AKS 46:Russian Revolution, Asian Nationalism, and Rise of Fascism

Chapters 30 and 31Pages 864 – 919

Impact of War on…Science & Technology Albert Einstein

German-born physicist - completely changed physics w/ ideas about space, time, matter, & energy

Theory of Relativity: As moving objects neared speed of light, space &

time became relative (they change)

Impact of War on…Science & Technology Automobiles:

Created new manufacturing jobs Expanded recreational travel Led to growth of suburbs

Impact of War on…Science & Technology Airplanes:

Improvements commercial passenger service & international air travel

1927 – Charles Lindbergh 1st solo flight across Atlantic

1932 – Amelia Earhart 1st female solo flight

Impact of War on…Science & Technology Radios:

Expanded audiences for news, plays, sporting events

Helped connect the world

Artists Rebelled: Rebelled against traditional paintings Didn’t recreate realistic objects

Pablo Picasso: Founded cubism – broke objects into geometric

shapes

Impact of War on…Art & Literature

Impact of War on…Art & Literature Friedrich Nietzsche

German philosopher – reason, democracy, & progress are empty ideas – influenced…

Existentialism: No universal meaning to the world – each person

gives life meaning through own actions

Nice whiskers!!

Sigmund Freud: Psychologist – theory

about human mind, thought much of human behavior was irrational (urges & desires in unconscious mind)

Weakened faith in reason

Impact of War on…Society & Social Thinking

Impact of War on…Society & Social Thinking Movies:

Hollywood; became popular escapes from daily hardships

Music: Jazz – energetic & fit freedom

of times Women:

Abandoned restrictive clothing & argued they should be equal to men

Ex: Abbot & Costello

Warm-Up

Russian RevolutionCauses: Policies of Czars

Autocratic Harsh measures Resistance to change inflamed masses

Industrialization & Economic Growth Poor working conditions, low wages, child labor Low standard of living, lack of political power Gap b/w rich & poor civil unrest

Russian RevolutionCauses: Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905):

Russia’s losses sparked unrest at home revealed czar’s weaknesses led to revolt in middle of war

Russian RevolutionCauses: “Bloody Sunday”:

provoked strikes & violence across country

forced Czar Nicholas II to promise more freedom

created the Duma - Russia’s 1st parliament

First session of the Duma

Russian RevolutionCauses: World War I:

revealed weaknesses of czarist rule & military leadership

destroyed morale of Russian soldiers mutinied, deserted, & ignored orders

Russian RevolutionCauses: March Revolution:

forced Czar Nicholas II to abdicate throne due to problems caused by WWI

Led by Bolsheviks under Lenin Romanov family executed – shows radicalism of

Bolsheviks Duma set up provisional gov’t

Headed by Kerensky – stayed in war – big mistake!

Lenin Kerensky

Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution

Toppled provisional gov’t Gave power to Bolsheviks

Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Effects: Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

Peace treaty w/ Germany – ends WWI for Russia

Russian RevolutionNov. 1917 Bolshevik Revolution Effects: Civil War

Begins b/w Red & White armies Red = Bolsheviks White = All opposed to Bolsheviks Effects:

Millions of deaths (fighting, famine) Showed Bolsheviks able to seize & maintain power Crushed opposition to Bolshevik rule

Russian Revolution

Leon Trotsky: helped negotiate Treaty of Brest-Litovsk commanded Red Army during civil war

Russian RevolutionLenin: Background:

Influenced by Marx led Bolshevik revolution w/ Trotsky

& restored peace & order Karl Marx:

ideas formed basis of revolutionary gov’t

Believed proletariat (working class) would revolt

Russian RevolutionLenin: New Economic Policy:

Peasants sell surplus crops Some private ownership As a result, economy slowly recovered

Russian RevolutionLenin: Political Reforms:

Organized Russia into Republics (renamed U.S.S.R.)

Centralized power, unified country Bolsheviks renamed Communist Party

Russian RevolutionStalin: Name means…

“Man of Steel”

Warm-Up

Social ClimateLife in Great Depression Millions lost their jobs Many made their homes in shacks Local gov’t & charity provided free food

out of soup kitchens

Economic Climate U.S. has flawed economy - why?

Uneven distribution of wealth Overproduction by business & agriculture Lessened demand for consumer goods

Economic Climate Post-War German Inflation-How Come?

Gov’t printed money for war expenses & reparations devaluing the mark to the point where people needed wheelbarrows full of money to buy food

Political ClimateProblems with Postwar Democracies

Many citizens of new democracies had little experience with representative gov’t

Some countries had many political parties This made effective gov’t difficult Led to formation of coalition gov’ts that often

unraveled

Political ClimateEx: Weimar Republic (Germany) Lacked strong democratic tradition Multiple political parties Germans blamed Weimar gov’t, not

military leaders, for country’s military defeat & humiliation at Versailles

Economic Climate Oct. 29, 1929 – U.S. Stock Market Crashes

Believing prices would drop, investors tried to sell high-priced stocks that they had bought on margin Nobody wanted to buy

Economic ClimateDepression in U.S. Unemployment rates ↑ Industrial production, prices, wages ↓ Businesses failed Individuals lost savings when banks closed Farmers lost their land

Economic ClimateDepression Worldwide Some countries had war debts – dependent

on American loans, investments Worried American bankers demanded

repayment for loans American investors withdrew $ from Europe American market for imported goods

dropped sharply – America had overproduced Raising of tariffs decrease in world trade &

market demand

ResultsSocialist Gov’t Success Relied on tradition of cooperative

community action & gov’t-sponsored public works programs to keep people employed & producing

Raised pensions for elderly & benefits for those in need

ResultsBritish National Gov’t Passed high protective tariffs Increased taxes Regulated currency Lowered interest rates to encourage

industrial growth

ResultsFrance – Popular Front Economic crisis Political instability Leaders feared growth of antidemocratic

forces

ResultsAnd….Rise of Totalitarian Governments (Fascism)

Warm-Up

ItalyMussolini Becomes Popular – Why?

Italians disappointed by terms at Versailles Distressed by social unrest, rising inflation,

high unemployment Mussolini promised to rescue Italy, revive

economy, rebuild military Founded Fascist Party, rapidly gained

popularity as economic conditions worsened

ItalyResult Mussolini publicly criticized the gov’t Fascists promoted campaign of terror Gained support of middle classes,

industrial leaders, aristocracy

ItalyMussolini in Charge – How? King Victor Emmanuel III invited him to

join gov’t Why? – b/c the king decided Mussolini was

the best hope for his dynasty to survive

ItalyResult Abolished democracy Outlawed all political

parties but his Fascist party

Imposed censorship Had opponents jailed Outlawed strikes Made allies of

industrialists & large landowners

Warm-Up

GermanyHitler Becomes Leader of Nazi Party – Why?

He was a successful organizer & speaker

GermanyResult Nazis became a growing political force

GermanyHitler Tried for Treason – Why?

Mussolini marched on Rome – inspired Hitler & Nazis to try to overthrow gov’t & seize power in Munich He failed!

GermanyResult Went to jail – wrote Mein Kampf

Book set forth his beliefs & goals for Germany

GermanyHitler Named Chancellor – Why?

Depression hit – German economy collapsed Civil unrest broke out People looked to Hitler for strong leadership Conservative leaders, believing they could

control Hitler, advised von Hindenburg to name Hitler chancellor

GermanyResult Hitler acted quickly to strengthen his position Won parliamentary majority in elections he

called & turned Germany into a totalitarian state

GermanyHitler Has Books Burned – Why?

Wanted to control every aspect of German life & shape public opinion

GermanyResult Crushed opposition Forced conformity to Nazi beliefs

GermanyNazi Laws Deprive Jews of Rights – Why?

Anti-Semitism was key to Nazi ideology Nazis used Jews as scapegoats for

Germany’s troubles

GermanyResult Violence against Jews ↑ Kristallnacht (Night of Broken Glass)

signaled real start of the process of eliminating Jews from German life

Warm-Up

Rise of NationalismChina – Sun Yat-sen Known as “Father of the

Revolution” Struggled to bring nationalist,

democratic revolution to China

Succeeded – taken away by dictator

Ideas fueled revolutionary fervor of early 20th century, became basis for Nationalist gov’t led by Chiang Kai-shek in 1928

Rise of NationalismOttoman Empire - Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

“Father of the Turks” Military/Political leader,

transformed Ottoman Empire into modern Turkey

Turned Turkey into a secular country

Rise of NationalismIndia – Mohandas Gandhi Hindu - Led non-violent

demonstrations (ex. Salt March), practiced civil disobedience (deliberate & public refusal to obey unjust law), & boycotts to weaken British control

In favor of independence

Warm-Up

Totalitarianism in… U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union Rise of Stalin:

1922: Lenin dies Turns gov’t against Trotsky, takes over 1927 – becomes dictator

Totalitarianism in…U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union Totalitarianism:

Builds industry Controlled agriculture through collectivization

Those upset executed or imprisoned by Stalin (10 million)

Used terrorism, fear to control people

Totalitarianism in… U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union Total Control:

No individual rights, citizens obey gov’t Used terrorism, fear to control people Wanted to lead a world Communist Revolution Sets up Command Economy – gov’t makes all

economic decisions

Totalitarianism in… U.S.S.R. – Soviet Union Great Purge:

Executed or imprisoned older Communist officials that were a threat to Stalin

Replaced them with younger, more loyal officials

Five Year Plans: Goals for Russian economy led to shortages of food

Entrance to a Gulag prison for political prisoners in Siberia

Totalitarianism in…Germany

Post-Prison Jan. 30, 1933 – Elected

Chancellor 1934 – President von

Hindenburg dies Hitler takes over!

Becomes Furher – “leader” of Third Reich

1st Reich – Holy Roman Empire 2nd Reich – German Empire

under Kaiser Wilhelm

Totalitarianism in…Germany

Totalitarianism: Opponents to Hitler & Nazis

murdered or imprisoned Created Gestapo – secret

police Created Hitler Youth Burned any books not pro-

Nazi

Nazi Gestapo Cap Eagle Pin

Heinrich Himmler, Chief of SS

Totalitarianism in…Germany

Kristallnacht – “Night of Broken Glass” Nov. 9 & 10, 1938 Riots, Nazis attack Jews throughout Germany Thousands attacked, homes, businesses, &

synagogues destroyed Expelled from gov’t jobs, lost citizenship Many tried to leave (went elsewhere in Europe or

US) Thousands taken to concentration camps

Totalitarianism in…Germany Strengthening Germany:

Built up military, created jobs for Germans Began building roads, buildings; controlled

wages and taxes Expansion

Believed Germans should rule inferior races Withdrew from League of Nations in 1932 Violated Treaty of Versailles by building up military

Totalitarianism in…Italy Appeals of Fascism

WWI veterans liked militarism Nationalists like reviving the Roman Heritage Believed a strong ruler keeps order & protects

private ownership

Totalitarianism in…Italy

March on Rome Oct. 1922 “Black Shirts”

Thugs, 30,000 strong, lead riots – beat up socialists & communists

Mussolini named dictator for 1 year, takes over for good

Calls himself Il Duce – “The Leader”

Begins trying to expand the Italian empire

Warm-Up

Aggressors Invade NationsSept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria

Why? Manchuria rich in

coal & iron – valuable to Japan

Aggressors Invade NationsSept. 1931: Japan Invades Manchuria

Result? League of Nations protested – did nothing else Japan ignored protests Pulled out of League in 1933

Aggressors Invade NationsOct. 1935: Italy attacks Ethiopia

Why? Avenge

Ethiopian victory from 1890s

Mussolini dreamed of Italian Empire in Africa

Aggressors Invade NationsOct. 1935: Italy attacks Ethiopia

Result? Italy won easily Emperor of Ethiopia pleaded w/ League of

Nations for help – they did nothing in hopes of keeping the peace in Europe

Hitler Violates Treaty of Versailles by… Rebuilding Germany’s army Invaded Rhineland

Aggressors Invade NationsMarch 1936: Germany occupies Rhineland

Aggressors Invade NationsMarch 1936: Germany occupies Rhineland

Result? British & French appeasement (giving in to

keep peace) Marked turning point in march toward war b/c:

Strengthened Hitler’s power & prestige Balance of power shifted in Germany’s favor Weak response by Britain & France encouraged Hitler

to speed up expansion

Aggressors Invade NationsMarch 1936: Germany occupies Rhineland

Alliance Formed Hitler forms Axis Powers with Mussolini and

Japan

Aggressors Invade NationsJuly 1937: Japan invades China

Rape of Nanjing: Japanese army killed 200,000-300,000 Chinese

civilians in about 2 months Committed rape, arson, looting, & executed

prisoners of war & civilians

Aggressors Invade NationsSept. 1938: Munich Conference is Held

Why was it held? Hitler demanded Czechoslovakia give up part

of its land to Germany (Sudetenland) Czechoslovakia refused – Conference held to

solve problem

Aggressors Invade NationsSept. 1938: Munich Conference is Held

Was it successful? No – Germany allowed to take Sudetenland,

but promised to respect new Czech. Borders A few months later, he took entire country

Aggressors Invade NationsApril 1939: Franco becomes Spanish dictator

Civil War: Broke out in 1936 Army led by Franco – revolted against gov’t run

by liberals & socialists Hitler, Mussolini, Soviet Union sent aid (army

backed by Spanish fascists) Training ground for Hitler’s troops

Gov’t resistance collapsed

Why did enemies sign a pact? Germany:

Did not want USSR getting in the way in Poland Soviet Union:

Wanted to avoid war with Germany & upset about how they were treated by other Allies at the end of World War I

Aggressors Invade NationsAug. 1939: Germany & USSR sign non-aggression pact