Akshay Waste Management

8/19/2019 Akshay Waste Management

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GENERAL INTRODUCTION

Background to the Study

Globally, whilst urbanization is a complex phenomenon that provides opportunities and benefits for

countries, it is as well accompanied by problems of social, economic and environmental nature.

These problems, and many others, constitute obstacles to the socio-economic development of

countries and therefore hinder improvements in the lives of their populations.

Ghana, as a developing nation in relation to these urban challenges is not an exception. n line with

this, !ongsore "#$$%&'( observes that )in virtually every urban centre in Ghana, from regional

capitals to district centers and small towns, many people live in neighbourhoods with little or no

provision of infrastructure, services and facilities that are essential to good health*. n the tra+ectory

of the sustainable urban management in Ghana, sustainable solid waste management is a ma+or

intractable urban environmental problem that confronting staeholders.

ven though solid waste management "!WM( concerns have attained priority among governments

and non-governmental development agencies in the developing world, teng-/babio "#$0$( notes

that the approaches and interventions generated often tend to be inclined towards short term

removal of waste from residential areas with less emphasis on effective disposal to ensure

environmental sustainability. fforts towards reducing waste flows and exploiting its economic

value are less prioritized. n a similar stance, 1erboc "#$$2( posits that although most developing

countries do spend about #$ to %$ per cent of metropolitan revenues on waste management, they are

unable to eep pace with the scope of the problem. 3onse4uently, most of the urban landscape is

characterized by open spaces and roadsides littered with refuse5 drainage channels and gutters

choed with waste5 open reservoirs that appear to be little more than toxic pools of solid and li4uid

waste5 and beaches strewn with plastic garbage. The insidious social and health impact of this

neglect is greatest among the poor, particularly those living in the low-income settlements " teng-

/babio #$0$(.

/part from the unsightliness of waste in the environment, the public health implications have been

daunting. 6ata from the Ghana 7ealth !ervice indicate that six "8( out of the top ten "0$( diseases in

Ghana are related to poor environmental sanitation with malaria, diarrhea and typhoid fever +ointly

constituting 9$: to ;': of out- patient cases at health facilities "M


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The situation from personal observation, in the Wa Municipality is a growing on which needs ade4uate

attention in order to combat its growing negative effects.

Proble Stateent

The concentration of population and business activities in Ghanaian cities is being accompanied by

a direct increase in the volume of solid waste generated from production and consumption

activities. !olid waste management in the Wa Municipality has become a significant challenge to

municipal authorities and households alie. 3hoed gutters, overflowing waste containers, littered

polythene bags and open defecation are common scenes in almost all communities in the

Municipality. /gainst this situation of mounting waste generation and littering in the Municipality,

ade4uate collection and safe disposal of solid waste remains a challenge to the Municipal WasteManagement 6epartment "WM6( and 1oomlion Ghana rotection /gency ">/( show that, the Wa Municipal /ssembly "WM/( which is

largely responsible for solid waste disposal in the Municipality is only able to collect about 9$

percent of solid waste generated within the Municipality ">/, #$0$(. /s a result of poor planning

of housing in the Municipality, it becomes very hard for waste management institutions to locate

and collect domestic waste from the numerous dumpsites of every household in most of the

communities as sips are absent in most areas of the Municipality. 7owever, in areas with sips, the

poor disposal attitude of residents and irregular collection results in littering around waste

collection containers which eventually get blown to different areas. n a similar vein, !ule "0?;0(

notes that main cause of the problem of poor environmental conditions can be ascribed to the lac

of seriousness in the enforcement of solid waste disposal code. This is very pertinent in Ghana

where the enforcement of the solid waste disposal code is not effective at the local levels.@nsightly

scenes of heaped decomposed and semi-decomposed solid wastes pollute the environment and

produce offensive odour. !ongsore "0??#( identified the outbrea of diseases as one of the

problems associated with improper solid waste disposal. 7e argues that the danger with open

dumpsites comes from the spread of diseases-usually carried by rodents and bugs. /n example of

this is malaria, which festers in open areas with standing water and particularly hot temperatures.

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Sho!"ng "#ro#er d"$#o$al and "rregular collect"on o% !a$te "n a $ect"on o% the &'A

Ob(ect")e$ o% the Study

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The main aim of the study is to examine the factors affecting effective solid waste management in

the Municipality as well as the health impacts of the problem and suggest possible measures to

tacle it sustainably. !pecifically, the research aims at achieving the following ob+ectives.

To outline the methods employed in solid waste management in the Wa Municipality

To identify the factors contributing to poor solid waste management in the Municipality

To assess the health implications of the poor solid waste management situation.

To mae recommendations for improving solid waste management in the Municipality

Sco#e o% Study*

The study area covered is WM/ in the @pper West =egion of Ghana. To give a better representation

of all other areas in the study and to ensure effective investigation of the problem the study covered

ma+or parts of the =egional capital Wa, thus 1ongo, Wapaani, and !!AT as well as some

communities outside Wa including Bamahu, 3haria and Tiegbere. The study focused on households

as a ma+or proportion of solid waste generated in the Municipality comes from domestic activities.

The communities considered for the study in the WM/ are depicted in the map below.

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'a# o% &'A $ho!"ng the coun"t"e$ o% $tudy+

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LITERATURE RE,IE&

The time waste was +ust some ind of leftover that had to be disposed of is long gone. With the

realization that our resources are not inexhaustible came the awareness that our waste offers

economic opportunities that have to be taen advantage of. While the recycling goal for some

products containing glass, metal, etc. is clear, it is important to point out that even the garbage we

put outside can be used to mae electricity or can be used in other useful products. While

emphasizing the durability of waste, we have to thin about running the waste cycle efficiently too.

Waste management is more than +ust collecting waste. t is the collection, transport, processing,

recycling, disposal and monitoring of waste materials. Aumerous factors, such as environmental,

economic, technical, legislational, institutional and political issues, have to be taen into

consideration. !everal important decisions have to be made. /mongst them is the opening of a new

facility as available locations are becoming increasingly more scarce, or the expansion of a current

facility. !econdly, we have to allocate trucs to certain disposal facilities. Thirdly, we need to

develop efficient routes. Aaturally, collection is the most important and costly aspect of the cycle

because of the labor intensity of the wor and the massive use of trucs in the collection process.

/ccording to 3lar and Gillean 0 C0D and r and 3uri C#D, the collection activity accounts for

approximately ;$ : of all costs associated with waste disposal. 3onse4uently, this paper gives a

review of the available literature on waste management problems with a special focus on the

collection of municipal solid waste. roblem "E=>(. This means

that a solution has to be sought for servicing a number of customers with a fleet of vehicles.

Generally, different types of models can be applied to solve the optimal routing problem& namely,

linear programming, hierarchical methods and several heuristics. / vehicle routing problem

typically consists of a set of vehicles, stops and a depot. / vehicle starts from the depot, visits a

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number of stops and ends at the depot. 6epending on the complexity of the problem one can add

different characteristics such as different types of vehicles, number of disposal facilities "single or

multiple(, various types of constraints, etc. The routing of one vehicle for a given set of stops often

reduces to a Travelling !alesman >roblem "T!>( or a 3hinese >ostman >roblem "3>>(. T!>

belongs to the class of A>-hard problems, while 3>>, can be solved in polynomial time. The

addition of capacity constraints, however, turns the 3>> in a capacitated-3>>, which is A>-hard too

C2D. /s A>-hard problems are difficult to solve, many papers rely on heuristics to solve this type of

problem. !ome authors choose to simplify their assumptions, thereby reducing the computation

time needed to solve the problem. The T!> and 3>> are explained in more detail in section 2. The

purpose of this paper is to guide the reader through the available literature on waste management

problems. The different classifications in this review mae it possible to select the papers of

interest. f one is, for example, interested in a solution for a problem with various types of vehicles

and several disposal facilities, a manuscript paperthat fits this description can be easily found

Whilst the attempt for interventions to the problem of solid waste management has been on the

global agenda for centuries with efforts from international organizations, non-governmental

institutions, and scholars across various disciplines, most countries especially developing nations

are increasingly saddled with improper solid waste management. This chapter therefore explores

literature on solid waste management. t examines ey concepts, methods and problems of waste

management. / conclusion of the ey lessons learnt from the review is as well presented.

&a$te

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6espite the wide range contribution to the discourse of waste management from various authors

over time, a definite definition of the term is 4uite rare in literature on the topic. /s noted by >almer

"#$$'& online( )the term is fre4uently left as an undefined primitive in spite of its critical

importance* and F )fre4uently, a list of types of waste is substituted for the underlying definition*.

7owever, Gilpin "0??8( provides an elaborate definition of the term waste. /ccording to him, the

concept of waste embraces )all unwanted and economically unusable byproducts or residuals at any

given place and time, and any other matter that may be discarded accidentally or otherwise into the

environment* "Gilpin, 0??8#;(. Gilpin further notes that what constitutes waste must )occur in

such a volume and concentration as to cause a significant alteration in the environment*. Thus,

apart from waste being an unwanted substance that is discarded, the amount of it and the impact itmaes on the environment also become important considerations in defining waste. 6avies "#$$;&'(

further notes that )what some people consider as waste material or substance is considered a source

of value by others. To him, +ust as a material becomes a resource when it gains use-value, it also

becomes waste when it loses its use-value.

Sol"d &a$te

n the literature of waste management, several contributions have been offered to define solidwaste. Tchobanoglous et al; " 0??2( defines solid waste as any tangible material that arises from

human and animal activity and are often discarded as useless or unwanted.

rom the above solid waste can be conveniently said to be any tangible material that arises from

human or animal activity that has no use value to human life.

Cla$$"%"cat"on o% Sol"d &a$te

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Hust as the term waste defies a definite definition, solid waste has been classified differently into

various categories. !olid waste is often classified based on various criteria including its source,

material composition, physical state, as well as the level of danger it presents.

n the literature, the material composition of waste is also a commonly used criterion in solid waste

classification. With the material composition criteria, waste is commonly classified into plastic,

organic, paper and cardboard, glass, ceramics, textiles and metal waste. The !urrey 3ounty, @I in

#$$2J#$$2 in an analysis of household waste streams outlined the ma+or waste classes as paper,

plastic film, dense plastics, textiles, miscellaneous combustibles, glass, ferrous metal, garden waste

and food waste.

Waste can also be classified by whether it is biodegradable or non-biodegradable. Biodegradable

waste typically originates from plant or animal sources and can easily be broen down by bacterial

action or by other living organisms and so has a relatively short lifespan in the environment. This

type of waste is commonly found in municipal solid waste as food waste, yard waste and paper.

Con$tra"nt$ and #roble$ o% $ol"d !a$te anageent "n urban area$

6espite the importance of ade4uate solid waste management to the urban environment, the

performance of many city authorities in this respect leaves much to be desired. /ccording to

Malombe "0??2(, irregular services rendered to producers of refuse by municipal councils compel

them to find ways of disposing of refuse. 7e observed that the main methods adopted by the

producers are burning, composting, or indiscriminate dumping. This is very pertinent in Ghana

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where waste management services are largely inefficient and ineffective. t is estimated that about

;2: of the population dump their refuse in either authorised or unauthorised sites in their

neighbourhood, and due to wea capacity to handle solid waste, unsanitary conditions are created

"Benneh et al, 0??2(.

/lthough these weanesses have been attributed to lac of logistics and financial management,

peopleKs attitudes towards waste management should not be ignored "Aze 0?9;(. 7e outlined

several factors, which have conspired to promote the massive build up of urban garbage and waste.

Aze "0?9;( noted that they resulted from inade4uate and deficient infrastructure, inade4uate

structures for environmental administration, lopsided planning pastures and disregard for basic

aesthetics, industrial and commercial growth, and other human factors. /ccording to him, urban

wastes in Aigeria are regarded as )non resources* having at best a nuisance value and therefore not

surprising that an e4ually negative posture has been adopted in managing wastes from urban

concentrations in the country.

Aavez-Bounchaire "0??2(, stated that the management of household refuse is tied to perceptions

and socio-cultural practices which result in modes of appropriation of space which are greatly

differenced according to whether the space is private or public. This is relevant to the study, because

the area has diverse socio-cultural practices, as the population is heterogeneous.

To !ule "0?;0(, the main cause of the problem of Aigerian cityKs poor environmental condition can

be ascribed to improper management of solid wastes and the lac of seriousness in the enforcement

of solid waste disposal code. This is very pertinent in Ghana where the enforcement of the solid

waste disposal code is not effective at the local levels.

Iarley "0??2(, in an article entitled, )!olid Waste and >ollution,* in the 6aily Graphic "ctober ?,

0??2( identified the main problem facing Ghana as the lac of suitable sites for disposal of solid

waste, of which we attribute to the failure of social and economic development to eep pace with

the natural population increase and rural-urban migration.

Benneh et al. "0??2( observed that residential domestic waste forms the bul of all sources of solid

waste produced in urban areas. These household wastes are nown to have high densities with high

moisture content and the organic component of solid wastes, which properly accounts for about

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9$: to ?$:, while tins, cans and paper are probably responsible for about ': to 0$: of the total

waste produced. They further argued that because the capacity to handle all of the household waste

generated is still wea, about ;2: of the population dump refuse in either authorised or

unauthorised sites in their neighbourhood which creates unsanitary conditions. They also argued

that insufficient communal facilities can lead to open defecation along beaches, drains, and open

spaces and the tendency for faecal materials to become intermixed with household refuse. This view

expressed by Benneh et al. "0??2( is relevant to the study because areas lie Wapaani, 1ongo,

3haria, and Bamahu are densely populated and are low-income areas. They are also not served with

ade4uate sanitary facilities. These inade4uacies lead to indiscriminate disposal of refuse into drains,

gutters, and waterways, and to open defecation in these areas. Benneh et al. proposed the

involvement of local groups in solid waste management side by side the operations of governmental

agencies.

En)"ronental and health "#l"cat"on$ o% "#ro#er $ol"d !a$te d"$#o$al

When solid waste from food remnants and other materials is not discarded properly it can pose far-

reaching conse4uences on both man and the environment.

/ccording to


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Benneh et al "0??2(, also attribute the destruction of habitats to poor solid waste management and

disposal. 7e argues that, disposal of locations may encroach upon existing habitat for native flora

and fauna, especially near wetlands.

/ccording to !tirrup "0?8'(, improper solid waste disposal may also affect drainage. When solid

wastes are dumped in drainage channels and gutters, they bloc the flow of sewerage. This may

cause flooding. /t the same time, solid wastes also affect soil drainage which hinders the growing

of crops. !ince some of the waste materials are water proof, they can be dangerous to the aeration

system of the soil hence hindering agriculture. This leads to the reduction of fertile cultivatable

land. ven though sustainable waste disposal and management policies are available at the urban

level, the enforcement of the solid waste disposal code is not effective at the local levels in Ghana

"!ongsore, 0??#(.

Sol"d &a$te anageent "n Ghana *

n Ghana lie other developing countries, solid waste management generally involves the process of

waste generation, collection and disposal, literature on the general waste management process

situation of Ghana as a whole is lacing. The situation has been considered by various scholars

within different regions and sub areas of the country. This section of the study therefore sees to

analyze the general solid waste management strategies in Ghana based on consideration of waste

management methods across the country.

With regards to waste generation, based on an estimated population of ## million and an average

daily waste generation per capita of $.%' g, Mensah and


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household waste is found to be organic waste which largely includes food waste with an average of

'' per cent.

With regards to solid waste collection, /nomayo "#$$$( notes that two main modes of waste

collection are in use in the /M/ and IM/. These are door-to-door or house-to-house collection

and communal collection which are carried out in the high class and low class residential areas

respectively. n the Wa Municipality, domestic waste collection strategies largely involves the

communal collection method where sips are stationed at vantage points within communities and

emptied at specific intervals. The door to door payment system is however in little use in the

Municipality as it is limited to residential areas of formal worers including !!AT and Tiebere

residential areas probably because of the ability to pay for the service unlie the communal system

which is at no fee.

3oncerning waste disposal, /nomanyo "#$$$(, notes that in most urbanized areas of Ghana landfills

are used as disposal sites for urban solid waste. 7e noted that in /ccra and Iumasi waste collected

is usually hauled to landfills in the outsirts and dumped where compacting and in most cases crude

burning is used to breadown the waste. The situation in the Wa Municipality is similar as all

municipal solid waste are sent to a landfill located at the outsirts of Wa along the Wa-3haria main

road where crude burning is applied to reduce the waste to ashes. ther households without

collection services often resort to dumping in open spaces and the use of crude burning within theresidential areas when waste grows into heaps. These landfills in the Municipality are ma+or

contributing sources of pollutants to both underground and surface water sources as well as

obstructions to flow of water during and after storms. More importantly due to the open nature of

these landfills, individuals especially children are often found in them searching for valuable waste

substances for recycling as a source of income generation even though they are often directly prone

to the bad stench as well as danger of in+ury from these landfills.

-ey I$$ue$

rom the review of the literature above, solid waste collection and disposal are the critical issues in

solid waste management. n Ghana landfills are mainly used for final waste disposal.

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Sustainable Waste manageme

Stakeholders

Waste Management Institutions, Households, NGs and Go!e"nment

Management Methods#ou"$e se%a"ation, "e$&$ling and land'(lling Actions Waste )olle$tion, t"eatment, dis%osal, *du$ation, and legislation

Solid Waste SourcesHouseholds and +usiness outlets

Resources

unds, -e$hnolog&, Man%o.e", */ui%ment

Waste Management

/lso, there are two main modes of solid waste collection system in Ghana namely door-to-door and

communal.

urthermore, the provision of solid waste collection facilities, fre4uency of waste collection, and

e4uipment for managing solid waste is very important for sustainable waste management.

Much study therefore needs to be undertaen aimed at bringing to light the issues confronting solid

waste management and its implications. This research is intended to provide insight to government

officials, citizens and business people who might want to help resolve the solid waste management

crisis in the Wa Municipality

n the above framewor, three main issues have been considered. These are& capacity for managing

solid waste "resources(, methods used "source separation, recycling, and landfill( and the rolestaeholders "AGs, Waste Management nstitutions and households( play in managing solid

waste. t is important to recognize that, the ma+or portion of solid waste comes from domestic

sources. 7owever its proper disposal and care towards sustainability depends heavily on availability

of sips and dustbins and attitudes of the people. The waste that is disposed of from the households

has to be collected and transported for final disposal. The collection and transportation and

management of landfills depend heavily on resources. Based on this framewor, sustainable waste

management therefore can be achieved with the active involvement of all relevant urban

staeholders in the collection and disposal of urban solid waste in the Wa Municipality. /de4uate

government attention and proper allocation of waste management resources is very paramount. This

will help in the provision of waste collection materials " sips and vehicles( as well as enhance the

regular collection removal of waste from various communities of the Municipality by waste

management institutions.

Conce#tual %rae!ork o% Sol"d &a$te 'anageent

This study is centered on the framewor of sustainable development. Within the broader framewor

of sustainable development, the concept of sustainable waste management is an appropriate

framewor for studying not only the effects of improper waste management on human health and

the natural environment but also the implications of current waste management practices for

resource conservation and environmental sustainability.

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PRO.ILE O. STUD/ AREA

Introduct"on

This provides baseline information of the environment of the study area for the purpose of gaining

an in-depth understanding of the features of the environment and the bearing they have on solid

waste management in the Municipality. Baseline parameters covered include location and size,

demography, culture and revenue.

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Locat"on and S"0e

The Wa Municipality is one of the eleven administrative districts of the @pper West =egion of

Ghana. t shares administrative boundaries with the Aadowli 6istrict to the north, Wa ast district

to the east and south and Wa West 6istrict to the west. t lies within latitude ? 2#*A to 0$ #$*A

and longitude 0 %$*W and # %'* W. The Municipality covers a land area of approximately #2%.9%

ilometers s4uare, which is about 8.%: of the size of the @pper west =egion.

Deogra#hy

/ccording to the #$$$ population and housing census, the Wa Municipality has a population of

?;,89' people with a growth rate of %: and a density of '%# persons per s4uare ilometers. The

population reveals a youthful and female dominated structure as the youth form %?:, potential

woring population %9: and the aged %:. With regard to the sex structure, '0: of the total

populations are females whilst %?: are males.

Ethn"c"ty and Culture

/part from Municipal centre where there is ethnic diversity almost all people in the surrounding

villages are Waalas. Before the advent of both 3hristianity and slam religions, the Waalas were

mostly traditionalists. Their culture was deeply enshrined in their customs and beliefs. The 6amba

festival which is a ma+or traditional festival of the Waalas is celebrated annually to test the physical

fitness of the existing chief to further rule his people and to sacrifice to their ancestors. 7owever,

the introduction of 3hristianity and slam in the Municipality has greatly influenced the culture of

the people as the celebration of other festivals such as 3hristmas, aster, Aew year, dul etir and

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dul /dhar has dominated the traditional 6amba festival. The celebration of these festivals in the

Municipality often results in the generation of a lot of domestic solid waste.

Re)enue

/part from internally generated funds from maret levies and other taxes, the Municipality relies on

funds from government through the disbursement of the consolidated fund. The waste management

department therefore receives funding from the 6istrict /ssembly 3ommon und "6/3( to

finance waste management. ven though this common fund is meant for several developmental

pro+ects, greater proportion is often channeled into waste management. The common fund is

supplemented by internally generated revenue usually through local government levies such as the

property tax and maret levy in the Municipality. 7owever, the general delay of the release of funds

by government greatly affects solid waste management in the Municipality.

SOLID &ASTE TREAT'ENT AND DISPOSAL

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Sol"d1!a$te anageent2 the collecting, treating, and disposing of solid material that is discarded

because it has served its purpose or is no longer useful. mproper disposal of municipal solid waste

can create unsanitary conditions, and these conditions in turn can lead to pollution of the

environment and to outbreas of vector-borne diseaseLthat is, diseases spread by rodents and

insects. The tass of solid-waste management present complex technical challenges. They also pose

a wide variety of administrative, economic, and social problems that must be managed and solved.

3"$tor"cal backgroundEarly !a$te d"$#o$al*

n ancient cities, wastes were thrown onto unpaved streets and roadways, where they were left to

accumulate. t was not until 2#$ B3 in /thens that the first nown law forbidding this practice was

established. /t that time a system for waste removal began to evolve in Greece and in the Gree-

dominated cities of the eastern Mediterranean. n ancient =ome, property owners were responsible

for cleaning the streets fronting their property. But organized waste collection was associated only

with state-sponsored events such as parades. 6isposal methods were very crude, involving open pitslocated +ust outside the city walls. /s populations increased, efforts were made to transport waste

farther out from the cities.

/fter the fall of =ome, waste collection and municipal sanitation began a decline that lasted

throughout the middle /ges. Aear the end of the 0%th century, scavengers were given the tas of

carting waste to dumps outside city walls. But this was not the case in smaller towns, where most

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people still threw waste into the streets. t was not until 090% that every city in ngland was

re4uired to have an official scavenger. Toward the end of the 0;th century in /merica, municipal

collection of garbage was begun in Boston, Aew or 3ity, and >hiladelphia. Waste

disposal methods were still very crude, however. Garbage collected in >hiladelphia, for example,

was simply dumped into the 6elaware =iver downstream from the city.

De)elo#ent$ "n !a$te anageent

/ technological approach to solid-waste management began to develop in the latter part of the 0?th

century. Watertight garbage cans were first introduced in the @nited !tates, and sturdier vehicles

were used to collect and transport wastes. / significant development in solid-waste treatment and

disposal practices was mared by the construction of the first refuse incinerator in ngland in 0;9%.

By the beginning of the #$th century, 0' percent of ma+or /merican cities were incinerating solid

waste. ven then, however, most of the largest cities were still using primitive disposal methods

such as open dumping on land or in water.

Technological advances continued during the first half of the #$th century, including the

development of garbage grinders, compaction trucs, and pneumatic collection systems. By mid-

century, however, it had become evident that open dumping and improper incineration of solid

waste were causing problems of pollution and +eopardizing public health. /s a result, sanitary

landfills were developed to replace the practice of open dumping and to reduce the reliance on

waste incineration. n many countries waste was divided into two categories, hazardous and

nonhazardous, and separate regulations were developed for their disposal.


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The sources of solid waste include residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial activities.

3ertain types of wastes that cause immediate danger to exposed individuals or environments are

classified as hazardous5 these are discussed in the article hazardous-waste management. /ll

nonhazardous solid waste from a community that re4uires collection and transport to a processing

or disposal site is called refuse or municipal solid waste "M!W(. =efuse includes garbage

and rubbish. Garbage is mostly decomposable food waste5 rubbish is mostly dry material such as

glass, paper, cloth, or wood. Garbage is highly putrescible or decomposable, whereas rubbish is not.

Trash is rubbish that includes buly items such as old refrigerators, couches, or large tree stumps.

Trash re4uires special collection and handling.

3onstruction and demolition "3N6( waste "or debris( is a significant component of total solid waste

4uantities "about #$ percent in the @nited !tates(, although it is not considered to be part of the

M!W stream. 7owever, because 3N6 waste is inert and nonhazardous, it is usually disposed of in

municipal sanitary landfills " see below(.

/nother type of solid waste, perhaps the fastest-growing component in many developed countries,

is electronic waste, or e-waste, which includes discarded computer e4uipment, televisions,

telephones, and a variety of other electronic devices. n #$$8 e-waste made up ' percent of the total

solid waste stream, and the @nited Aations nvironment >rogramme estimated that developed

countries would triple their output of e-waste by #$0$. 3oncern over this type of waste is

escalating.


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=ates of solid-waste generation vary widely. n the @nited !tates, for example, municipal refuse is

generated at an average rate of approximately # g "%.% pounds( per person per day. Hapan generates

roughly half this amount, yet in 3anada the rate is 2 g "almost 9 pounds( per person per day. n

some developing countries "e.g., ndia( the average rate can be lower than $.' g "0 pound( per

person per day. These data include refuse from commercial, institutional, and industrial as well as

residential sources. The actual rates of refuse generation must be carefully determined when a

community plans a solid-waste management pro+ect.

Most communities re4uire household refuse to be stored in durable, easily cleaned containers with

tight-fitting covers in order to minimize rodent or insect infestation and offensive odours.

Galvanized metal or plastic containers of about 00'-litre "2$-gallon( capacity are commonly used,

although some communities employ larger containers that can be mechanically lifted and emptied

into collection trucs. >lastic bags are fre4uently used as liners or as disposable containers for

curbside collection. Where large 4uantities of refuse are generatedLsuch as at shopping centers,

hotels, or apartment buildingsLdumpsters may be used for temporary storage until the waste is

collected. !ome office and commercial buildings use on-site compactors to reduce the waste

volume.

Sol"d1!a$te collect"on*

Collect"ng and tran$#ort"ng>roper solid-waste collection is important for the protection of public health, safety, and

environmental 4uality. t is a labor-intensive activity, accounting for approximately three-4uarters of

the total cost of solid-waste management. >ublic employees are often assigned to the tas, but

sometimes it is more economical for private companies to do the wor under contract to the

municipality or for private collectors to be paid by individual home owners. / driver and one or two

loaders serve each collection vehicle. These are typically trucs of the enclosed, compacting type,

with capacities up to 2$ cubic meters "%$ cubic yards(.


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Waste Management

collection, haulage distance, type of service, and climate. 3ollection of refuse in rural areas can

present a special problem, since the population densities are low, leading to high unit costs.

=efuse collection usually occurs at least once per wee because of the rapid decomposition of food

waste. The amount of garbage in the refuse of an individual home can be reduced by garbage

grinders, or garbage disposals. Ground garbage puts an extra load on sewerage systems, but this can

usually be accommodated. Many communities now conduct source separation and recycling

programs, in which homeowners and businesses separate recyclable materials from garbage and

place them in separate containers for collection. n addition, some communities have drop-off

centers where residents can bring recyclables.

Tran$%er $tat"on$f the final destination of the refuse is not near the community in which it is generated, one or more

transfer stations may be necessary. / transfer station is a central facility where refuse from many

collection vehicles is combined into a larger vehicle, such as a tractor-trailer unit. pen-top trailers

are designed to carry about 98 cubic meters "0$$ cubic yards( of uncompacted waste to a regional

processing or disposal location. 3losed compactor-type trailers are also available, but they must be

e4uipped with e+ector mechanisms. n a direct discharge type of station, several collection trucs

empty directly into the transport vehicle. n a storage discharge type of station, refuse is first

emptied into a storage pit or onto a platform, and then machinery is used to hoist or push the solid

waste into the transport vehicle.


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Waste Management

Burning is a very effective method of reducing the volume and weight of solid waste. n modern

incinerators the waste is burned inside a properly designed furnace under very carefully controlled

conditions. The combustible portion of the waste combines with oxygen, releasing mostly carbon

dioxide, water vapour, and heat. ncineration can reduce the volume of uncompacted waste by more

than ?$ percent, leaving an inert residue of ash, glass, metal, and other solid materials called bottom

ash. The gaseous by-products of incomplete combustion, along with finely divided particulate

material called fly ash, are carried along in the incinerator airstream. ly ash includes cinders, dust,

and soot. n order to remove fly ash and gaseous by-products before they are exhausted into the

atmosphere, modern incinerators must be e4uipped with extensive emission control devices. !uch

devices include fabric baghouse filters, acid gas scrubbers, and electrostatic precipitators. "See

also air pollution control.( Bottom ash and fly ash are usually combined and disposed of in a

landfill. f the ash is found to contain toxic metals, it must be managed as a hazardous waste.

Municipal solid-waste incinerators are designed to receive and burn a continuous supply of refuse.

/ deep refuse storage pit, or tipping area, provides enough space for about one day of waste

storage. The refuse is lifted from the pit by a crane e4uipped with a bucet or grapple device. t is

then deposited into a hopper and chute above the furnace and released onto a charging grate or

stoer. The grate shaes and moves waste through the furnace, allowing air to circulate around the

burning material. Modern incinerators are usually built with a rectangular furnace, although rotary

iln furnaces and vertical circular furnaces are available. urnaces are constructed of refractory

brics that can withstand the high combustion temperatures.

3ombustion in a furnace occurs in two stages& primary and secondary. n primary combustion,

moisture is driven off, and the waste is ignited and volatilized. n secondary combustion, the

remaining unburned gases and particulates are oxidized, eliminating odours and reducing the

amount of fly ash in the exhaust. When the refuse is very moist, auxiliary gas or fuel oil is

sometimes burned to start the primary combustion.

n order to provide enough oxygen for both primary and secondary combustion, air must be

thoroughly mixed with the burning refuse. /ir is supplied from openings beneath the grates or is

admitted to the area above. The relative amounts of this under fire air and over fire air must be

determined by the plant operator to achieve good combustion efficiency. / continuous flow of air

can be maintained by a natural draft in a tall chimney or by mechanical forced-draft fans.

23

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Waste Management

ENERG/ RECO,ER/

The energy value of refuse can be as much as one-third that of coal, depending on the paper

content, and the heat given off during incineration can be recovered by the use of a refractory-lined

furnace coupled to a boiler. Boilers convert the heat of combustion into steam or hot water, thus

allowing the energy content of the refuse to be recycled. ncinerators that recycle heat energy in this

way are called waste-to-energy plants. nstead of a separate furnace and boiler, a water-tube wall

furnace may also be used for energy recovery. !uch a furnace is lined with vertical steel tubes

spaced closely enough to form continuous sections of wall. The walls are insulated on the outside in

order to reduce heat loss. Water circulating through the tubes absorbs heat to produce steam, and it

also helps to control combustion temperatures without the need for excessive air, thus lowering air

pollution control costs.

Waste-to-energy plants operate as either mass burn or refuse-derived fuel systems. / mass burn

system uses all the refuse, without prior treatment or preparation. / refuse-derived fuel system

separates combustible wastes from noncombustible such as glass and metal before burning. f a

turbine is installed at the plant, both steam and electricity can be produced in a process

called cogeneration.

Waste-to-energy systems are more expensive to build and operate than plain incinerators because of

the need for special e4uipment and controls, highly silled technical personnel, and auxiliary fuel

systems. n the other hand, the sale of generated steam or electricity offsets much of the extra cost,

and recovery of heat energy from refuse is a viable solid-waste management option from both an

engineering and an economic point of view. /bout ;$ percent of municipal refuse incinerators in

the @nited !tates are waste-to-energy facilities.

Co#o$t"ng

/nother method of treating municipal solid waste is composting, a biological process in which the

organic portion of refuse is allowed to decompose under carefully controlled conditions. Microbes

metabolize the organic waste material and reduce its volume by as much as '$ percent. The

stabilized product is called compost or humus. t resembles potting soil in texture and odour and

may be used as a soil conditioner or mulch.

3omposting offers a method of processing and recycling both garbage and sewage sludge in one

operation. /s more stringent environmental rules and siting constraints limit the use of solid-waste

24

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Waste Management

incineration and landfill options, the application of composting is liely to increase. The steps

involved in the process include sorting and separating, size reduction, and digestion of the refuse.

SORTING AND S3REDDING

The decomposable materials in refuse are isolated from glass, metal, and other inorganic items

through sorting and separating operations. These are carried out mechanically, using differences in

such physical characteristics of the refuse as size, density, and magnetic properties. !hredding or

pulverizing reduces the size of the waste articles, resulting in a uniform mass of material. t is

accomplished with hammer mills and rotary shredders.

DIGESTING AND PROCESSING

>ulverized waste is ready for composting either by the open windrow method or in an enclosed

mechanical facility. Windrows are long, low mounds of refuse. They are turned or mixed every few

days to provide air for the microbes digesting the organics. 6epending on moisture conditions, it

may tae five to eight wees for complete digestion of the waste. Because of the metabolic action

of aerobic bacteria, temperatures in an active compost pile reach about 8' O3 "0'$ O(, illing

pathogenic organisms that may be in the waste material.

pen windrow composting re4uires relatively large land areas. nclosed mechanical composting

facilities can reduce land re4uirements by about ;' percent. Mechanical composting systems

employ one or more closed tans or digesters e4uipped with rotating vanes that mix and aerate the

shredded waste. 3omplete digestion of the waste taes about one wee.

Re$earch 'ethodology

Introduct"on

6ata was collected from both primary and secondary sources. The primary data constituted

information obtained from surveys and interviews while secondary data included information

obtained from both published and unpublished wors.

'ethod$ o% data collect"on

25


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Waste Management

The primary data for the research was obtained through the administration of a structured

4uestionnaire and the conduction of two in-depth interviews with a representative each from The

Municipal Waste Management 6epartment and 1oomlion Ghana / reports, boos, +ournals, newspapers, and the

internet. These reports were relevant for establishing the current state of solid waste management in

the Wa Municipality.

Data In$truent$

The primary data were collected using structured 4uestionnaires. The 4uestionnaires contained both

closed and open-ended 4uestions, and they were self-administered. n all, 8$ 4uestionnaires were

administered to households. orty "%$( females and twenty "#$( males were selected. This

distribution was used because it is observed that the females, mostly mothers, are responsible for

domestic waste handling. /lso, solid waste production in the Municipality is greatest at the

household level. =andom sampling was done to select ten households from the six localities which

within the scope of the study. The available woman or man in a selected household was assisted to

answer the 4uestionnaire where the need arose.

Two in-depth interviews were conducted with authorities of the WM/ and 1oomlion Ghana


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Waste Management

charts were also employed in the analysis of the data. =elationships were established by cross

tabulations.

L""tat"on$ o% the $tudy

The study did not cover all the localities of the Municipality due to lac of resources and time

constraints. /s a result, the study was based on selected localities in the municipality.

/lso, the prevailing unstable condition of chieftaincy riots in Wa affected the scope of the study.

The intended areas of study included all sections of the Wa Township. 7owever, the unstable peace

situation necessitated the exclusion of the Aayiri section in the municipal capital for the study

where the riot is centered.

DATA ANAL/SIS AND DISCUSSION

The State o% Sol"d &a$te 'anageent "n &A 'un"c"#al"ty

This chapter presents details of the findings gathered from the field survey and in-depth interviews

of ey respondents and discusses it in line with the ob+ectives of the study. 6ata collected covered

the types and components of solid waste generated in the area, disposal sites of household solid

waste, solid waste collection and final disposal, causes of improper solid waste disposal as well as

its health implications.

27


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Waste Management

Ty#e$ and Co#onent$ o% Sol"d &a$te Generated

Inowledge on types and the components of solid waste generated will inform management to use

the appropriate method to effectively deal with the various components of solid waste.

The Waste Management 6epartment "WM6( and 1oom


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Waste Management

0

5

10

15

20

25

3035

40

45

+a" G"a%h o Mode o is%osal o Household Waste

Place of Disposal

Percentage of Respondents

'ode o% hou$ehold !a$te d"$#o$al+

rom figure above, the commonest place of waste disposal was the sip "2?.9 per cent(. This

method was mostly used in the low class residential areas in the Municipality. These areas include&

1ongo, Wapaani, 3haria and Bamahu. This is followed by dumping in the bacyard where crude

burning is often done to reduce the waste into ashes. This is also widely used in the low class

residential areas where there were no sips or where sips are far from homes. Wind-blown waste

in the form of polythene bags are a regular scene in these areas. /lso 0%.2 percent of respondents

use waste bins for temporal storage of waste before collection by waste management institutions for

final disposal. This method is in use in !!AT flats and Tiegbere residential area.

nterestingly the immediate vicinity of most of the waste containers in the Municipality are used as

defecation points for children, which often deter people from waling through the excreta to dump

waste. n most cases, waste is eventually dumped on the ground by the sip maing the wor of

waste collectors tedious.

.actor$ contr"but"ng to "#ro#er $ol"d !a$te anageent

29


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Waste Management

waste in the sip goes to add up the dumping of waste at unapproved sites. Most waste containers

were stationed at public toilets which often are relatively far from homes. This maes the aspect of

carrying waste to these containers by most households difficult.

Relat"on$h"# bet!een "ncoe le)el and ethod o% !a$te anageent u$ed

/ remarable number of the respondents had low incomes and average incomes. There was also the

problem of unemployment. !ince chi s4uare test obtained "08.#( is greater than chi s4uare critical

value "2.;(, there is therefore, a significant relationship between income level and the type of solid

waste management practiced.

Relat"on$h"# bet!een onthly "ncoe le)el and ty#e o% !a$te anageent #ract"ced

Ty#e o% !a$te anageent 3"gh "ncoe

4 = 7886₵

A)erage "ncoe

4bet!een


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Waste Management

Tsiboe and Marbell "#$$%( stated in their study that )a combination of poverty, population pressure,

and economic hardships is placing a considerable strain on household environments in Ghana*.

Ma+ority of the people in Ghana live below the internationally recognized poverty line of one dollar

a day. !atterthwaite "0??;( virtually agrees in principle that the waste problem emanates from

poverty and lac of funding as a result of low level of economic growth. inancial constraint

undoubtedly is a factor that contributes to improper solid waste management.

Perce#t"on$ on Re$#on$"b"l"ty %or En$ur"ng Clean Surround"ng$

Most of the respondents "8%:( thin it is the responsibility of the WM6 to clean their surroundings,

?: thin it is the +ob of individuals and #9: strongly believe it is the responsibility of both the

WM/ and individuals.

649

27

%inions on "es%onsiilit& o" ensu"ing en!i"onmental sanitation

WM INII# WM : INII#

P"e chart $ho!"ng re$#ondent$ o#"n"on$ on re$#on$"b"l"ty %or en$ur"ng clean $urround"ng$+

Source* ."eld Sur)ey2 98


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Waste Management

up campaigns meant for maing the surroundings clean. This may partly explain why the Wa

Municipality is engulfed in filth and yet the respondents seem unconcerned. This confirms the

studies of !ongsore "0??#( that with the establishment of the Waste Management 6epartment

"WM6( of Metropolitan and Municipal /ssemblies, the public tend to have the view that the WM6

should be solely responsible for managing waste.

In)ol)eent o% ch"ldren "n !a$te d"$#o$al

rom the survey, ma+ority of the respondents "%#( involved children less than 0$ years in the

management of household solid waste management whilst 0; of the respondents did not involve

children in the management of solid waste.

70

30

;ie )ha"t o In!ol!ement o )hild"en 5&


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Waste Management

in solid waste disposal explained that they did not have such children in their household to carry

refuse. /s a result of the inability of children to reach the top openings of most waste containers,

they are often unable to throw waste perfectly inside but often litter waste around the immediate

sides of containers.

More importantly the situation is aggravated as these children often engage in open defecation

around such waste containers and dump sites.

In)ol)eent o% ch"ldren "n !a$te d"$#o$al and o#en de%ecat"on around $k"#$ "n the >ongo

local"ty o% &A

Sol"d &a$te Collect"on

!olid waste management includes the hauling and final disposal at landfills. !olid waste collection

in the Municipality involves the use of varied methods. igure %.% displays the mode of collection

of solid waste in the Municipality.

34


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Waste Management

)ommunal #i% #&stem= 57

oo" to oo"= 19

None= 24

;ie )ha"t #ho.ing Mode o Waste )olle$tion

'ode o% Sol"d &a$te Collect"on "n the &a 'un"c"#al"ty2

Source ."eld Sur)ey2 98


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Waste Management

n$e -.i$e -h"i$e Not at ll0

10

20

30

40

50

60

+a" G"a%h o "e/uen$& o Waste )olle$tion

Number of Times Per Week

Percentage of Respondents

.re?uency o% !a$te collect"on 4!eekly6 "n the &a 'un"c"#al"ty

The infre4uent collection of waste in the Municipality leaves most waste containers and public

dump sites choced with waste. vidence of infre4uent waste collection in the Municipality is

depicted below, with this waste sip at Wapaani which has not been emptied for a long time on

which a tree is currently growing.

36


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Waste Management

Sho!"ng an "rregularly e#t"ed counal !a$te conta"ner !"th a @tree gro!"ng on "t+

Source* ."eld Sur)ey2 98


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Waste Management

Proble$ a$$oc"ated !"th #oor !a$te anageent "n the &A 'un"c"#al"ty

The improper management of solid waste in the Wa Municipality has both direct and indirect

negative impacts on the health of the people. 3rude data from the Wa =egional 7ospital indicates

that malaria and cholera are among the ma+or health problems in the Wa Municipality. Whilst these

diseases continue to claim many lives, the search for solutions have often precluded ensuring proper

sanitation and hygiene to the use of modern drugs and vaccination.

'a(or d"$ea$e$ recorded "n the &A Reg"onal 3o$#"tal %ro anuary to Deceber 98


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Waste Management

The data shows that, malaria, cancer and cholera are the main health problems recorded in the Wa

=egional 7ospital.

ven though the Wa =egional hospital records referral cases from other districts outside the

geographical frontiers of the Wa Municipality, it is apparent the situation in the area of study

significantly contributed to these incidence of diseases recorded as the regional hospital is the main

point of call for residents of the Wa Municipality.

ts worthy of note that improperly disposed solid waste such as plastics and polythene may act as

receptacles of water or inhibit the smooth flow of water out of drains. These serve as the breeding

grounds for mos4uitoes. /lso improper waste disposal within localities of the Municipality

increases the ris of food contamination from house flies and other pathogens.

!ongsore "0??#(, argues that, the danger with open pits is from the spread of diseases usually

carried by rodents and insects. /n example of this is malaria, which festers in open areas with

stagnant water and particularly hot and muggy temperatures. n addition, improper solid waste

disposal may lead to ground water contamination. f waste is not discarded properly on land, when

it rains the waste is soaed and is then carried through landfills, eventually maing its way into

water bodies.

6angerous chemicals such as volatile organic compounds "E3s( which come from householdwaste sources have been lined to causing cholera, cancers and birth defects "The /gency for Toxic

substances and 6isease =egistry, #$$;(. The study therefore shows that, there is a significant

relationship between improper waste management and health problems in the study area as the

ma+or diseases recorded "malaria, cancers and cholera( have causations directly related to

unsanitary conditions of which improper solid waste management is paramount.

39


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Waste Management

.INDINGS

Introduct"on

!ixty "8$( respondents were interviewed on the assessment of solid waste management in the Wa

Municipality using simple random sampling. orty "%$( females and twenty "#$( males were

interviewed. / few of the respondents had tertiary education ";:(, primary education "#':(, with

the ma+ority having had secondary education "89:(. Most of the respondents either had average or

low income with a few being unemployed. n the religious front, respondents were either

3hristians or Muslims with the former forming the dominant group.

-ey ."nd"ng$

n relation to the first ob+ective, the study observed that the main modes of household waste

disposal were the use of the communal sip, communal dump site, bacyard and the use of waste

bins. rom the study, 2?.9: of the respondents dump their waste in municipal communal sips

provided by the Waste Management 6epartment of the Municipality and 1oomlion


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Waste Management

inally, the study observed that the supply of household refuse containers and communal sips was

the most popular suggestion by respondents for improving solid waste management with

intensification of health education as the runner-up. ther respondents suggested household

payment for waste collection service as a measure. The regular collection of waste by waste

management institutions was also mentioned as a means of ensuring sustainable solid waste

management in the Municipality as some respondents indicated that they suffer from the bad stench

and windblown litter from such long un-emptied waste sips and bins.

Recoendat"on$

41


42/52

Waste Management

rom the study, some relevant findings were established in relation to the causes and health impacts

of the menace of improper solid waste disposal in the Wa Municipality. Based on these findings the

following measures are recommended for consideration by relevant staeholders including

households and waste management institutions in the Wa Municipality towards sustainable solid

waste management.

/de4uate dustbins and sips should be provided by 1oom


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Waste Management

and vegetable wastes for donation to animal caring centers and livestoc rearing

residents is a food waste 4uantity reduction option.

ii( mposing municipal tax on the pacing materials for all imported goods at the

entry points and on in-country producer agents and charging municipal service

fees on the local business vendors and the residents according to their waste

generation capacity is expected to reduce significantly waste components lie

plastics, paper and cardboard boxes. ncouragingJnurturing private parties to

participate in recycling of waste paper and cardboard boxes lie that of Hungshi

>aper =ecycling >lant in Hemina are in-country recycling options for waste

paper.

iii( ndustries re4uiring heat energy could collect and consume wastes products

other than hazardous and recyclable components as refuse derived fuel "=6(

in their furnaces.

iv( !treamlining business licenses and maing mandatory for the waste dealers to

deal with all sorts of recyclable waste products is an option to manage low

value, high liability waste products. The policing duty of the waste product

business also can be entrusted to the specific waste dealers in such a system.

v( 3ontrolling the maret for survival of the in-country recycled products is an

enabling instrument option to encourage more waste recycling ventures.

vi( Maing mandatory for the in-country manufacturers to accept bac their

product wastes "worn-outJobsolete and containers( will be another option to

encourage industries participation in M!W management,

vii( Eery importantly, institutional capacity building.

Conclu$"on

43


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Waste Management

n the study, the following ob+ectives were set to be achieved. The first ob+ective was to examine

means of waste disposal by households "place of disposal(. The survey revealed that the commonest

places of waste disposal in the Municipality were the sip and bacyard.

!econdly, the research sought to analyse the factors contributing to improper waste management in

the Wa Municipality. t was observed that the poor attitude of residents towards waste disposal, the

low incomes and low education of residents, inade4uate sips and irregular collection of waste by

waste management institutions contributed to the improper management of solid waste in the

Municipality.

n relation to the third ob+ective, it was observed that improper solid waste management posed a

health burden in the Wa Municipality. The high incidence of malaria and cholera in the

Municipality confirms this.

Therefore, all the ob+ectives set were achieved and with regard to the main ob+ective of the study it

can be appreciably concluded that the following are indeed the ey factors affecting effective waste

management in the Wa Municipality. These include inade4uate sip supply for storing waste5 lac

of routine collection of waste5 poor attitude of individuals in waste disposal5 low levels of income

and education of residents.

The municipal solid waste although comparatively smaller in 4uantity and less complexity incomposition is an emerging challenge in Bhutan particularly in Thimphu. The Thimphu 3ity

3orporation lacing authority, resources, nowledge and public support is facing daunting

challenges to tacle the M!W appropriately. Memelaha landfill disposal site is overflowing.

mplementations of recycling options are constrained by financial resources, human resources and

the technological capacity. There are effective but affordable policy options in the 2=s concept,

potential to address the M!W challenges in Thimphu. The study has come forth with various

crosscutting and specific options to apply for predominant waste components. or a country lie

Bhutan, which cannot afford to establish many technocratic and expensive waste recycling plants

within the country, the regionalJinternational cooperation for M!W management considered in the

/>6 on 2=s

44


45/52

Waste Management

"G!, #$$8a5 T and !asai, #$$8( is one suitable 2=s option. The other 2= options re4uiring

immediate application in Thimphu are5 institution of waste separation system, polluters pay concept

adoption and promotion of private party initiative in the M!W management.

n an overriding manner, a large gap exists between documented policies and the

mplementation. The reasons for the failure are5 i( lacing of a legal instrument that

explicitly addresses municipal solid waste management, ii( lac of financial resources, iii(


46/52

Waste Management

ue$t"onna"re %or the $ur)ey

ue$t"onna"re %or hou$ehold $ur)ey

/rea 7ouse is etty Trading C D

2. Business C D %. >ublic !ervant C D

'. ther, specify FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

46


47/52

Waste Management

R%. /pproximately, how much do you earn in a month " in Ghana cedis(

0. '$-0$$ C D #. 00$-#$$ C D

2. #0$-2$$ C D %. 20$-%$$ C D

'. %0$- '$$ C D 8. '0$-0$$$ C D

9. /bove 0$$$ C D

D"$#o$al o% 3ou$ehold &a$te

R'. Where do you dump your waste

0. 6ump site C D #. Bacyard C D

2. 3ommunal !ipJ container C D %.=oad side C D

'. Waste bin

R8 f waste is dumped in a sip do you pay as you dump

0. es C D #. Ao C D

R9 f yes, how much are you charged

0. #$ pesewas C D #. '$ pesewas C D

2. 0cedi C D

%. ther C D specifyFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF...

47


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Waste Management

R;. 7ave you ever dumped at an unapproved site

0. es C D #. Ao C D " "% No2 Sk"# to


49/52

Waste Management

&a$te Collect"on and anageent

R0%. Which of the following types of solid waste do you generate in your home " /ou can t"ck

ore than one o#t"on6

0. rganic "foodJWood( C D #. Metal C D

2. >lastic C D %. Glass

%. ther C D specifyFFF...FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF..

R0'. Which waste management institution collects waste in your area for disposal

0. Municipal waste 6epartment C D #. >rivate waste company C D

2. Aone C D ""% none $k"# to


50/52

Waste Management

R0;. 7ow will you describe the sanitation situation around the waste container or disposal site

0. Eery satisfactory C D #. !atisfactory C D

2. >oor C D %. Eery poor C D

R0?. 6o you suffer any nuisance from the waste container or disposal site

0. es C D #. Ao C D

R#$. What inconvenience do you suffer

0. Bad stench C D #. 3hoed gutters C D

2. >ollution C D

%. ther C D if other, specifyFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF

R#0. 7ow will you describe the general waste situation in your neighborhood

0. Eery satisfactory C D #. !atisfactory C D

2. >oor C D %. Eery poor C D

R##. n comparing with other districts in this =egion, would you say your community receives a

fair share and proper allocation of resources for waste management

0. es C D #. Ao C D if no specify whyFFFFFFFFFFFFFF..............

FFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF...

R#2. What in your opinion are the causes of improper waste management in your area

50


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Akshay Waste Management

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