AKS 49: Change & Continuity in the World Since the 1960s.

AKS 49:AKS 49:Change & Continuity in Change & Continuity in

the World Since the the World Since the 1960s1960s

Pan-AfricanismPan-AfricanismWhat is it?What is it?

►Political force that started w/ Black Political force that started w/ Black Power movement in U.S. under Power movement in U.S. under Malcolm XMalcolm X

►National movement emphasizing National movement emphasizing unity of all Africans & ending unity of all Africans & ending foreign controlforeign control

►Helped spur the independence Helped spur the independence movement in many African movement in many African countriescountries Nkrumah in Ghana (United States of Nkrumah in Ghana (United States of

Africa)Africa)

Pan-AfricanismPan-AfricanismLegacyLegacy

►Today used as a strategy for Today used as a strategy for addressing the problems of Africa addressing the problems of Africa (mostly regional cooperative groups)(mostly regional cooperative groups)

Pan-ArabismPan-ArabismWhat is it?What is it?

►General term for the modern General term for the modern movement for political unification movement for political unification among the Arab nations of the Middle among the Arab nations of the Middle East East

Pan-ArabismPan-ArabismGoals/Aims?Goals/Aims?

►Hostility toward Zionist aims in Hostility toward Zionist aims in Palestine has been a major rallying Palestine has been a major rallying point for Arab nationalistspoint for Arab nationalists

►The use of oil as an economic & The use of oil as an economic & political weaponpolitical weapon

Human Rights IssuesHuman Rights Issues

►1948: U.N. issues Universal 1948: U.N. issues Universal Declaration of Human RightsDeclaration of Human Rights Set human rights standards for all nationsSet human rights standards for all nations Listed specific rights all humans should Listed specific rights all humans should

havehave

Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina:Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina:Causes of the Breakup of Causes of the Breakup of

YugoslaviaYugoslavia►Ethnic conflictsEthnic conflicts►End of Tito’s Communist End of Tito’s Communist

rule, leadership taken over rule, leadership taken over by Slobodan Milosevicby Slobodan Milosevic

►Serbian invasions of Serbian invasions of Slovenia & CroatiaSlovenia & Croatia

►War in BosniaWar in Bosnia

►During war, Serbs followed a policy of During war, Serbs followed a policy of brutality & murder called ethnic brutality & murder called ethnic cleansing cleansing Goal: to wipe out the Muslims living in Goal: to wipe out the Muslims living in

Serb-held landsSerb-held lands

Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina:Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina:Ethnic CleansingEthnic Cleansing

►Dec. 1995 – Leaders of Bosnian Dec. 1995 – Leaders of Bosnian Muslims, Serbs, & Croats signed U.N. Muslims, Serbs, & Croats signed U.N. and U.S.-brokered peace treatyand U.S.-brokered peace treaty

►Sept. 1996 – Bosnians elected 3-person Sept. 1996 – Bosnians elected 3-person presidency (one leader from each presidency (one leader from each ethnic group)ethnic group)

►2001 – Country could stand alone w/ 2001 – Country could stand alone w/ little supervision by international little supervision by international communitycommunity

Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina:Conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina: Effects of the Breakup of Effects of the Breakup of

YugoslaviaYugoslavia

Rwandan GenocideRwandan GenocideCausesCauses

►Ethnic conflict between Hutus & TutsisEthnic conflict between Hutus & Tutsis►1994 – Rwandan President (Hutu) died 1994 – Rwandan President (Hutu) died

in a suspicious plane crashin a suspicious plane crash

Rwandan GenocideRwandan Genocide► In months that followed, Hutus In months that followed, Hutus

slaughtered about 1 million Tutsis before slaughtered about 1 million Tutsis before Tutsi rebels put an end to the killingsTutsi rebels put an end to the killings

This was one of the worst cases of This was one of the worst cases of genocidegenocide

The Collapse of the The Collapse of the Soviet UnionSoviet Union

Collapse of Soviet UnionCollapse of Soviet UnionProblem or Problem or

CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

Soviet society had stopped growing as a result of totalitarian policies banning political dissent.

Gorbachev initiated his glasnost policy, encouraging a free flow of ideas & information


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

The Soviet economy was inefficient and unproductive.

Gorbachev introduced perestroika, giving managers more authority over their farms & factories & allowing for creation of small private businesses.


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

The Soviet-U.S. arms race had become too costly.

Gorbachev signed the INF treaty with President Reagan.


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

In August 1991, hard-liners staged a coup against Gorbachev.

1. Hard-liners demanded Gorbachev’s resignation

2. Protesters appealed to Yeltsin to oppose the coup

3. Yeltsin mobilized support against the coup

4. Troops refused to obey hard-liners

5. Coup failed & Gorbachev returned to Moscow


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

The Soviet Union broke up.

1. After the coup, Estonia & Latvia declared independence

2. Other republics, including Ukraine & Kazakhstan, soon followed

3. Yeltsin met with leaders of republics to chart new course

4. They formed the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

The Russian economy under Boris Yeltsin was ailing.

1. Yeltsin adopted “shock therapy” to deal with ailing economy

2. This involved abrupt shift to free-market economies

3. Lowered trade barriers, removed price controls, ended subsidies to state industries


CrisisCrisis

ResponsesResponses

In 1991, Chechnya declared its independence.

1. Yeltsin denied Chechnya’s right to secede

2. He ordered Russian troops into Chechnya

3. Despite cease fire, fighting flared up again & Yeltsin resigned as fighting raged

4. Vladimir Putin attempted to deal forcefully with the rebellion

5. The fighting continued

Terrorism asTerrorism asWarfareWarfare

What is terrorism?What is terrorism?

►Use of violence against people or Use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies property to force changes in societies or gov’tsor gov’ts

Why is it difficult for countries to Why is it difficult for countries to fight terrorism?fight terrorism?

►Because terrorists often cross national Because terrorists often cross national borders to commit their acts or to borders to commit their acts or to escape to countries friendly to their escape to countries friendly to their causecause

Terrorist Groups:Terrorist Groups:Shining PathShining Path

►Location:Location: PeruPeru


►Mission/Goals:Mission/Goals: Destabilize & overthrow Peruvian gov’tDestabilize & overthrow Peruvian gov’t


►Founded/Leaders:Founded/Leaders: Abimael Guzmán (1960s)Abimael Guzmán (1960s) Sendero Luminoso (modern-day)Sendero Luminoso (modern-day)


►Prominent Attacks:Prominent Attacks: None – minor attacks on police and None – minor attacks on police and

military forces in Perumilitary forces in Peru

Terrorist Groups:Terrorist Groups:Red BrigadeRed Brigade

►Location:Location: ItalyItaly


►Mission/Goals:Mission/Goals: Force Italy to leave the NATO alliance Force Italy to leave the NATO alliance


►Leaders:Leaders: Renato Curcio, Alberto Franceschini and Renato Curcio, Alberto Franceschini and

Mara Cagol Mara Cagol


►Prominent Attacks:Prominent Attacks: Most famous for the kidnap & murder of former Most famous for the kidnap & murder of former

Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978 Italian Prime Minister Aldo Moro in 1978

Terrorist Groups:Terrorist Groups:HamasHamas

►Location:Location: Palestine (based in Gaza strip)Palestine (based in Gaza strip)


►Mission/Goals:Mission/Goals: Destruction of Israel, the replacement of Destruction of Israel, the replacement of

the PA with an Islamist state on the West the PA with an Islamist state on the West Bank & Gaza, & to raising "the banner of Bank & Gaza, & to raising "the banner of Allah over every inch of Palestine" Allah over every inch of Palestine"


►Leaders:Leaders: Ismail Haniyeh Khaled MeshalIsmail Haniyeh Khaled Meshal


►Prominent Attacks:Prominent Attacks: Believed to have killed more than 500 Believed to have killed more than 500

people in more than 350 separate people in more than 350 separate terrorist attacks since 1993, ranging from terrorist attacks since 1993, ranging from suicide bomb attacks to military attacks suicide bomb attacks to military attacks

Terrorist GroupsTerrorist GroupsAl QaedaAl Qaeda

► Location:Location: AfghanistaAfghanista

nn


►Mission/Goals:Mission/Goals: Seeks to rid Muslim countries of what it Seeks to rid Muslim countries of what it

sees as the profane influence of the West sees as the profane influence of the West and replace their governments with and replace their governments with fundamentalist Islamic regimesfundamentalist Islamic regimes


►Leaders:Leaders: Osama bin LadenOsama bin Laden Saad bin LadenSaad bin Laden Ayman al-ZawahiriAyman al-Zawahiri Mustafa Abu al-Mustafa Abu al-

YazidYazid Several OthersSeveral Others


►Prominent AttacksProminent Attacks 9/11 attacks9/11 attacks July 2005 bombings July 2005 bombings

of the London of the London public public transportation transportation systemsystem

March 2004 bomb March 2004 bomb attacks on Madrid attacks on Madrid commuter trainscommuter trains

October 2000 October 2000 U.S.S. U.S.S. ColeCole bombing bombing

Many othersMany others

Because of Because of Terrorism:Terrorism:

Changes in TravelChanges in Travel►FAA ordered FAA ordered

airlines to install airlines to install bars on cockpit bars on cockpit doors to prevent doors to prevent hijackers from hijackers from gaining control of gaining control of the planthe plan

Because of Terrorism:Because of Terrorism:Changes in TravelChanges in Travel

►Sky marshals (trained security officers) Sky marshals (trained security officers) were assigned to fly on planeswere assigned to fly on planes

Because of Terrorism:Because of Terrorism:Changes in TravelChanges in Travel

►National National Guard troops Guard troops began began patrolling patrolling airportsairports

Because of Terrorism:Because of Terrorism:World Energy SuppliesWorld Energy Supplies

►4,000 tankers carry 60 percent of the 4,000 tankers carry 60 percent of the world's oil on the seas – sea is vastly world's oil on the seas – sea is vastly unpolicedunpoliced


►Terrorists know that an oil market with Terrorists know that an oil market with little wiggle room offers an ideal target little wiggle room offers an ideal target for undermining the world economyfor undermining the world economy


►Oil supplies are, in the words of Al Qaeda, Oil supplies are, in the words of Al Qaeda, "the provision line and the feeding to the "the provision line and the feeding to the artery of the life of the crusader nation."artery of the life of the crusader nation."

Because of Terrorism:Because of Terrorism:Financial MarketsFinancial Markets

► ImmediateImmediate destruction of life & property responses to the emergency restoration of the systems & the infrastructure

affected the provision of temporary living assistance

► Long-TermLong-Term undermining consumer confidence can reduce

the incentive to spend as opposed to save falling investor confidence trigger a generalized

drop in asset prices & a hit to quality that increases the borrowing costs for riskier borrowers

Women of PowerWomen of Power

Golda MeirGolda Meir

► Signer of Israel’s Signer of Israel’s Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

► Prime Minister of Prime Minister of Israel during the 1973 Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur WarYom Kippur War

► Arabs attacked, Arabs attacked, gained some of the gained some of the territory lost in 1967territory lost in 1967

►Meir launched Meir launched counterattack, counterattack, regained most of regained most of territoryterritory

Indira GandhiIndira Gandhi

► Daughter of NehruDaughter of Nehru► Became Prime Minister Became Prime Minister

of Indiaof India► Troubled with acts of Troubled with acts of

violence from Sikh violence from Sikh extremists agitating extremists agitating for independencefor independence

► She was gunned down She was gunned down by two of her Sikh by two of her Sikh bodyguards in bodyguards in retaliation for an retaliation for an attack she ordered on attack she ordered on a Sikh templea Sikh temple

Margaret ThatcherMargaret Thatcher

► Prime Minister of Prime Minister of England from 1979-England from 1979-19901990

► Revolutionary, but Revolutionary, but controversial figurecontroversial figure

► Revitalized Britain's Revitalized Britain's economyeconomy

► Contributed to the Contributed to the end of the Cold War end of the Cold War & the fall of & the fall of communism communism

Margaret ThatcherMargaret Thatcher

““I think we have gone through a period when too many I think we have gone through a period when too many children and people have been given to understand "I children and people have been given to understand "I have a problem, it is the Government's job to cope have a problem, it is the Government's job to cope with it!" or "I have a problem, I will go and get a grant with it!" or "I have a problem, I will go and get a grant to cope with it!" "I am homeless, the Government must to cope with it!" "I am homeless, the Government must house me!" and so they are casting their problems on house me!" and so they are casting their problems on society and who is society? There is no such thing! society and who is society? There is no such thing! There are individual men and women and there are There are individual men and women and there are families and no government can do anything except families and no government can do anything except through people and people look to themselves first. It through people and people look to themselves first. It is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to is our duty to look after ourselves and then also to help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal help look after our neighbour and life is a reciprocal business and people have got the entitlements too business and people have got the entitlements too much in mind without the obligations.. “much in mind without the obligations.. “

AKS 49: Change & Continuity in the World Since the 1960s.

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Transcript of AKS 49: Change & Continuity in the World Since the 1960s.