Alasdair MacIntyre

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Alasdair MacIntyre（1929-（Books（

Marxism: An Interpretation (London: SCM Press, 1953)

New Essays in Philosophical Theology, Antony Flew and Alasdair

MacIntyre eds. (London: SCM Press, 1955)

The Unconscious: A Conceptual Analysis (London: Routledge & Kegan

Paul, 1958)

Difficulties in Christian Belief (London: SCM Press, 1959)

Hume's Ethical Writings, Alasdair MacIntyre, ed. (New York:

Collier, 1965)

A Short History of Ethics (New York: Macmillan, 1966)

Secularization and Moral Change. The Riddell Memorial Lectures(London: Oxford University Press, 1967)

Marxism and Christianity (New York: Schocken Books, 1968)

The Religious Significance of Atheism, (with Paul Ricoeur) (New York:

Columbia University Press, 1969)

Sociological Theory and Philosophical Analysis, Dorothy Emmet and

Alasdair MacIntyre, eds. (NewYork: Macmillan, 1970)

Marcuse (London: Fontana, 1970); Also published as Herbert

Marcuse: An Exposition and a Polemic (New York: Viking, 1970)

Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy

(London: Duckworth, 1971)

Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays, Alasdair MacIntyre, ed. (Garden



City, N.Y.: Anchor Books, 1972)

After Virtue: A Study in Moral Theory (Notre Dame: University of

Notre Dame Press, 1981, Second Edition, 1984)

Revisions: Changing Perspectives in Moral Philosophy. Volume 3. Alasdair

MacIntyre and Stanley Hauerwas, eds. (Notre Dame:

University of Notre Dame Press, 1983)

Is Patriotism a Virtue? The Lindley Lecture. (University of Kansas,

1984). Reprinted in Richard J. Arneson, ed. Liberalism, Volume

III (Aldershot: Elgar, 1992) pp. 246-263.

Whose Justice? Which Rationality? (Notre Dame: University of Notre

Dame Press, 1988)

Three Rival Versions of Moral Enquiry: Encyclopaedia, Genealogy, and Tradition.

The gifford Lectures (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame

University Press, 1990). Chapter 2 reprinted as "Genealogies

and Subversions,"in Nietzsche, Genealogy, Morality: Essays on Nietzsche's

"Genealogy of Morals", Richard Schacht, ed. (Berkeley: Universityof California Press, 1994) pp. 284-305.

First Principles, Final Ends and Contemporary Philosophical Issues.The

Aquinas Lecture, 1990. (Milwaukee: Marquette University

Press, 1990)

Articles:

1950

"Analogy in Metaphysics," Downside Review, 69 (1950), 45-61.

1953

Review of Immanuel Kant: Ontologie und Wissenshaftstheorie by Gottfried

Martin, Downside Review, 71 (1953), 199-201.



Review of The Meaning of Existence by Dom Mark Pontifex and

Dom Illtyd Trethowen, Downside Review, 71 (1953), 452-4.

1954

Review of The Meaning of Existence by Dom Mark Pontifex and

Dom Illtyd Trethowen, Philosophical Quarterly, 4 (1954), 286-87.

Review of The Transformation of the Scientific World View and Christian

Faith and Natural Science by Karl Heim, Philosophy, 29 (1954), 264-5.

1955

"Cause and Cure in Psychotherapy," Proceedings of the Aristotelian

Society, Supplementary volume 29 (1955), 43-58.

"Nature and Destiny of Man: On Getting the Question Clear,"

Modern Churchman, 45 (1955), 171-6.

"Visions," in New Essays in Philosophical Theology, Antony Flew and

Alasdair MacIntyre, eds. (London: SCM Press, 1955) pp. 254-

60.

"A Note on Immortality," Mind , 64 (1955), 396-9.

1956

"Marxist Tracts," Philosophical Quarterly, 6 (1956), 366-70.

"Manchester: The Modern Universities and the English

Tradition," Twentieth Century, 159 (Feb. 1956), 123-9.

"A Society Without a Metaphysics," Listener , Sept. 13 1956,

375-6.

Review of An Essay on Christian Philosophy by Illtyd Trethowen,

Philosophical Quarterly, 378-9.



Review of Subject and Object in Modern Theology by James Brown,

Journal of Theological Studies, 7 (1956), 340-2.

1957

"Determinism," Mind , 66 (1957), 28-41.

"The Logical Status of Religious Beliefs," in Metaphysical Beliefs:

Three Essays by Stephen Toulmin, Ronald W. Hepburn and Alasdair MacIntyre

(London: SCM Press, 1957) pp. 157-201.

"What Morality is Not," Philosophy, 32 (1957), 325-35.Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and

Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 96-108. 1958

"On Not Misrepresenting Philosophy," Universities and Left Review,

4 (Summer 1958), 72-3.

"The Algebra of the Revolution," [Review of Marxism and Freedom

by Raya Dunayevskaya], Universities and Left Review, 5 (Autumn

1958), 79-80.

Review of Faith Reason and Existence by John A. Hutchison, Mind , 67

(1958), 283-4.

1959

"Notes from the Moral Wilderness I," New Reasoner , No.7

(Winter 1958-9), 90-100.

"Notes from the Moral Wilderness II," New Reasoner , No.8

(Spring 1959), 89-98.

"Hume on `Is' and `Ought'," Philosophical Review, 68 (1959), 451-

68. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and

Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 109-24.

"Marcuse, Marxism and the Monolith," [Review of Soviet



Marxism: A Critical Analysis by Herbert Marcuse], New Reasoner , No.9

(1959), 139-40.

"Straw Man of the Age," [Review of The Establishment

, HughThomas, ed.], Oct. 3 1959, 433-4.

Review of Faith and Logic, Basil Mitchell, ed. Philosophical Quarterly,

9 (1959), 90-1.

1960

"Purpose and Intelligent Action," Proceedings of the Aristotelian

Society, Supplementary volume 34 (1960), 79-96.

"Breaking the Chains of Reason," in Out of Apathy, E. P.

Thompson, ed. (London: Stevens and Sons, 1960) pp. 195-

240.

"Case History," [A poem], New Statesman, Oct. 8 1960, 532.

"On the Death of an Oxford Philosopher," [A poem], New Statesman, Mar. 12 1960, 369.

"Positivism in Perspective," New Statesman, Apr. 2 1960, 490-1.

"Freedom and Revolution," Labour Review, Feb./Mar. 1960, 19-

24.

"Comment Upon `Commitment and Objectivity'," in Moral Issues

in the Training of Teachers and Social Workers, Paul Halmos, ed.

Sociological Review Monograph 3, 1960, pp. 89-92.

Review of History and Eschatology by Rudolf Bultmann, Philosophical

Quarterly, 10 (1960), 92-3.

1961



"The Man who Answered the Irish Question," [Review of The

Life and Times of James Connolly by C. Desmond Greaves], New Left

Review, 8 (Mar.-Apr. 1961), 66-7.

"Marxists and Christians," Twentieth Century, 170 (Autumn

1961), 28-37.

1962

"A Mistake About Causality in Social Science," in Philosophy,

Politics and Society (Second Series), Peter Laslett and W. G.

Runciman, eds. (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1962) pp. 48-70.

Review of Religious Belief by C. B. Martin, Philosophical Quarterly, 12

(1962), 288.

1963

"Going into Europe," Encounter , 20(2) (Feb. 1963), 65.

"God and the Theologians," [Review of Honest to God by John

Robinson] Encounter , 21(3) (Sept. 1963), 3-10. Abbreviated

version reprinted in The Honest to God Debate, David L. Edwards,

ed. (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1963) pp. 215-28. Also

reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and


"Trotsky in Exile," [Review of The Prophet Outcast by Isaac

Deutscher] Encounter , 21(6) (Dec. 1963), 73-8. Reprinted in

Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy byAlasdair MacIntyre pp. 52-9.

Review of Freedom and Immortality by Ian T. Ramsey, Philosophical

Quarterly, 13 (1963), 182-3.

1964

"Marx," in Western Political Philosophers: A Background Book , Maurice

Cranston, ed. (London: Bodley Head, 1964), pp. 99-108.



"Is Understanding Religion Compatible With Believing?" in

Faith and the Philosophers, John Hick, ed. (New York: St. Martin's

Press, 1964) pp. 115-33.

"Freudian and Christian Dogmas as Equally Unverifiable," in

Faith and the Philosophers, John Hick, ed. (New York: St. Martin's

Press, 1964) pp. 110-11.

"Existentialism," in A Critical History of Western Philosophy, D. J.

O'Connor, ed. (New York: Free Press, 1964) pp. 509-29.

"Against Utilitarianism," in Aims in Education: The Philosophic

Approach, T. H. B. Hollins, ed., (Manchester: Manchester

University Press, 1964) pp. 1-23.

"Guide Through a Maze," [Review of A Companion to Wittgenstein's

Tractatus by Max Black], Guardian, Oct. 23 1964, 13.

"Pascal and Marx: On Lucien Goldmann's Hidden God ," Encounter ,

23(4) (Oct. 1964), 69-76. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 76-

87.

"Freud as Moralist," [Review of The Letters of Sigmund Freud and

Oskar Pfister , Heinrich Meng and Ernst L. Freud, eds.] New York

Review of Books, Feb. 20 1964, 7.

"The Socialism of R. H. Tawney," [Review of The Radical Tradition,by R. H. Tawney] New York Review of Books, July 30 1964, 21-2.

Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and


"After Hegel," [Review of From Hegel to Nietzsche, by Karl Löwith],

New York Review of Books, Sept. 24 1964, 15-16.

1965



"Imperatives, Reasons for Action, and Morals," Journal of

Philosophy, 62 (1965), 513-23. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of

the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp.

125-35.

"The Psycho-analysts: The Future of an Illusion?," Encounter ,

24(5) (May 1965), 38-43. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the

Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 27-

37.

"Weber at his Weakest," [Review of The Sociology of Religion by

Max Weber], Encounter , 25(5) (Nov. 1965), 85-7.

"Marxist Mask & Romantic Face: Lukács on Thomas Mann,"

[Review of Essays on Thomas Mann by Georg Lukács] Encounter ,

24(4) (May 1965), 64-72. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the

Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 60-

9.

"Pleasure as a Reason for Action," Monist , 49 (1965), 215-33.

Reprinted in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 173-90.

"Irrational Man," [Review of Man and His Symbols C. G. Jung ed.

and Outline of a Jungian Aesthetics by Morris Philipson], New York

Review of Books, Feb. 25 1965, 5-6.

Review of Language, Logic and God by Frederick Ferré, Philosophical

Quarterly, 15 (1965), 284-5.

1966

"The Antecedents of Action," in British Analytic Philosophy, Bernard

Williams and Alan Montefiore, eds. (London: Routledge and

Kegan Paul, 1966) pp. 205-25. Reprinted in Against the Self-Images

of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp.

191-210.



"Recent Political Philosophy," in Political Ideas, David

Thompson, ed. (New York: Basic Books, 1966) pp. 189-200.

"Modern Times," [Review of An Introduction to Contemporary History

by Geoffrey Barraclough and Power and Human Destiny by Herbert

Rosinski], New York Review of Books, Mar. 17 1966, 24-6.

1967

"The Idea of a Social Science," Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society,

Supplementary volume 41 (1967), 95-114. Reprinted in (1)

Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy byAlasdair MacIntyre, pp. 211-29; (2) The Philosophy of Social

Explanation, Alan Ryan, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press,

1973) pp. 15-32.

"Being," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed. (New

York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 1, pp. 273-7.

"Brunner, Emil,"in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed.(New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 1, pp. 403-5.

"Egoism and Altruism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul

Edwards, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 2, pp. 462-6.

"Essence and Existence," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul


"Existentialism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed.

(New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 3, pp. 147-54.

"Freud, Sigmund," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed.

(New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 3, pp. 249-53.

"Jung, Carl Gustav," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards,

ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 4, pp. 294-6.



"Kierkegaard, Søren Aabye" in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul

Edwards, ed. (New York: Macmillan, 1967) Vol. 4 pp. 336-40.

"Myth," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed. (New


"Ontology," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed. (New


"Pantheism," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul Edwards, ed. (New


"Spinoza, Benedict (Baruch)," in Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Paul


"Sociology and the Novel," Times Literary Supplement , July 27 1967,

657-58.

"The Well-Dressed Theologian," [Review of The New Theologians by Ved Mehta], Encounter , 28(3) (Mar. 1967),76-8.

"Emasculating History: On Mazlish's `Riddle'," [Review of The

Riddle of History by Bruce Mazlish], Encounter , 29(2) (Aug. 1967),

78-80.

Review of Twenty Letters to a Friend by Svetlana Alliluyeva, Yale Law

Journal , 77 (1967/1968) 1032-6. Reprinted as "How Not toWrite About Stalin," in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on

Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 48-51.

Review of Philosophy of Social Science by Richard Rudner, British

Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 18 (1967), 344-5.

Review of The Savage Mind by Claude Lévi-Strauss, Philosophical

Quarterly, 17 (1967), 559-61.



1968

"The Reith Lectures are Discussed," Listener , 79 (1968), 38-42.

"Secularisation," Listener , Feb. 15 1968, 193-6.

"Noam Chomsky's View of Language," Listener , May 30 1968,

685-6.

"Death and the English," Listener , June 6 1968, 718-19.

"The Strange Death of Social Democracy in England," Listener , July 4 1968, 7-8. Reprinted in The Left in Britain 1956-68, D.

Widgery, ed. (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1976).

"Who Gets Killed -- Alasdair MacIntyre Discusses the Death

of Senator Kennedy," Listener , July 18 1968, 80-81.

"Doubts About Koestler," [Review of Drinkers of Infinity: Essays

1955-67 by Arthur Koestler], Listener , 80 (1968), 342.

"In Place of Harold Wilson?" [Review of The Politics of Harold

Wilson by Paul Foot and Matters of Principle: Labour's Last Chance,

Tyrrell Burgess, ed.], Listener , Oct. 10 1968, 476.

"Technocratic Smokescreen," [Review of Technocracy by Jean

Meynaud], Listener , Nov. 28 1968, 723-4.

"How to Write About Lenin -- and How Not To," [Review of

Lenin: The Man, The Theorist, The Leader , Leonard Shapiro and Peter

Reddaway, eds.], Encounter , 30(5) (May 1968), 71-4. Reprinted

in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by

Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 43-7.

"Son of Ideology," [Review of The Concept of Ideology and Other Essays

by George Lichtheim], New York Review of Books, May 9 1968, 26-8.



1969

"Philosophy & Sanity: Nietzsche's Titanism," [Review of The

Will to Power by Friedrich Nietzsche, trans. Walter Kaufmann

and R. J. Hollingdale], Encounter , 32(4) (Apr. 1969), 79-82.

"Made in the USA," [Review of International Encyclopaedia of the

Social Sciences, David Sills, ed.], New York Review of Books, Feb. 27

1979, 14-16.

"Marxism of the Will," [Review of Venceremos! The Speeches and Writings of Che Guevara, John Gerassi, ed., Reminiscences of the Cuban

Revolutionary War by Che Guevara, The Complete Bolivian Diaries of Che

Guevara, Daniel James. ed., My Friend Che by Ricardo Rojo,

Revolution in the Revolution by Regis Debray, and The Communists and

the Peace by Jean-Paul Sartre], Partisan Review, 36 (1969), 128-33.



"Universities for the Rich," New Statesman, Jan. 10 1969, 42-3.

"On Marcuse," New York Review of Books, Oct. 23 1969, 37-8.

Reprinted as Chapter 8 in Marcuse by Alasdair MacIntyre.

Review of Readings in the Philosophy of the Social Sciences, May

Brodbeck, ed., British Journal for the Philosophy of Science, 20 (1969),

174-5.

1970

"Gods & Sociologists," Encounter , 34(3) (Mar. 1970), 68-74.

"Political and Philosophical Epilogue: A View of The Poverty of

Liberalism by Robert Paul Wolff,"



Proceedings of the Conference for Political Theory, New York, 1970.



1971

"Conversations with Philosophers: Alasdair MacIntyre Talks

to Bryan Magee About Political Philosophy and its

Emergence from the Doldrums," Listener , Feb. 25 1971, 235-8.

Reprinted as "Philosophy and Social Theory," in Modern British

Philosophy Bryan Magee, ed. (London: Seeker and Warburg,

1971), pp.190-201.

"The End of Ideology and the End of the End of Ideology," in

Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by

Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 3-11.

"Philosophy and Ideology," in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays

on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 91-5.

"Ought," in Against the Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 136-56.

"Some More about `Ought'," in Against the Self-Images of the Age:

Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 157-72.

"Emotion, Behavior and Belief," in Against the Self-Images of the Age:

Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair MacIntyre, pp. 230-43.Revised version published as "Behavior, Belief and Emotion,"

in Interpretations of Life and Mind: Essays Around the Problem of Reduction,

Marjorie Grene, ed. (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul,

1971) pp. 84-98.

"Rationality and the Explanation of Action," in Against the Self-

Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair

MacIntyre, pp. 244-59.



"Is a Science of Comparative Politics Possible?" in Against the

Self-Images of the Age: Essays on Ideology and Philosophy by Alasdair

MacIntyre, pp. 260-79. Reprinted in (1)Philosophy, Politics and

Society, 4th Series, Peter Laslett, W. G. Runciman and Quentin

Skinner, eds. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1972), pp. 8-26; (2) The

Philosophy of Social Explanation, Alan Ryan, ed. (Oxford: Oxford


"A Perspective on Philosophy," Social Research, 38 (1971), 655-

68. Reprinted in Social Research, 51 (1984), 323-43.

"Mr Wilson's Pragmatism," [Review of The Labour Government 1966-

70: A Personal Record by Harold Wilson], Listener , July 29 1971,

150-51. Reprinted in A Second Listener Anthology, K. Miller, ed.

(London: BBC, 1973).

"Tell Me Where You Stand on Kronstadt," [Review of Kronstadt

1921 by Paul Avrich], New York Review of Books, Aug. 12 1971, 24-5.

1972

"Praxis and Action," [Review of Praxis and Action by Richard J.

Bernstein], Review of Metaphysics, 25 (1972), 737-44.

"Chairman's Opening Remarks," in Linguistic Analysis and

Phenomenology, Wolfe Mays and S. C. Brown, eds. (London:

Macmillan, 1972) pp. 40-45.

"Hegel on Faces and Skulls", in Hegel: A Collection of Critical Essays,

Alasdair MacIntyre, ed., pp. 219-36.

"Justice: A New Theory and Some Old Questions," [Review of

A Theory of Justice by John Rawls], Boston University Law Review, 52

(1972), 330-4.

"Rational Science," [Review of Objective Knowledge: An Evolutionary



Approach by Karl Popper], Listener , Dec. 14 1972, 835-6.

1973

"Ideology, Social Science and Revolution," Comparative Politics, 5

(1973), 321-42.

"The Essential Contestability of Some Social Concepts,"

Ethics, 84 (1973), 1-9.

"Ancient Politics and Modern Issues," [Review of Civil

Disobedience in Antiquity by David Daube, and

Enemies of the Roman Order by Ramsay MacMullen], Arion (NewSeries), 1(2) (1973), 425-30.

1974

"Irish Conflicts and British Illusions," New Statesman, July 19

1974, 75-6.

"Sunningdale: A `Colonial' Solution," Irish Press, June 5 1974.

"Durkheim's Call to Order," [Review of Émile Durkheim: His Life and

Work by Steven Lukes], New York Review of Books, Mar. 7 1974, 25-

6.

1975

"How Virtues Become Vices: Medicine and Society," Encounter ,

45(1) (July 1975), 11-17. Reprinted as "How Virtues Become

Vices: Values, Medicine and Social Context," in Evaluation and

Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences, H. Tristram Engelhardt Jr. and

Stuart F. Spicker, eds. (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1975) pp. 97-111.

"Has Science Any Future," in Science and Society: Past, Present and

Future, Nicholas Hans Steneck, ed. (Ann Arbor: University of

Michigan Press, 1975), pp. 356-62.



"Russell's Flawed Biography," Spectator , Nov. 1 1975, 567.

"Jane's Fighting Ships," [Review of Jane Austen and the War of Ideas

by Marilyn Butler], New Statesman Oct.24 1975, 508-9.

"Toward a Theory of Medical Fallibility," (with Samuel

Gorowitz), Hastings Center Report , 5 (1975), 13-23. Reprinted in

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 1 (1976), 51-71.

1976

"On Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval by C. B. Macpherson," Canadian Journal of Philosophy, 6 (1976), 177-81.

"Interpretation of the Bible," [Review of The Eclipse of Biblical

Narrative by Hans W. Frei], Yale Review, 65 (1976), 251-5.

"Causality and History," in Essays on Explanation and Understanding:

Studies in the Foundations of Humanities and Social Sciences J. Manninen

and R. Tuomela, eds. (Dordrecht and Boston: Reidel, 1976)pp. 137-58.

"Power and Virtue in the American Republic," in The Case For

and Against Power for the Federal Government (Ripon: Ripon College

Press, 1976) pp. 16-20.

"Who Judges Whom?" [Review of Vico and Herder: Two Studies in the

History of Ideas by Isaiah Berlin], Listener , Feb. 26 1976, 251.

1977

"Epistemological Crises, Dramatic Narrative and the

Philosophy of Science," The Monist , 60 (1977), 453-72.

Reprinted in Paradigms and Revolutions: Appraisals and Applications of

Thomas Kuhn's Philosophy of Science, Gary Cutting, ed. (Notre Dame:

University of Notre Dame Press, 1980) pp. 54-74.



"Patients as Agents," in Philosophical Medical Ethics: Its Nature and

Significance, H. Tristram Engelhardt, Jr. and Stuart F. Spicker,

eds. (Dordrecht: Reidel, 1977) pp. 197-212.

"Can Medicine Dispense with a Theological Perspective on

Human Nature?" in Knowledge, Value and Belief H. Tristram

Engelhardt Jr. and Daniel Callahan, eds. (Hastings-on-

Hudson; Hastings Center, 1977) pp. 25-43. Reprinted in The

Roots of Ethics: Science, Religion, and Values, Daniel Callahan and

Tristram Engelhardt Jr., eds. (New York and London: Plenum,

1981) pp. 119-37.

"A Rejoinder to a Rejoinder," in Knowledge, Value and Belief , H.

Tristram Engelhardt Jr. and Daniel Callahan (Hastings-on-

Hudson; Hastings Center, 1977) pp. 75-8. Reprinted in The

Roots of Ethics: Science, Religion, and Values , Daniel Callahan and

Tristram Engelhardt Jr., eds. (New York and London: Plenum,

1981) pp. 171-4.

"Utilitarianism and the Presuppositions of Cost-BenefitAnalysis," in Values in the Electric Power Industry , Kenneth Sayre, ed.

(Notre Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press,

1977) pp. 217-37. Reprinted in The Moral Dimensions of Public Policy

Choice: Beyond the Market Paradigm, John Martin Gilroy and Maurice

Wade, eds. (Pittsburgh and London: University of Pittsburgh

Press, 1992), pp. 179-94.

1978

"What Has Ethics to Learn from Medical Ethics?" Annual

Proceedings of the Center for Philosophic Exchange, 2(4) (Summer 1978),

37-47.

"How to Identify Ethical Principles," in The Belmont Report: Ethical

Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research I ,

(DHEW pub. no. (OS) 78-0013, Washington, 1978).



"Behaviorism: Philosophical Analysis," in Encyclopaedia of

Bioethics Warren T. Reich et al, eds. (New York: Macmillan, 1978)

pp. 110-15.

"The Right to Die Garrulously," in Death and Decision, Ernan

McMullin, ed. American Association for the Advancement of

Science, Selected Symposium 18, (Boulder: Westview Press,

1978) pp. 75-84. Reprinted in Moral Dilemmas: Readings in Ethics and

Social Philosophy, Richard L. Purtill, ed. (Belmont: Wadsworth,

1985) pp.

"Kissinger-Brinkley `Horror Comic'," [Letter to the Editor],

New York Times, Feb. 3 1978, A22.

"Objectivity in Morality and Objectivity in Science," in Morals,

Science and Sociality, H. Tristram Englehardt Jr. and Daniel

Callahan, eds. (Hastings-on-the-Hudson: Hastings Center,

1978) pp. 21-39.

Review of Lying by Sisela Bok, Right and Wrong by Charles Fried,and Ethics at the Edges of Life by Paul Ramsay, New Republic, May 6

1978, 28-30.

Review of A History of Philosophy in America by Elizabeth Flower and

Murray G. Murphy, New England Quarterly51 (1978), 439-42.

Review of The Legitimation of Belief by Ernest Gellner, British Journal

for the Philosophy of Science, 29 (1978), 105-10.

1979

"Seven Traits for the Future," Hastings Center Report , 9(1) (Feb.

1979), 5-7.

"Why is the Search for the Foundations of Ethics So

Frustrating?" Hastings Center Report , 9(4) (Aug. 1979), 16-22.

Reprinted as "A Crisis in Moral Philosophy: Why is the



Search for the Foundations of Ethics So Frustrating?" in (1)

Knowing and Valuing: The Search for Common Roots, Tristram H.

Engelhardt Jr. and Daniel Callahan, eds. (Hastings on the

Hudson: Hastings Center, 1980) pp. 18-35; (2)The Roots of

Ethics: Science, Religion, and Values, Daniel Callahan and Tristram

Engelhardt Jr., eds. (New York and London: Plenum, 1981)

pp. 3-20.

"Ethical Issues in Attending Physician-Resident Relations: A

Philosopher's View," Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, 55

(1) (1979, 57-61.

"Theology, Ethics, and the Ethics of Medicine and Health

Care: Comments on Papers by Novak, Mouw, Roach, Cahill,

and Hartt," Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 4 (1979), 435-43.

"Social Science Methodology as the Ideology of Bureaucratic

Authority," in Through the Looking Glass: Epistemology and the Conduct of

Inquiry, Maria J. Falco, ed. (Washington: University Press of

America, 1979) pp. 42-58.

"Corporate Modernity and Moral Judgment: Are They

Mutually Exclusive," in Ethics and Problems of the 21st Century,

Kenneth M. Sayre and Kenneth E. Goodpaster, eds. (Notre

Dame and London: University of Notre Dame Press, 1979)

pp. 122-35.

"Power Industry Morality," in Symposium, (Washington: Edison

Electric Institute, 1979) pp. 94-108.

"The Poverty of Political Theory," [Review of Western Political

Theory in the Face of the Future by John Dunn], London Review of Books,

Dec. 20 1979, 4, 6.

Review of The Social and Political Thought of Leon Trotsky by Baruch

Knei-Paz, American Historical Review, 84 (1979), 113-14.

Review of Rationality and the Social Sciences: Contributions to the Philosophy



and Methodology of the Social Sciences, S. I. Benn and G. W.

Mortimore, eds., American Journal of Sociology, 85 (1979), 217-19.

Review of Concepts and Categories

by Isaiah Berlin,New Republic

, June 9 1979, 34-5.

1980

"Regulation: A Substitute for Morality," Hastings Center Report ,

10(1) (Feb. 1980), 31-3.

"The Wrong Questions to Ask About War," [Review of The

Ethics of War by Barrie Paskins and Michael Dockrill], HastingsCenter Report , 10(6) (Dec. 1980), 40-41.

"How Moral Education Came to Find its Place in the Schools,"

(National Humanities Center Working Paper #1), in Ethics and

Moral Education (Research Triangle Park, N. C: National

Humanities Center, 1980).

Contexts of Interpretation: Reflections on Hans GeorgeGadamer's Truth and Method ," Boston University Journal , 26 (1980),

173-6.

"The American Idea," in America and Ireland, 1776-1976: The American

Identity and the Irish Connection David Noel Doyle and Owen Dudley

Edwards, eds. (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1980), pp. 57-

68.

"Rumpelstilskin's Rules," Wellesley Wragtime, Dec. 1980, 6.

"Alasdair MacIntyre on the Claims of Philosophy," [Review of

Philosophy and the Mirror of Nature by Rorty, The Claim of Reason:

Wittgenstein, Skepticism, Morality and Tragedy by Stanley Cavell, and

Philosophy As It Is by Ted Honderich and Myles Burnyeat], London

Review of Books, June 5-18 1980, 15-16.

"The Idea of America," [Review of Inventing America: Jefferson's



Declaration of Independence by Garry Wills], London Review of Books,

Nov. 6-19 1980, 14.

"Ayer, Anscombe and Empiricism," [Review of Perception and

Identity: Essays Presented to A. J. Ayer with his Replies to Them, G. E.

MacDonald, ed, and Intention and Intentionality: Essays in Honour of G. E.

M. Anscombe, Cora Diamond and Jenny Teichman, eds.], London

Review of Books, April 7 1980, 9-10.

"John Stuart Mill's Forgotten Victory," [Review of An

Examination of Sir William Hamilton's Philosophy by J. S.Mill, J. M.

Robson, ed.], London Review of Books, Oct. 16 1980, 13-14.

Review of The Greek Concept of Justice by Eric Havelock, American

Historical Review, 85 (1980), 605.

1981

"The Nature of the Virtues: From Homer to Benjamin

Franklin," Hastings Center Report , 11(2) (Apr. 1981), 27-34.

"Dr. Küng's Fiasco," [Review of Does God Exist? by Hans Küng],

London Review of Books, Feb. 5-18 1981, 7-8.

"Strangers," [Review of Modern French Philosophy by Vincent

Descombes], London Review of Books, Ap. 16-May 6 1981, 115-

116.

"Pluralistic Philosophy," [Review of Philosophical Explanations byRobert Nozick], New York Times Book Review, Sept. 20 1981, 7, 34.

Review of Truth, Love and Immortality: An Introduction to McTaggart's

Philosophy by Peter Geach, Ethics, 91 (1981), 667-8.

Review of The Teaching of Ethics in the Social Sciences by Donald P.

Warwick, Teaching Philosophy, 4 (1981), 170-71.

1982



"How Moral Agents Became Ghosts: Or, Why the History of

Ethics Divided from that of the Philosophy of Mind," Synthese,

53 (1982), 295-312.

"Risk, Harm, and Benefit Assessments as Instruments of

Moral Education," in Ethical Issues in Social Science Research, Tom L.

Beauchamp et al , eds. (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1982)

pp. 175-92.

"Philosophy, The `Other' Disciplines, and Their Histories: A

Rejoinder to Richard Rorty," Soundings, 65 (1982), 127-45.

"Comments on Frankfurt," Synthese, 53 (1982), 291-4.

"Philosophy and its History," Analyse & Kritik , 4 (1982), 102-13.

"Intelligibility, Goods, and Rules," Journal of Philosophy, 79

(1982), 663-5.

"Contemporary Moral Culture," in Catholic Commission on Intellectual

and Cultural Affairs Annual 1982 (Notre Dame: Catholic Commissionon Intellectual and Cultural Affairs, 1982) pp. 26-34.

"Public Virtue," [Review of Explaining America: The `Federalist' by

Garry Wills, and James McCosh and the Scottish Intellectual Tradition by J.

David Heoveler, Jr.], London Review of Books, Feb. 18-Mar. 3 1982,

14.

"Good for Nothing," [Review of Iris Murdoch: Work for the Spirit byElizabeth Dipple], London Review of Books, June 3-16 1982, 15-16.

"Hannah Arendt as Thinker," [Review of Hannah Arendt: For Love

of the World by Elisabeth Young-Bruehl], Commonweal , Sept. 10

1982, 471-2.

"After Bertrand Russell," [Review of Philosophy in the Twentieth

Century by A. J. Ayer], New York Times Book Review, Nov. 28 1982, 3,

26.



Review of Religion and Public Doctrine in England by Maurice Cowling,

Political Theory, 10 (1982), 129-32.

Review of Moral Philosophy at Seventeenth Century Harvard by Norman

Fiering, William and Mary Quarterly(1982), 687-9.

1983

"Moral Rationality, Tradition, and Authority: A Reply to

O'Neill, Gaita and Clark," Inquiry, 26 (1983), 447-66.

"The Indispensability of Political Theory," in The Nature of Political Theory, David Miller and L. A. Siedentop, eds. (Oxford:

Clarendon, 1983) pp. 17-33.

"Moral Philosophy: What Next?" in Revisions: Changing Perspectives

in Moral Philosophy, Alasdair MacIntyre and Stanley Hauerwas,

eds., pp. 1-15.

"To Whom is the Nurse Responsible?" in Ethical Problems in the Nurse-Patient Relationship, Catherine P. Murphy and Howard

Hunter, eds. (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1983) pp. 73-83.

"Moral Arguments and Social Contexts," Journal of Philosophy, 80

(1983), 590-91.

"The Magic in the Pronoun "My"," [Critical notice of Moral Luck

by Bernard Williams], Ethics, 94 (1983), 113-25.

Review of Beyond Marxism by Vrajendra Ray Mehta, Political Theory,

11 (1983), 623-6.

Review of Sartre by Peter Caws, Journal of Philosophy, 80 (1983),

813-17.

1984



"Bernstein's Distorting Mirrors: A Rejoinder," Soundings, 67

(1984), 30-41.

" After Virtue

and Marxism: A Reply to Wartofsky,"Inquiry

, 27(1984), 251-4.

"The Relationship of Philosophy to its Past," in Philosophy in

History, Richard Rorty, J.B. Schneewind and Quentin Skinner,

eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984) pp. 31-

48.

"Does Applied Ethics Rest on a Mistake?" Monist , 67 (1984),

498-513.

"The Claims of After Virtue," Analyse & Kritik , 6 (1984), 3-7.

"Philosophy and Politics," in Philosophy and Human Enterprise,

USMA Class of 1951 Lecture Series, 1982-3(West Point,

1984) pp. 131-61.

Review of David Hume: Common-sense Moralist, Sceptical Metaphysician byDavid Fate Norton, Noûs, 18

(1984) 379-82.

Review of Ethica Thomistica by Ralph McInerny, Teaching Philosophy,

7 (1984), 168-70.

1985

"Rights, Practices and Marxism: Reply to Six Critics," Analyse &

Kritik , 7 (1985), 234-48.

"Relativism, Power and Philosophy," in Proceedings and Addresses of

the American Philosophical Association (Newark, Delaware: APA, 1985)

pp. 5-22. Reprinted in After Philosophy: End or Transformation,

Kenneth Baynes, James Bohman and Thomas McCarthy, eds.

(Cambridge: MIT Press, 1987) pp. 385-411.



"Medicine Aimed at the Care of Patients Rather Than What?"

in Changing Values in Medicine, Eric J. Cassell and Mark Siegler,

eds. (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America,1985) pp. 83-96.

"How Psychology Makes Itself True - or False," in A Century of

Psychology As Science, Sigmund Koch and David E. Leary, eds.

(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1985) pp. 897-903.

Review of The Moral Psychology of the Virtues by N. J. H. Dent, Review

of Politics, 47 (1985), 436-8.

Review of The Legitimacy of the Modern Age by Hans Blumenberg,

American Journal of Sociology, 90 (1985), 924-6.

Review of Goods and Virtues by Michael Slote, Faith and Philosophy, 2

(1985), 204-7.

1986

"Positivism, Sociology and Practical Reason: Notes of

Durkheim's Suicide," in Human Nature and Natural Knowledge, Alan

Donagan, A. N. Perovich and M. V. Wedin, eds. (Dordrecht:

Reidel, 1986) pp. 87-104.

"Which God Ought We to Obey, and Why?" Faith and Philosophy, 3

(1986), 359-71.

"The Intelligibility of Action," in Rationality, Relativism and the Human

Sciences, Joseph Margolis et al , eds. (Dordrecht: Nijhoff, 1986)

pp. 63-80.

"The Humanities and the Conflicts of and With Traditions," in

Interpreting the Humanities 1986 (Princeton, 1986) pp. 17-33.

Review of Slavery and Human Progress by David Brion Davis, and

Bribes by John T. Noonan Jr., Ethics, 96 (1986), 429-31.



Review of The Theory of the Will in Classical Antiquity by Albrecht

Dihle, Ancient Philosophy, 6 (1986), 242-5.

1987

"The Idea of an Educated Public," in Education and Values: The

Richard Peters Lectures, Graham Haydon,

ed. (London: University of London, Institute of Education,

1987) pp. 15-36.

"Philosophy: Past Conflicts and Future Direction," Proceedings

and Addresses of the American Philosophical Association, suppl vol. 61(1987), pp. 81-7.

"Practical Rationalities as Forms of Social Structure," Irish

Journal of Philosophy, 4 (1987), 3-19.

"Post-Skinner and Post-Freud: Philosophical Causes of

Scientific Disagreements,: in Scientific Controversies: Case Studies in

the Resolution and Closure of Disputes in Science and Technology, H. TristramEngelhardt Jr. and Arthur L. Caplan, eds. (Cambridge


"Can One Be Unintelligible to Oneself?" in Philosophy in its Variety:

Essays in Memory of François Bordet , Christopher McKnight and

Marcel Stchedroff, eds. (Belfast: Queen's University of

Belfast, 1987) pp. 23-37.

"John Niemeyer Findlay," Bulletin of the Hegel Society of Great Britain,

16 (1987), 4-7.

1988

"Rival Justices, Competing Rationalities," [Excerpted from

Whose Justice? Which Rationality?], This World , 21 (1988), 78-87.

"SÇphrosun‘: How a Virtue Can Become Socially Disruptive,"



Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 13 (1988), 1-11.

"Imaginative Universals and Historical Falsification: A

Rejoinder to Professor Verene,"New Vico Studies

, 6 (1988), 21-30.

"How to Teach Belief?" The Maine Scholar , 1 (1988), 17-

"Poetry as Political Philosophy: Notes on Burke and Yeats,"

in On Modern Poetry: Essays Presented to Donald Davie, Vereen Bell and

Laurence Lerner, eds. (Vanderbilt University Press, 1988) pp.

145-57.

Review of Visions of Virtue in Tokugawa Japan by Tetsuo Najita, Ethics,

98 (1988), 587-8.

1989

Review of Human Character and Morality by Stephen D. Hudson,

Noûs, 23 (1989), 389-90.

1990

"Moral Dilemmas," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 50

Supp. (1990), 367-82.

"Individual and Social Morality in Japan and the United

States: Rival Conceptions of the Self," Philosophy

East and West , 40 (1990), 489-97.

"The Privatization of Good: An Inaugural Lecture," Review of

Politics, 52 (1990), 344-61.

"Rejoinder to My Critics, Especially Solomon," Review of Politics,

52 (1990), 375-7.

"The gifford Lectures: Some Modest Proposals," Scots



Philosophical Newsletter , 3 (1989), 4-6.

"The Form of the Good, Tradition and Enquiry," in Value and

Understanding: Essays for Peter Winch, Raimond Gaita, ed. (London:Routledge, 1990), pp. 242-62.

"The Return to Virtue Ethics," in The Twenty-Fifth Anniversary of

Vatican II , Russell E. Smith, ed. (Braintree: The Pope John

Centre, 1990) pp. 239-49.

Review of Contingency, Irony and Solidarity by Richard Rorty, Journal of

Philosophy, 87 (1990), 708-11.

Review of The Abuse of Casuistry by Albert R. Jonsen and Stephen

Toulmin, Journal of the History of Philosophy, 28 (1990), 634-5.

1991

"Community, Law, and the Idiom and Rhetoric of Rights,"

Listening: Journal of Religion and Culture, 26 (1991), 96-110.

"Précis of Whose Justice? Which Rationality?," Philosophy and

Phenomenological Research, 51 (1991), 149-52.

"Reply to Roque," Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 51

(1991), 619-20.

"Reply to Dahl, Baier and Schneewind," Philosophy and

Phenomenological Research, 51 (1991), 169-78.

"I'm Not a Communitarian, But...," The Responsive Community, 1 (3)

(Summer 1991), 91-2.

"Persons and Human Beings: The Person and the Human

Mind: Issues in Ancient and Modern Philosophy," (with

Christopher Gill), Arion, 1 (1991), 188-94.

"How to Seem Virtuous Without Actually Being So," Centre for



the Study of Cultural Values, Occasional Papers Series No.1, (Lancaster

University, 1991)

"Nietzsche O Aristotele?" inConversazioni Americane

, GiovannaBorradori, ed. (Roma-Bari: Editori Laterza, 1991) pp. 169-87.

English translation, "Nietzsche or Aristotle?" in The American

Philosopher: Conversations with Quine, Davidson, Putnam, Nozick, Danto, Rorty,

Cavell, MacIntyre, and Kuhn by Giovanna Borradori (Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1994) pp. 137-52.

"How Is Intellectual Excellence in Philosophy To Be

Understood By a Catholic Philosopher?" Current Issues in

Catholic Higher Education, 12 (1991), 47-50.

"Incommensurability, Truth, and the Conversation Between

Confucians and Aristotelians About the Virtues," in Culture and

Modernity: East-West Philosophic Perspectives, Eliot Deutsch, ed.

(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991), 104-22.

"An Interview With Alasdair MacIntyre," Cogito, 5 (1991), 67-

73.

Review of The Tradition of Scottish Philosophy by Alexander Broadie,

Philosophical Quarterly, 41 (1991),

258-60.

Review of The Persistence of Faith by Jonathan Sacks, The Tablet ,

Feb. 25 1991), 240-2.

Review of Newman After a Hundred Years, Ian Ker and Alan G. Hill,

eds., Philosophical Books, 32 (1991),

154-6.

Review of An Introduction to the Metaphysics of Knowledge by Yves René

Simon, American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 65 (1991), 112-14.

Review of The Fabric of Character: Aristotle's Theory of Virtue by Nancy

Sherman, Mind , 100 (1991), 415-16.



Review of The Idea of Political Theory: Reflections on the Self in Political Time

and Place by Tracy B. Strong, Ethics, 101 (1991), 878-9.

Review of Philosophy and the Spontaneous Philosophy of the Scientists and

Other Essays by Louis Althusser, Isis, 82 (1991), 603-4.

1992

"Colors, Cultures and Practices," Midwest Studies in Philosophy, 17

(1992), 1-23.

"Plain Persons and Moral Philosophy: Rules, Virtues andGoods," American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly, 66 (1992), 3-19.

"What Has Not Happened in Moral Philosophy," Yale Journal of

Criticism, 5 (1992), 193-9.

Review of Morality and Modernity by Ross Poole, Radical Philosophy,

60 (1992), 57-8.

Review of Mind in Action by Amélie O. Rorty, Noûs, 26 (1992),

101-2.

Review of The Ennobling of Democracy: The Challenge of the Postmodern Age

by Thomas L. Pangle, Review of Politics, 54 (1992), 311-13.

Review of The Moral Virtues and Theological Ethics by Romanus

Cessario, Thomist , 56 (1992), 339-44.

Review of Cultural Otherness: Correspondence with Richard Rorty by

Anindita Niyogi Balslev, Philosophy East and West , 42 (1992), 682-

4.

1993

"Miller's Foucault, Foucault's Foucault," Salmagundi , 97 (1993),

54-60.



"Are Philosophical Problems Insoluble? The Relevance of

System and History," in Philosophical Imagination and Cultural Memory:

Appropriating Historical Traditions, Patricia Cook, ed. (Durham, N.C.:Duke University Press, 1993) pp. 65-82.

"Which World Do You See?" [Review of Metaphysics as a Guide to

Morals, by Iris Murdoch], New York Times Book Review, Jan. 3 1993,

9.

Review of Moral Education in Aristotle by Gerard Verbeke, Ancient

Philosophy, 13 (1993), 220-21.

Review of Moral Absolutes: Tradition, Revision and Truth by John Finnis,

Ethics, 103 (1993), 811-12.

1994

"The Theses on Feuerbach: A Road Not Taken," in Artifacts,

Representations and Social Practice, Carol C. Gould and Robert S.

Cohen, eds. (Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1994) pp. 277-90.

"The Splendour of the Truth," Thomist , 58 (1994), 171-95.

"Critical Remarks on The Sources of the Self by Charles Taylor,"

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 54 (1994), 187-90.

"A Partial Response to My Critics," in After MacIntyre: Critical

Perspectives on the Work of Alasdair MacIntyre, John Horton and SusanMendus, eds. (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press,

1994) pp. 283-304.

"My Station and its Virtues," Journal of Philosophical Research, 19

(1994), 1-8.

"The Privatization of Good: An Inaugural Lecture," in The

Liberalism-Communitarianism Debate: Liberty and Community Values, C. F.

Delaney, ed. (Lanham, Md.: Rowman and Littlefield, 1994)



pp. 1-17.

"Moral Relativism, Truth and Justification," in Moral Truth and

Moral Tradition, Luke Gormally, ed. (Dublin: Four Courts Press,1994) pp Review of Political Psychology by Jon Elster, Ethics, 105

(1994), 183-5.

1995

"The Spectre of Communitarianism," Radical Philosophy, No.70

(Mar./Apr. 1995), 34-5. "Truthfulness, Lies, and Moral

Philosophers: What Can We Learn from Kant and Mill," in The

Tanner Lectures on Human Values 16 , Grethe B. Peterson, ed. (SaltLake City: University of Utah Press, 1995), pp. 307-61.

"Histories of Moral Philosophy," The Oxford Companion to Philosophy,

Ted Honderich, ed. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), pp. 356-

60.

"Lying," The Oxford Companion to Philosophy, Ted Honderich, ed.

(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 515. Review of Prospects for a Common Morality, Gene Outka and John P. Reeder,

eds. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research, 55 (1995),

484-7.

1996

"Natural Law as Subversive: The Case of Aquinas," Journal of

Medieval and Early Modern Studies, 26 (1996), 61-83.

Review of Philosophy in an Age of Pluralism: The Philosophy of Charles Taylor

in Question, James Tully, ed. Philosophical Quarterly, 46 (1996), 522-

4. 1997

Review of Philosophical Arguments by Charles Taylor, Philosophical

Quarterly, 47 (1997), 94-6.

Alasdair MacIntyre

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Transcript of Alasdair MacIntyre