom

Chlorine gas White with a 0,5 inch yellow stripe completely around the canister near the bottom

Organic vapors Black180

• Respirators can be tested for good fit

either qualitatively or quantitatively.

• In both tests a harmless agent that has

an odor or irritating effect is injected

into the air inside an enclosure where

the test is conducted.

Respirator Fit Test

181

• In a qualitative test, the respirator wearer uses his or her senses to detect the presence of the agent inside the face piece.

• In a quantitative test, special instruments are used to determine if the agent has leaked into the face piece.

• Two other widely used types of fit tests are the positive and negative tests.

Respirator Fit Test

182

• In a positive pressure test, the user closes the exhalation valve and exhales into the face piece. If no air leaks into it (i.e., there is a good fit), the face piece should bulge a little.

• In a negative pressure test, the user closes the inhalation valve and breathes in, hold the breath for 10 seconds.

• If there is a good fit, the face piece should collapse against the user’s face.

Respirator Fit Test

183

• Isoamyl acetate (IAA)• Irritant smoke (usually titanium and stannic

chloride)• Saccharin aerosol (taste test)• Denatonium benzoate (Bitrex)• Must verify wearer can respond• Wearer must be truthful

Qualitative fit testing (QLFT)

184

• Dioctyl phthalate aerosol (DOP)• Corn oil• Sodium chloride• DEHS • Ambient air (with submicron particulate

counting)• Ambient air (pressure differential)

Quantitative fit testing (QNFT)

185

Guide For Selecting Respirators

Oxygen deficiency atmospheres

SCBA, air-supplied withescape SCBA

Toxic gases or vapors that are IDLH

SCBA, air-supplied withescape SCBA

Gases or vapors not IDLH Air purifying, suppliedair

Combination of gases, vapors, and particulates, not IDLH

Airline, hose mask withblower, air purifying

Combination of gases, vapors, and particulates, IDLH

SCBA, airline with escapeSCBA

186

Color Codes For Gas Mask CanisterAmmonia gas Green

Acid gases and ammonia gas

Green with a 0,5 inch white stripe completely around the canister near the bottom

Carbon monoxide Blue

Acid gases and organic vapors

Yellow

Hydrocyanic acid gas and chloropicrin vapor

Yellow with a 0,5 inch blue stripe completely around the canister near the bottom

Acid gases, organic vapors, and ammonia gases

Brown187

Permissible Upper Limits of Respirators For Acid Gases

Contaminant Half mask(Cartridge)

Full face(Cartridge)

Full face piece

(supplied air)

Chlorine 5 ppm 10 ppm 25 ppm

Chlorine dioxide

1 ppm 5 ppm 10 ppm

Formaldehyde - 10 ppm 100 ppm

Hydrogen chloride (HCl)

50 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm

Sulfur dioxide 20 ppm 50 ppm 100 ppm188


Tidak tergantung Ambient Udara

SAR

Type terbuka Breathing Apparatus

Type tertutupBreathing Apparatus

AirlineSystem

EscapeRespirator

Compressed Air Breathing Equipment

SAR

Escape Respirator

Airlines

SAR Supplied Air Respirators

SAR Supplied Air Respirators[Self-Contained Breathing

Apparatus]

EN Standard

NFPA Standard

SAR Supplied Air RespiratorsComponent

Pressure Reducer Back Plate

Pressure Gauge

Demand Valve Full Face

Mask

Cylinder

Harness

SAR Supplied Air Respirators Full Face Mask

Ultra Elite Full Face Mask

3S Full Face Mask

Contoh: for 6 liter/200 bar cylinder

Total Kapasitas udara = Kapasitas Cylinder x tekanan Cylinder

= 6 lt x 200 bar = 1200 liter udara

Total durasi = Total Kapasitas udara / Rata2 pemakaiancylinder = 1200 / 40

= 30 minsDurasi kerja = Total durasi - Safety factor

= 30 mins - 10 mins = 20 mins

SAR Supplied Air Respirators Working Duration

Pekerjaan Bernapas(Lit/min)Tidur 7.7Berdiri 10.4Berjalan 3 Kph 18.6Berjalan 4 Kph 24.8Berjalan 5 Kph 37.3Berjalan 6 Kph 60.7

SAR Supplied Air Respirators Breathing Rate

BREATHING APPARATUS

196

Breathing Apparatus

197

Air Supplying Hood

198

Baju tahan panas• Untuk petugas pemadam• Pekerja sekitar oven /

pembakaran

Baju laboratorium• Untuk pekerja laboratorium ---

tahan terhadap zat kimia, mikro organisme (ruang steril)

Pakaian Pelindung

201

a) OXYGEN GENERATOR2KO2 + H2O 2KOH +3/2 O2

2KO2 + CO2 K2CO3 + 3/2 O2

b) CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVER2KOH + CO2 K2CO3 + H2O

KOH + CO2 KHCO3

202

- Subject to failure- If oil-lubricated, can overheat changing oil mist into CO- Carbon vane type are available and oilless- Can run continuously- Can be fitted with CO sensor and/or adsorption units- Air intake location is critical

Sources of Breathing Air• Compressors

203

Compressed gas cylinders (breathing air)

• Can be up to 3500 psi

• Finite air supply...for limited time spans

• Do not rely on utility services

Sources of breathing air

Blowers used for hose masks

Mobile Breathing Air Bank

204

Compressed Air Breathing Equipment

SCBA Escape Sets Airlines Cascade

206

Bagian SCBA

Carbon Composite Backplate

Full Face Mask

Harness

Lung Demand Valve

Fisrt Stage

Pressure Reducer

Pressure Gauge

Cylinder

Strap

Cylinders207

Functions of Components

Face Mask Koneksi ke LDV model

plug in Lapisan ganda pada

penutup wajah Inner mask mencegah CO2

berkumpul didalam masker Masker tidak mudah

mengembun Tekanan udara didalam

masker antara 0.5 sampai dengan 4.5 mbar

208


Pressure Gauge/ penunjuk tekanan

Menunjukan sisa tekanan udara di silinder

luminous gauge dial calibrated in “Bar”

Pluit Mengaktifkan alarm ketika

tekanan udara dlm tabung mencapai level minimum (50 bar)

Memberikan batas waktu yg aman 10 menit sebelum udara betul-betul kosong/habis

209

Function of Components

Reducer• Mengurangi tekanan

udara dari 300 bar ke 6-9 bar

• Berfungsi baik utk tabung bertekanan 200 & 300 bar

• Dilengkapi valve alat pengaman tekanan

LungDemandValve

• Tekanan udara medium dikurangi menjadi 1bar lebih.

• Udara di dalam masker tetap lebih tinggi dari diluar / ambien pada saat aktivitas pernafasan berlangsung. 210

CYLINDER

211


Cylinder Sumber supplai udara Tersedia dlm macam

material baik yg baja maupun carbon komposit

200 or 300 bar tekanan operational

Tersedia bermacam volume tabung : 6, 6.8 dan 9 liter

212

Durasi kerja dari SCBA

Contoh: untuk 6 liter/200 bar cylinderTotal kapasitas udara = kap. silinder x tekanan silinder

= 6 x 200 = 1200 liter udara

Total durasi = Total kap. udara / konsumsi rata-

ratasilinder = 1200 / 40

= 30 menitDurasi Kerja = Total durasi - Safety factor

= 30 menit - 10 menit = 20 menit

213

Laju NapasTingkat kerja Laju napas (liter/menit)

Tiduran 7,7

Berdiri santai 10,4

Berjalan (3 Km/jam) 19

Berjalan (5 Km/jam) 25

Berjalan (6,5 Km/jam) 37,3

Berjalan (8 Km/jam) 60,7

214

Donning of SCBA

• Tarik shoulder straps dan waist belt – angkat dan kenakan di bahu secara hati-hati

• Sambung dan kencangkan waist belt hingga BA terasa enak di pinggang anda

• Kalungkan tali masker di leher

215

Donning of SCBA

• Tarik sedikit kebawah

shoulder straps

hingga backplate

terasa menempel di

punggung

• Selipkan ujung

straps di ban

pinggang216

Donning of SCBA

• Posisikan straps masker dengan tepat

• Aktifkan tombol untuk menghentikan aliran udara LDV

217

Donning of SCBA• Pegang gauge

dengan tangan kiri, buka valve cylinder dengan tangan kanan.

• Cylinder tidak boleh kurang dari 80 % dari kapasitas cylinder (Untuk 300 bar SCBA => 240 bar)

• Jika perlu lakukan HP test (harus < 1 bar dalam 1 menit). 218

Donning of SCBA

• Cap strap harus di muka

• Tempelkan pinggiran masker di dagu dan muka dengan kuat

• Kencangkan strap dengan seimbang mulai dari bawah ke atas

219

Donning of SCBA

• Buka valve cylinder dan hirup/bernafas untuk mengaktifkan LDV

• Pastikan masker tidak bocor dan terpasang sempurna ke wajah

• Hirup dan buang udara sebanyak 3 kali – tahan nafas dan dengarkan apakah ada kebocoran

220

Donning of SCBA

• Dengan gauge di tangan kiri tutup valve silinder dengan tangan kanan

• Bernapas perlahan-lahan, pluit harus bunyi pada 50-60 bar

• Terus bernapas sampai zero, masker harus menempel rapat di muka. Buka lagi silinder, SCBA siap dipakai

221

Donning of SCBA

• Lepaskan strap pinggang

• Lepaskan tali gantung masker dan longgarkan straps bahu

• Bersihkan unit dan isi kembali silinder

222

Man and material fully protected

223

PPE Checklist

• Is PPE only used when all other attempts to control hazards have been tried and failed?

• Is PPE used according to any relevant regulations or code of practice?

• Is PPE suitable for the work being done ?• Is all PPE marked according to its correct area

of use ?• Is a range of suitable PPE available for users

to choose from ?

224

PPE Checklist

• Are there SOP for all circumstances where PPE is needed?

• Are these available for inspection?• Are they followed?• Have all staff involved in the PPE program

received adequate training?• Is PPE assigned to individual users ?• Is PPE tested for proper fit for users?

225

PPE Checklist• Is all PPE adequately maintained, inspected

regularly, cleaned as necessary, replaced as required?

• Is the effectiveness of the PPE program monitored and evaluated regularly?

• Is the use of PPE accompanied by appropriate medical monitoring?

• Is someone in your workplace responsible for the PPE program, with their name and contact number available to all staff involved in the PPE program ?

226

GLOVES

Sarung Tangan

• Sarung tangan kain• Sarung tangan plastik• Sarung tangan PVC• Sarung tangan karet• Sarung tangan kulit• Sarung tangan metal• Sarung tangan dingin ( cold storage )• Sarung tangan Listrik ( High Voltage )

Alat Pelindung Tangan

Bahan Sarung TanganUntuk Penanganan bahan kimia

• Nitrile

• Neoprene

• PVC

Sarung Tangan Kulit

Biasanya terbuat dari kulit sapi/lembu

Aplikasinya untuk pekerjaan pengelasan/welding

• Sarung Tangan Kombinasi

Tebuat dari bahan kulit yang dipadu dengan kain kanvas / jeans.

Aplikasinya untuk pekerjaan ringan (Handling, Packing, etc)

• Sarung tangan untuk paparan panas

Terbuat dari bahan

asbes ( 400 oC ),

Aluminized ( 700 o C).• Aplikasinya untuk

bekerja dengan object yang panas.

• Sarung Tangan untuk paparan suhu rendah

Biasanya terbuat dari wool dan bahan tebal lainnya, fungsinya untuk menahan dingin.

Aplikasinya digunakan pada industri perikanan dan cold storage lainnya

• Rubber glovesTerbuat dari karet murni (pure latex). Berfungsi untuk meredam

voltage / tegangan arus listrik tinggi

( s/d 40 Kv = 40.000 Volt )

Pakaian Pelindung Bahaya Contoh

Chemical Dermal toxins Systemic toxins Corrosives Allergens

Physical Thermal hazards (hot/cold) Vibration Radiation Trauma producing

Biological Human pathogens Animal pathogens Environmental pathogens

Baju tahan panas - Untuk petugas pemadam - Pekerja sekitar oven / pembakaran

Baju laboratorium - Untuk pekerja laboratorium --- tahan terhadap zat kimia, mikro organisme

(ruang steril)

Pakaian Pelindung

Alat Pelindung Kaki

• Pada industri ringan/ tempat kerja biasa --- Cukup dengan sepatu yang baik

• Sepatu pelindung (safety shoes) --- Dapat terbuat dari kulit, karet, sintetik atau plastik

• Untuk mencegah tergelincir Dipakai sol anti slip • Untuk mencegah tusukan Dipakai sol dari logam• Terhadap bahaya listrik ---Sepatu seluruhnya

harus di jahit atau direkatkan --- tak boleh memakai paku.

Alat Pelindung Kaki

Sepatu Keselamatan Kerja :• Aman melindungi kaki dari kemungkinan

bahaya• Harus memenuhi standard Internasional• Harus memenuhi spesifikasi standard

Keselamatan dan Kesehatan Kerja• Nyaman bagi penggunanya• Design yang trendy

(Safety Footwear)

Technical Type

Heel support forShape retention

200 Joules ratingSteel teo cap toEN 345

Buffalo leather

Comfort strip

PU/Eva Insole

Padded

Comfort for outsole

How to Identify Industrial shoe parts?

D-Ring

OUTSOLE rubberGoodyear welt

200 joules rating steel toe cap to EN345-1

IMPACT TEST

RESULT

Before After

m=20 kg

g = 10 m/dt2

h = 1 m

Ep = mgh

= 20x10x1

= 200 Joule

Penguin

Toe Cap

Non Standard Toe Cap

OutsolesRubber Rubber Single

DensityPU

Double Density

PU

TPU + PU

Process Cementing Good Year Welt

Injection Injection Injection

Heat resistance

300 C = 60”

300 C = 60” 150 C = 60”

150 C = 60”

150 C = 60”

Anti Slip good good good good poor

Oil Resistance

good good good good good

Life time No life time

No life times 12 months

12 months 12 months

Electric shock

Yes Yes No No No

Anti static (additional)

yes yes yes yes yes

Steel Mid-sole Material: Steel

Steel Midsole for Penetration resistance to 1100 Newtons

Steel Midsole for Penetration resistance to 1100 Newtons

Nail Penetration Test

(100 K OHMS – 1000M OHMS)

Antistatic Test

Intruksi regular perawatan sepatu Safety

1. Lap basah untuk membersihkan kulit sepatu yang kotor jangan disiram apalagi air yang menggunakan tekanan

2. Jangan menggunakan bahan kimia yang dapat merusak sepatu

3. Kulit sepatu di wax atau semir agar awet4. Jika sepatu basah dikeringkan dengan cara alami

jangan dijemur atau dikeringkan diatas heater5. Ganti kaos kaki tiap hari untuk mengindari kaki

berjamur

• Sarung tangan biasa (gloves)

• Gaunlets atau sarung tangan yang dilap[isi oleh plat logam

• Mitts atau sarung tangan dimana keempat jari pemakainya dibungkus menjadi satu kecuali ibu jari yang mempunyai pembungkus sendiri.

Menurut bentuknya, sarung tangan dapat dibedakan menjadi:

251

Contoh sarung tangan yang digunakan menurut jenis bahaya yang dihadapi oleh pekerja

Jenis bahaya Macam sarung tangan

Listrik

Radiasi yang mengion

Benda tajam atau kasar

Asam dan alkali yang korosif

Pelarut organik

Benda panas

Sarung tangan karet

Sarung tangan karet atau kulit yang dilapisi timah hitamSarung tangan kulit atau PVC atau sarung tangan kulit yang dilapisi logam kromSarung tangan karet (natuiral ruber)Sarung tangan karet sintetik; Sarung tangan kulit; asbes atau gaunlets

252

• Gloves made of rubber (latex, nitrile, or butyl), plastic, or synthetic rubber-like material such as neoprene protect workers from burns, irritation, and dermatitis caused by contact with oils, greases, solvents, and other chemicals.

• The use of rubber gloves also reduces the risk of exposure to blood and other potentially infectious substances.

Chemical-and Liquid-Resistant Gloves

Natural Latex or Rubber Gloves

The comfortable wear and pliability of latex

gloves as well as their protective qualities make

them a popular general-purpose glove. In

addition to resisting abrasions caused by

sandblasting, grinding, and polishing, these

gloves protect workers’ hands from most water

solutions of acids, alkalis, salts, and ketones.

Natural Latex or Rubber Gloves

• When selecting hand protection, you should be aware that latex gloves have caused allergic reactions in some individuals and thus may not be appropriate for all of your employees.

• Hypoallergenic gloves, glove liners, and powderless gloves are possible alternatives for individuals who are allergic to latex gloves.

256

These gloves have good pliability, finger

dexterity, high density, and tear resistance

which protect against hydraulic fluids,

gasoline, alcohols, organic acids, and

alkalis.

Neoprene Gloves

257

• These sturdy gloves provide protection from chlorinated solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.

• Although intended for jobs requiring dexterity and sensitivity, nitrile gloves stand up to heavy use even after prolonged exposure to

substances that cause other gloves to deteriorate.

• In addition, nitrile gloves resist abrasions, punctures, snags (robek), and tears.

Nitrile Rubber Gloves

Glove Chemical Resistance Selection Chart

Chemical Neoprene gloves

Later rubber gloves

Butyl gloves Nitrile gloves

Acetic acid Very good Very good Very good Very good

Acetone Good Very good Very good Poor

Ammonium hydroxide

Very good Very good Very good Very good

Benzene Poor Poor Poor Fair

Butyl alcohol

Very good Very good Very good Very good

Aniline Good Fair Fair Poor

• Safety Belt Digunakan untuk pekerjaan

pada ketinggian di bawah

1.8 m

Digunakan untuk pekerjaan di ketinggian diatas 1.8 meterHarus dapat menjaga posisi tubuh dengan kepala di atas saat terjatuh

Body Harness

Comparing Standards

ANSI

8 kN4 kN1.1 m

22.2 kN1.8 m1.8 m

ASNZS

6 kN6 kN

1.75 m15 kN2 m4 m

CE

6 kN

6 kN

1.75 m

10 kN

4 m

4 m

Standard

Max Force on Body

Shock absorption

Shock deployment

Anchor strength

Free Fall

Testing regime

Fall Protection

Calculating Total Fall Distance

Harneses Sizing Chart

Fall Protection

Fall Protection

Fall arrest ratedchest ‘D’ ring

Fall Protection

Body Support

Workman Tower/Rescue/Work PositioningFeatures all the attributes of the Workman Basic, as well as:• Padded waist belt pad and

thigh support pad• Pole strap attach D-rings

located close to the hips• Certified to AS/NZS

1891.1:2007

• Best method to sit suspended for long durations

• Padded seat ensures your comfort during use

• Adjustable web assembly ensures security

• Designed for use with both the Gravity Crossover harnesses, and the new Workman range, via the frontal attachment point, will keep the user in an upright position

Bosun Chair

Belt vs Harness

Full Body Harness

Fall Arrest

BackFront

Part Components Material Features

A Lanyard 12 mm diameter, 3 strands twisted polyamide (nylon) rope

White with blue tracer. A paper with manufacturing information shrink wrapped with a LDPE sleeve.

B Energy Absorber 44 mm wide polyamide (nylon) webbingTotal length of 1.4m after complete extension

Orange and white, Shrink wrapped with polyolefine sleeve. Webbing will tear automatically in the event of a fall, thereby reducing impact force transmitted to the user thus reduce injury

C Snap Hook Alloy steel (Electroplated nicked chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Only be opened by two deliberate consecutive manual actions. Auto closing and locking. For securing onto body harness D-ring

D Scaffold Hook Alloy steel (Electroplated nickel chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Only be opened by two deliberate consecutive manual actions. Auto closing and locking with 50mm opening. For securing onto anchorage point.

E Karabiner Mild steel bar (Electroplated nickel chrome)

Corrosion resistant. Auto closing with manual locking by a screw type mechanism with 10mm opening. Use as connector to the D-ring of the body harness.

F Timble High density polyethylene (HDPE)

White, protect splices of lanyard

G Label Paper White, printed with manufacturing information, CE marking

Connecting

Hardware

Snaphooks Karabiners

Connecting

Energy Absorbers

Connecting

Menurut jenis pekerjaan yang dilakukan, sepatu

keselamatan kerja dapat dibedakan menjadi:• Sepatu pengaman yang digunakan pada pengecoran

baja terbuat dari bahan kulit yang dilapisi krom atau asbes dan tinggi sepatu kurang lebih 35 cm. Pada sepatu ini, pipa celana dari pemakainya dimasukkan ke dalam sepatu dan kemudian dikencangkan dengan tali pengikat atau gesper yang terdapat pada sepatu ini.

Alat pelindung kaki

281

• Sepatu yang khusus digunakan di tempat kerja yang mengandung bahaya peledakan.

• Sepatu jenis ini tidak boleh memakai paku yang dapat menimbulkan percikan bunga api.

Alat pelindung kaki

282

• Sepatu karet anti elektrostatistik, digunakan untuk melindungi pekerja dari bahaya listrik hubungan pendek. Sepatu ini harus tahan terhadap tegangan listrik sebesar 10.000 volt selama 3 menit.

• Sepatu pengaman untuk pekerja bangunan, digunakan untuk melindungi kaki pekerja dari bahaya tertusuk benda tajam, kejatuhan benda berat atau terbentur oleh benda keras. Sepatu ini dibuat dari kulit yang dilengkapi dengan baja pada ujung depannya untuk melindungi jari-jari kaki.

283

THANK YOU

FOR YOUR

ATTENTION

Personal Protective EquipmentMODULE 13

287 ©2006 TEEX

Introduction

Protective equipment = tools to do the job.

Nearly 2 million disabling work-related injuries expected this year.

More than ¼ will involve head, eyes, hands, feet

288 ©2006 TEEX

PPE Statistics from BLS

Hard hats were worn by only 16% of those workers who sustained head injuries

Only 1% of approx 770 workers suffering face injuries were wearing face protection

Only 23% of the workers with foot injuries wore safety shoes or boots

About 40% of the workers with eye injuries wore eye protection

289 ©2006 TEEX

Personal Protective Equipment in Oil and Gas

What PPE is used in oil and gas? What injuries or illnesses does it protect

against? Does it always succeed in protecting

against these injuries or illnesses? Why or why not?

290 ©2006 TEEX

1910.132 General Requirements

(a) Protective equipment, including personal protective equipment for:

Eyes, Face, Head, and extremities, Protective clothing, Respiratory devices, and Protective shields and

barriers,

Shall be provided, used, and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition wherever it is necessary by reason of hazards of

processes or environment

291 ©2006 TEEX

1910.132 General Requirements

Hazards of processes or environment include : Chemical hazards, Radiological hazards, or Mechanical irritants Encountered in a manner capable of causing

injury or impairment in the function of any part of the body through absorption, inhalation or physical contact.

292 ©2006 TEEX

1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment

Assess workplace to determine if hazards are likely to necessitate the use of personal protective equipment (PPE)

If hazards are present the employer shall: Select and have each affected employee

use appropriate PPE for identified hazards Communicate selection decisions Select PPE that fits each employee

293 ©2006 TEEX

1910 Subpart I Appendix B

Compliance guidelines for hazard assessment & personal protective equipment selection (non-mandatory)

294 ©2006 TEEX

1910.132(d) Hazard Assessment

Written certification of hazard assessment identifies: Workplace evaluated Person certifying that the evaluation has

been performed Date(s) of the hazard assessment Identification of document as a certification

of hazard assessment

295 ©2006 TEEX

1910.132(f) Training

1. Employer must train employees before issuing PPE in at least these things:

i. When PPE is necessary

ii. What PPE is necessary

iii. How to properly don, doff, adjust, and wear PPE

iv. Limitations of the PPE

v. Proper care, maintenance, useful life and disposal of the PPE

296 ©2006 TEEX


2. Workers must demonstrate an understanding of the training and the ability to use PPE properly

before being allowed to perform work requiring the use of PPE

4. Written certification, to verify that each employee has received and understood the required training, contains:

Name of each employee trained Date(s) of training Subject of the certification

297 ©2006 TEEX


3. Retraining necessary for employees without required understanding and skill:

Changes in the workplace Changes in PPE used Inadequate knowledge or use of PPE

Eye and Face Protection1910.133

299 ©2006 TEEX

1910.133 Eye and face protection

Employer assures that employee uses eye or face protection from hazards: Flying particles Molten metal Liquid chemicals, acids or caustic liquids Chemical gases or vapors Potentially injurious light radiation

301 ©2006 TEEX


Employees with prescription lenses: Incorporate prescription in eye protection

or Wear eye protection over prescription

lenses Without disturbing proper position of

prescription lenses or the protective lenses

302 ©2006 TEEX


Each affected employee must wear appropriately shaded filter lenses for protection from injurious light radiation

Tables in (a)(5)

Subtitles & TransitionsFOR EXAMPLE… Z 87.1-1989

Protective eye and face devices shall comply with ANSI

Z87.1-1989

Respiratory Protection1910.134

305 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(a)(1) Permissible practice

Primary objective: Prevent atmospheric contamination Respiratory hazards: dusts, mists, fogs, fumes,

sprays, smokes or vapors 1st Priority: Engineering controls:

Enclosure or confinement of the operation, General and local ventilation, and Substitution of less toxic materials

Only where engineering controls are not feasible should respirators be used

306 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(c)(1) Respiratory protection program

Where respirators are required, you need: Written program Worksite-specific procedures

Required elements: Training Fit testing Medical evaluations Care and maintenance Procedures for respirator selection Procedures for routine & emergency use

307 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(c)(2) Where respirator use is not required

If employer permits voluntary use: Provide information in Appendix D Implement elements of written program

necessary to ensure Medical ability to use Cleaned, stored, maintained to not cause

health hazard

Exception: Voluntary use of dust masks

308 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(d) Selection of respirators

Respirators must be NIOSH-certified Provide enough variety so user can find

the right fit Cartridge change schedule for gases

and vapors IDLH atmosphere = immediately

dangerous to life and health Specific supplied-air respirators necessary

for IDLH use

309 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(e) Medical evaluation

Respirator use causes physiological burden, varying with Type of respirator Job and workplace conditions Medical status of employee

Medical evaluation provided before: Fit testing Worker respirator use

310 ©2006 TEEX

1910.134(e) Medical evaluation

Conducted by physician or other licensed health care professional (PLHCP)

Additional evaluations if: Employee reports related symptoms PLHCP, supervisor, administrator recommends Program information shows need Change in workplace conditions increases

physiological burden

Head Protection1910.135

312 ©2006 TEEX

1910.135(a) General requirements

a. Ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet where there is a potential for head injury from falling objects

313 ©2006 TEEX

Classes and Types of Hard Hats

Type I hard hats - reduce force of impact from a blow to the top of the head

Type II hard hats - provide protection against both side impact (lateral) and blows to the top of the head

314 ©2006 TEEX

Classes and Types of Hard Hats

Class G (old A) – General Tested to withstand 2200 volts

Class E (old B) – Electrical Tested to withstand 20,000 volts

Class C (old C) – Conductive No electrical protection

315 ©2006 TEEX


b. Ensure that each affected employee wears a protective helmet designed to reduce electrical shock hazard when near exposed electrical conductors which could contact the head

Foot Protection1910.136

318 ©2006 TEEX


Each affected employee must use protective footwear where there is danger of: Falling or rolling objects Objects piercing sole Feet exposed to electrical hazards

Protective footwear shall comply with ANSI Z41-1991

Hand Protection1910.138

320 ©2006 TEEX


a. Appropriate hand protection required for employee hand exposure to hazards such as:

Skin absorption of harmful substances Severe cuts or lacerations Severe abrasions Punctures Chemical burns Thermal burns Harmful temperature extremes

321 ©2006 TEEX

1910.138(b) Selection

Employer selects based on: Performance characteristics of the hand

protection relative to the task(s) to be performed

Conditions present Duration of use Hazards and potential hazards identified

322 ©2006 TEEX

Common Types of Gloves

Disposable: light-weight plastic; can help guard against mild irritants.

Fabric: cotton or fabric blend; improve grip or insulate from heat or cold.

Leather: guard against injuries from sparks or scraping against rough surfaces. Combine with an insulated liner when working with electricity.

Chemical Resistance: nitrile, neoprene, vinyl, etc; protect hands from chemical exposure

Metal Mesh: protect hands from cuts and scratches; used commonly with sharp instruments.

Aluminized Fabric: insulate hands from intense heat; commonly used with molten materials

Hearing Protection1910.95

324 ©2006 TEEX

1910.95 Occupational Noise Exposure

OSHA measures noise in decibels in A scale (dBA) – calculation of one number for multiple frequencies

TWA calculation, but nonlinear scale Permissible TWA: 90 dBA for 8 hours Table G-16: higher exposure, shorter

time allowable

325 ©2006 TEEX

1910.95(c) Hearing conservation program

Required for any employees exceeding 8-hour TWA of 85 dBA or 50% dose Action level

Monitoring, employee notification Audiometric testing

Baseline and annual Evaluated for standard threshold shift

(STS) (change in hearing sensitivity)

326 ©2006 TEEX

1910.95(i) Hearing protectors

Available to all employees exposed over 85 dBA

Replaced as necessary Must be worn by workers exposed >90

dBA, or before baseline or with STS Employees choose from variety Training, supervision of correct use Proper initial fitting

327 ©2006 TEEX

1910.95(j) Hearing protector attenuation

Calculations in Appendix B Cannot simply subtract Noise Reduction

Rating (NRR) from dBA Poor fit decreases attenuation

Must attenuate to 90 dBA If STS has occurred, attenuate to 85

dBA Re-evaluate when noise levels increase

Other Regulations

329 ©2006 TEEX

Other Regulations

29 CFR 1926 Subpart E: Personal Protective and Life Saving Equipment Construction operations only If employees supply their own, employer

assures adequacy and maintenance Includes safety belts, lifelines, lanyards

330 ©2006 TEEX

Other Regulations

API RP 54 section 5 Includes fall protection Hearing protection includes 12-hour shift No loose or poorly fitted clothing Do not work in clothing saturated in

hazardous substance – wash and/or treat skin and change clothes

29 CFR 1910.132

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uA-fMdubTs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1uA-fMdubTs

• Understand types of PPE

• Know the basics of hazards assessment

• Become familiar with selection PPE

• Recognize what type of training may be needed

• Gain resources

• Become knowledgeable with appropriate use and maintenance techniques

Fact or Myth ?Wearing steel toe boots is more dangerous than regular footwear because of the danger toes may be crushed or amputated.

http://www.mythbustersfanclub.com/mb2/content/view/32/27/

http://www.mythbustersfanclub.com/mb2/content/view/32/27/

• Moving objects

• Temperature extremes

• Electrical Connections

• Sharp Edges

• Impact

• Penetration

• Compression (roll over)

• Chemical

• Biological

• Radiation

• Temperature extremes

• Dusts

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsbZ0sSMeRA&feature=related

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LsbZ0sSMeRA&feature=related

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/selection.html

http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/eyeandface/ppe/selection.html

What PPE is necessary

When the PPE is necessary

How to properly put on, wear and remove the PPE

Limitations

Proper care , maintenance, useful life and disposal

1. What if the employee received training prior to becoming your employee?

2. Does the training have to be documented?

3. Who has to pay for PPE?

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iPL-nuulYD4&feature=PlayList&p=96E6D03C48F68BBD&playnext_from=PL&playnext=1&index=27



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