AKS 38 – The Renaissance, Reformation, & Scientific Revolution CHAPTERS 17 & 22.1 – PAGES 471-501 & 623-628

38a - explain the social, economic and political changes that contributed to the rise of Florence and the ideas of Machiavelli

THE RENAISSANCE What? When & Where?

Means “__________________”, specifically a revival in ________ & ____________________

Began in the northern Italian city-states in the _________, lasted until around the __________

WHY DID IT BEGIN IN ITALY?

(1) Trade led to growth of city-states, making them very ___________ & powerful Exs: Florence, Pisa, Venice, Genoa, Milan

Controlled trade on the ______________________________ Sea Economic Changes:

When the plague struck, it left fewer laborers Survivors demanded ___________________ wages Expanded the middle class, which began to pursue other

interests, like ________, because there were few opportunities to expand business

(2) Artists & scholars of Italy drew inspiration from the ruins of _____________ that surrounded them

Western scholars studied ancient ___________ manuscripts that had been preserved in monasteries

Christian scholars in Constantinople fled to Rome with ________________ manuscripts when the Ottoman Turks conquered Constantinople in 1453

(3) Merchants dominated political life Did not inherit wealth, ________________ it Believed this gave them the _____________ to be powerful - This

belief in individual achievement became important during the Renaissance, leading to new art forms, biographies, and portraits

Why Florence? Was mostly ___________ while the rest of Europe was rural Because Florence was small, many of its citizens could be

involved in politics The ________________ Family

• Banking family that ruled Florence’s gov’t • Used wealth to be generous patrons of the arts

AKS 38 - analyze the change and continuity in the Renaissance and Reformation (GPS) (SSWH_E2007-38)

Machiavelli

Wrote ________________________ (1513) Writings demonstrated the value of humanism A guidebook for ________________ Recommended realistic actions a ruler could take to stay in power Machiavelli wrote that a ruler should be kind and generous if able, but

it is better to “be ______________ than loved” A ruler should use any means necessary to achieve goals

• The “end justifies the means”

IDEAS ABOUT LIFE CHANGE

People remained devoutly _________________ Spirit of society, however, was

_________________ (worldly)

Church leaders and the wealthy believed they could enjoy life and liberty without __________________________

This is humanism

38b - identify artistic and scientific achievements of the "Renaissance Man", Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo

ARTISTS AND SCULPTORS Influenced by ____________ & _______________

Emphasis on __________________ caused: • Portraits of prominent citizens, showing what was distinctive about each • Glorification of the human body in natural postures • _______________________ to enhance realism Drawing objects smaller if they are far away (3D)

Architecture No more Gothic Returned to _________________ and ________________

THE “RENAISSANCE MAN” THE “RENAISSANCE WOMAN” Well educated in the ___________________ Knowledgeable in many subject areas Charming, witty, smart Could dance, write poetry, play music Should be physically fit

Should study the __________________ Could write, dance, paint, and make music well Should NOT seek __________ or

___________________________ Renaissance women were far better educated

but had fewer rights than Medieval women

RENAISSANCE ARTISTS & SCULPTORS Artists Details Example(s) of Work

da Vinci

Considered to be a true “_____________________” Studied the ___________________ & __________ Was an _____________, sculptor, _____________, and

scientist

Michelangelo

A great ________________ & ________________

Raphael

“________________” Renaissance _____________ He became the favorite painter of the ___________

because of his amazing detailed paintings showing Greeks & Romans along with Renaissance people

Donatello

The greatest _______________ of the Renaissance Medieval sculptors only carved the front of a statue, but

Donatello wanted sculptures to be viewed from all sides like Greek & Roman statues

38c - explain the main characteristics of humanism to include the ideas of Petrarch, Dante and Erasmus

HUMANISM What is it?

Subjects taught in ancient Rome & Greece Grammar, Rhetoric, Poetry, History Outlook focusing on _________________________& _________________

Humanists were practical; they wanted to learn about the world and wrote in the vernacular (common language) either for self-expression or to portray the individuality of their subjects

Ancient writings, rediscovered after being lost during the Middle Ages, influenced this movement

Petrarch

___________ from ___________________ Traveled all over Europe looking for old writings and realized how much had

been lost Wrote _______________________________ about Laura, his ideal woman

He also wrote in Latin Dante

__________ from _____________________ Wrote _______________________________ The story is about Dante’s journey through Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise Written in the vernacular (everyday language) so everyone could enjoy his

writing

Erasmus

______________________ Humanist _______________ Wrote the book ____________________________ Poked fun at flaws in real people, such as greedy merchants, arrogant

priests, etc. Criticized the _____________ for teaching rituals instead of following

Christ • Believed the clergy was ignorant • Believed in Christianity of the heart, not in a religion of rules and

ceremonies Believed that to improve society, people should study the ___________ Believed basis of education should be Roman & Greek classics

More

____________________________ who was concerned with society’s flaws Said literature should serve _____________________________

Wrote _______________ Described his ______________________, where people worked hard,

lived in peace, and were well-educated Shakespeare

English _____________ Invented _________________________ in 37 _____________ Plays examined human flaws and also expressed the Renaissance’s

high view of human nature He drew on Greek and Roman classics for some of his plots Exs: Julius Caesar, Antony & Cleopatra

Cervantes

Spanish _____________ Wrote ___________________________________ Birth of the modern ______________________________ It is about a poor Spanish nobleman who went a little crazy after reading

too many books about heroic knights

38g - explain the importance of Gutenberg and the invention of the printing press THE PRINTING PRESS

What? Effects The most ______________________________

of the 1400s It was a gradual process: First, they learned to make paper from the

Arabs Then came the development of printing

blocks and moveable type ________________________ built the first

printing press in 1455 and used it to print a ___________

Spread _____________ – crucial for the success of the Reformation

Books became ______________ so many people could buy them (especially the Bible) Books written in vernacular for people who

had not had classical educations Revolutionized learning because books

were so readily available, so more people learned to read

38d - analyze the impact of the Protestant Reformation to include the ideas of Martin Luther and John Calvin PROTESTANT REFORMATION

What? Events Leading to Reformation

Religious ____________ movement that ________________ the western church into _________________ and _________________ groups

______________________________________ Began in Northern Europe Goal: Reform the ______________ Church Erasmus was the leader of Christian

Humanism ______________________________________ People were looking for salvation Church leaders did not seem concerned

with the spiritual needs of the people Indulgences (release from all or part of the

punishment for sin) were being sold by the Church

______________________________________ Luther was a monk & a professor He became convinced that humans are

saved through their faith and God alone He believed that the Bible, not the Church,

was the only source for religious truth

1517

Luther posts his ___________________ on the church door at _________________ Cause:

• Luther attacked JohannTetzel, a friar, for selling. The theses were a list of questions & an attack on the abuses being committed by the Chuch

• Luther called for only _________ sacraments (Baptism and Communion) and called for clergy members to be allowed to marry

Effect: • Luther’s words were __________ all over Germany and attracted many followers

1520

Luther is ________________________ & declared an ______________ & _________________ in 1521.

Cause: The pope realized that Luther was a serious threat to _____________________.

The emperor, a devout Catholic, also felt threatened. Effect: Luther was ________________ in Saxony where he translated the New

Testament into German. When he returned to Wittenberg, he found many of his ideas already in use. He and his followers had become a separate religious group called _______________________.

Lutheranism

Became the first _________________ faith of Christianity Featured services including Bible readings, preaching the

word of God, and song Many German territories took control of Catholic Churches

and formed state Protestant Churches Politics

Holy Roman Empire under Charles V suffered from ______________ & _______________ pressures

Individual German territories became more powerful due to _____________________________________

1536

_____________________ publishes Institutes of the Christian Religion Expressed his ideas about God, salvation, and human nature Wrote that men & women are sinful by nature Expanded Luther’s ideas that humans cannot earn salvation & said that God

chooses a very few people to save, called the “________________” God has known since the beginning of time who will be saved This doctrine is called ___________________________

________________ eventually replaced Lutheranism as the ___________________ Protestant religion in Europe.

1555 The Peace of Augsburg is signed.

Cause: The Holy Roman Emperor had fought a war against

the German _________________ princes and defeated them. However, he could not force them back into the _____________________________.

Effect: The settlement ended the war and allowed the ruler of

each German state to _________________________ __________________________________________.

This formally ________________________________ between Catholicism & Protestantism

38e - describe the Counter Reformation at the Council of Trent and the role of the Jesuits CATHOLIC COUNTER-REFORMATION

What? Driving Forces

Movement in which the Roman Catholic Church sought to _____________________ within the Church in response to the _________________ ____________________

______________________________________ Founded by Ignatius of Loyola (Spanish

nobleman) Three Major Activities:

1. Founded & staffed schools throughout Europe

2. Sent out missionaries to convert non-Christians to Catholicism

3. Sought to stop Protestantism from spreading

*Their work was so long lasting because the missionaries that were sent out founded schools, colleges, & universities around the world.

______________________________________ In response to corruption within the Church Pope Paul III Had a council of cardinals investigate

abuses within the Church Approved the Jesuit order Used the Inquisition to identify & punish

heresy in papal territories Convened the _____________________

Pope Paul IV Carried out council’s decrees Had the council draw up an Index of

_____________________________ Had offensive books collected and burned

______________________________________ Reaffirmed the split between the Catholic & Protestant

churches Catholic bishops & cardinals agreed on several

doctrines: The Church's interpretation of the Bible was final.

Any Christian who substituted his or her own interpretation was a ________________________.

Christians needed faith and good works for salvation. They were not saved by faith alone, as Luther argued.

The Bible and Church tradition were equally powerful authorities for guiding Christian life.

Indulgences were valid expressions of faith. But the _____________ selling of indulgences was banned.

38f - describe the English Reformation and the role of Henry VIII and Elizabeth I ENGLISH REFORMATION

1534

English Parliament approved the __________________________________ Cause: Henry VIII needed to annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon and remarry in

order to have a male heir. When the pope would not agree to this, Henry called a Reformation Parliament to strip away the pope’s power in England. The Act of Supremacy completed this break with the pope by making the king the head of England’s church. This was different from the Protestant Reformation because it took place for

______________________________ Effect: Henry closed all English monasteries and seized their wealth and land. This act

___________________ royal power as well as the king’s treasury. 1559

Parliament established the _______________________________ Cause: Elizabeth I returned England from Catholicsm (under Queen Mary) to

Protestantism and asked Parliament to set up a _________________________. Effect: The Anglican Church became the only _____________ church in England and

people were required to attend its services. Elizabeth organized the church so that both Catholic moderates and Protestant moderates might accept it.

EFFECTS OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Political Religious Social

Church authority ________________; individual monarchs & states gained power

1600s – rulers of nation-states sought more power for themselves and countries through warfare, exploration, and expansion

Groundwork was laid for the ______________________

Protestant churches _________________

Roman Catholic Church became more ____________ as a result of the reforms at the _____________________

Both religious put an emphasis on _____________ in promoting beliefs this led to new ______________ & ______________________

Women remained mainly limited to concerns of ____________ & __________

42a - explain the scientific contributions of Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Newton and how these ideas changed the European world view

SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION Scientist Details/Major Accomplishment(s)

Copernicus (1473-1543)

Polish __________________ & ___________________ Wrote a book called On the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies Challenged the theories of Ptolemy, which stated that the Earth

was the center of the universe Copernicus had two theories: Earth rotates on _______________________ Earth and the planets revolve around the _________________

__________________________________________________ • He had no proof, so his theories were rejected.

Kepler (1571-1630)

Astronomer Agreed with Copernicus 1609: Used _____________________ to prove Copernicus was

__________________ Mathematical laws govern planetary motion Orbits of the planets are ____________________, not circular

His ideas influenced _________________ Galileo’s and Kepler’s work made Catholics question church

teachings

Galileo (1564-1642)

Used the telescope to prove _________________ theories Contributed to the development of the Scientific Method (based on

testing hypotheses) Announced these discoveries in the early 1600s: Observed rough surface of the ___________________________ Discovered four moons of _____________________ Each pendulum swing takes the same amount of time Falling objects accelerate at a ___________________

Catholic Church Forbade the teachings of Copernicus and Galileo was brought

before the _____________________ To avoid execution, Galileo admitted he was wrong (even though

he knew he was not) He continued his work from his home and kept journals, which

were found later, after his death Newton

(1642-1727)

English mathematician Wrote a book called Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy Invented ___________________ Developed laws of ________________ & ___________________ The same force, ________________, rules all matter on earth and

in space (__________________________) Every object in the universe ____________________ every other The degree of attraction is determined by mass and distance

Scientific Instruments

Inventions: __________________________ __________________________ __________________________ __________________________

Medicine

Study of human ________________ First ________________ Ointment to stop infection _______________ of wounds ________________________ discovered that the heart is a pump

and circulates blood throughout the body Chemistry

__________________________ Explained the relationship of volume, temperature, and pressure of

gas Discovery of ________________