AL - Microprocessor(01P)

8/13/2019 AL - Microprocessor(01P)

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electronic integrated circuits in a single

packaging chip that is capable of performing

both arithmetic and logical operations as well

as control operation

a monolithic electronic device controlled by a

program

an integrated circuit that engineers imprint

onto a small, silicon semiconductor chip

WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?


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As an integrated circuit, a microprocessor contains

multiple, miniaturized transistors and other

components, which function cooperatively as a

single system.

WHAT IS A MICROPROCESSOR?


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TYPES OF MICROPROCESSOR

Rectangular Jedec

64 pins JEDEC

packaging40 pins plastic

ceramic type

packaging


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PROGRAM is sets of commands or

instructions that tells the computer what to

do or execute.

INTEGRATION TECHNOLOGY is a technology

wherein a large scale electronic circuit are

stored in a single chip packaging.

vacuum tubes transistors IC

DEFINITION


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SMALL SCALE INTEGRATION 10 to 100

transistors

MEDIUM SCALE INTEGRATION 100 to 1,000

transistors

logic gates

LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION 1,000 to 10,000

transistors

registers, flip-flops, counters, decoder

FOUR LEVELS OF INTEGRATION


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VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION 10,000 to

1M+ transistors

Pentium 1 to 4

FOUR LEVELS OF INTEGRATION


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less space requirements

creates new time dimension

less power consumption inexpensive

less heat dissipation

ease of troubleshooting ease of replacement

greater productivity

BENEFITS OF INTEGRATION


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SURFACE-MOUNT TECHNOLOGY solderless

because the devices are already mounted in

the PCB and moulded.

MODULARITYis replaced by module.

DEFINITION


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ARITHMETIC/LOGIC UNIT performs arithmetic

and logical operations.

arithmeticmathematical

logicalpertains to the decision-making

operation of the CPU

CONTROL UNIT supervise the flow of

information between the various part of the

microprocessor.

MAJOR PARTS OF MICROPROCESSOR


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Three Tasks

Fetchdata or instruction from the memory

Encode/Decodethe instruction or data

Execute

MEMORY UNIT external component because

it is located outside the microprocessor.

storage of data or instructionCPU = ALU + CU

MPU

MAJOR PARTS OF MICROPROCESSOR


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Primary/Main Memory

Volatilepower dependent

Static RAM

Dynamic RAM

Non-Volatile

ROM

Flash

Secondary/Auxilliary Memory

diskette

MEMORY UNIT


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CDs

Hard disks

Magnetic tapes

Microfilm

Punch paper tape

Punch card

MEMORY UNIT

SAM (Sequentially Access Memory)

- eradicated


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CONVENTIONAL MEMORY/BASE MEMORY

refers to the actual memory on-board (640KB)

EXTENDED MEMORY use in memory

swapping which is virtual memory

management that is located in hard disk

TYPES OF RAM CONFIGURATION


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SYSTEM BUS is a collection of wires/conductors

that serves as a pathway or passage way of

information or signal to and from and in and out

of the processor

ADDRESS BUS specify the address of the

device the processor wishes to access

DATA BUS serve as the common bus where

data can freely flow

SYSTEM BUS


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CONTROL BUS provides timing and

coordination inside the chip

Major Sources Generation of Control Signals

memory device

I/O devices

Clock

SYSTEM BUS


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BIRECTIONAL FLOW is a two-way

communication of microprocessor

duplex

UNIDIRECTIONAL FLOW is a one-way

communication of microprocessor

simplex

TYPES OF DIRECTIONAL FLOW OF A BUS


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BENEFITS

cheaper

simplicity of design

DISADVANTAGES

slower in speed

bus conflict

BENEFITS AND DISADVANTAGES OF

SINGLE BUS


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fast

prevents queuing

prevents bus conflicts ease of troubleshooting

easy to access

ADVANTAGES OF MULTIBUS


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REDUCED INSTRUCTION SETS COMPUTER

RISC microprocessors can write programs

more easily than CISC microprocessors, as the

former understand a minimal number ofinstructions and can format those instructions

uniformly using the same basic steps.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR


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COMPLEX INSTRUCTION SETS COMPUTER

CISC microprocessors can run programs faster

than their RISC counterparts, as CISC

microprocessors utilize a greater number ofinstructions.

INSTRUCTION SET is a list of all possible

commands or instructions that a particularmicroprocessor can perform or execute.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF MICROPROCESSOR


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BANDWIDTH is the maximum number of bits

that a microprocessor can process while

carrying out a single instruction.

CLOCK SPEED refers to the rate at which a

microprocessor can create pulses of electrical

current for carrying out operations.

DEFINITION


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MICROPROCESSOR relies on various other

computer chips to carry out tasks.

MICROCONTROLLER is a more independent

component, which functions like a separate,

self-contained computer.

MICROPROCESSOR VS

MICROCONTROLLER


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it is a microcomputer itself

it has a microprocessor

it has built-in memory it has built-in clock or timer

it has built-in Analog-Digital Converter or

Digital-Analog Converter

ADVANTAGES OF MICROCONTROLLER


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1971

Busicom, a Japanese manufacturer of high-

performance programmable calculator asked

Intel to design a set of chips for its calculator

production

i4004

was the worlds first general-purpose

microprocessor

HISTORY OF MICROPROCESSOR


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designed by Ted Hoff, Stan Mazor, Federico Faggin

and Masatoshi Shima of Busicom

it consisted of only 2,300 transistors in a 4-bit

wide architecture it supports 45 instructions only

it runs under a clock speed of 740kHz

* Intel Corporation was formerly named as IntegratedElectronics Corporation which was founded by Robert Noyce

and Gordon Moore.



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1972

Intel debuted the i8008

consisting of only 3,500 transistors

it was considered to be the worlds first 8-bit

microprocessor

it can manage both alphanumeric data

it was first used in the construction of Micral

(Mark-8)

Mark-8 was considered the worlds first personal

computer



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1974

Intel introduced the i8080

became the brain of the one of the first personal

computerMITS Altair

it has 6,000 transistors

it has 16-bit addressing, 8-bit data bus, and run at

a clock speed of 2MHz

it contain 16-bit stack pointer to memory

it has 256 Input/Output ports



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became the heart of the MITS Altair 8800 which

was considered to be the worlds first

microcomputer

Motorola debuted the worlds first 8-bitmicroprocessor, M6800

uses low power consumption specifically 5V

power supply RCA 1802 was introduced

capable of running at a speed of 6.4MHz



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1975

Federico Faggin and Masatoshi Shima

developed Zilog Z80

it was viewed as an advancement over 8080

it was modeled after 8080

it runs under a clock frequency of 2.5MHz and

contained 8,500 transistors

Z80A capable of a maximum clock speed of 4MHz

hosted the first standard microprocessor

operating system



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1976

MOS Technologies introduced the 6502

microprocessor

it has 8-bit data bus

it used 250 bytes of RAM

the first microprocessor to use the first

multiplication instructions

it has 16-bit arithmetic and the first to use a fast

interrupt technology



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was the heart and brain of Steve WosniaksApple

II microcomputer

also used by Commodores Atari Game arcade

Computer



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1978

Intel 8086 was constructed

contains 29,000 transistors

with 16-bit data bus

the processor contained a clock speed of 4MHz

the first microprocessor to use segmented

memory addressing

the chip contained a 20-bit address bus providing

it with 1MB of memory space



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1979

Intel introduced i8088 which was based on

8086

it has 16-bit data bus

it ran under a clock frequency of 4MHz

it was the heart of IBMs first personal computer

the IBM PC XT

it was the first chip to support DOS and LOTUS 1-

2-3



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Motorola introduced the 16-bit M68000

it runs at 2MHz and included a 32-bit instruction

set

the first microprocessor to be used as platform ofsome early UNIX systems

it was the heart of Apple for the Lisa and later the

Macintosh it contained 68,000 transistors

it contains 16-bit data bus and 24-bit address bus



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1982

Intel debuted the 16-bit i80286

the first X86 processor to support general

protection and virtual memory

it was the heart of IBM PC AT

it contains 130,000 transistors

the chip can run at speeds of 8 to 12 MHz

it can support 16MB of physical memory

it contains a 16-bit data bus and a 24-bit address

bus



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1985

Intel introduces i80386

it runs at speed ranging from 16-25MHz i80386SX

to 20-40 MHz i80386DX

it contains 32-bit design with 275,000 transistors

it was the first Intel processor to contain both a

32-bit data and address buses contains 4GB address space and the first

mainstream Intel chip to support linear addressing



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1986

Stanford MIPS produced the R2000

was the first commercial RISC microprocessor

it contains 50,000 transistors



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1987

Sun Micro introduces the first SPARC

microprocessor

it runs at 36MHz and was designed to run at a full

32-bit applications

Sun-4 was the first computer based on the SPARC



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1989

Intel 486 was introduced

contains 1.2 million transistors

includes a built-in floating point unit

it includes 8 to 16K internal RAM cache

operates under 16 to 100MHz

the processor to first contain a Level 1 cache



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1993

Intel Pentium I was unveiled

it contains 3.1M transistors

the chip was the first to incorporate a superscale

architecture whose dual-pipeline design could

execute two instructions as one

it contains 64-bit bus along with 16K of Level1cache

it runs at a clock speed ranging from 50 to

120MHz



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1995

Intel introduced Pentium Pro

the processor is optimized for 32-bit applications

running on 32-bit operating systems

it contains 5.5M transistors

it operates on different clock frequencies of 150,

166, 180, or 200MHz the chip contains a 36-bit address data bus



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1996

Cyrix introduced its 6 x 86 family of processor

it operates on the clock speeds ranging from 100

to 150 MHz but it performs at the speeds of Intels

chips

120 to 200MHz

it contain a 64-bit external data bus along with a32-bit address bus



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1997

Intel introduced the Pentium processor with

MMX technology

contains 57 new instructions for Multimedia

expansion

Pentium II was released

originally named as Klamath

it runs at 233MHz

it comes with a 256 or 512 KB cache



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AL - Microprocessor(01P)

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