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Offshore Petroleum Exploitation andOffshore Petroleum Exploitation andInternational Law: Legal andInternational Law: Legal and

Environmental Aspects for CoastalEnvironmental Aspects for Coastal

States of the Gulf of GuineaStates of the Gulf of Guinea

Dossou Rodrigue AKOHOUDossou Rodrigue AKOHOUThe United NationsThe United Nations The Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme 2007/2008The Nippon Foundation of Japan Fellowship Programme 2007/2008

Centre de Droit Maritime et OcaniqueUniversit de Nantes - France


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Overview of the presentationOverview of the presentation IntroductionIntroduction Preliminary: Remarks on the background and dynamic ofPreliminary: Remarks on the background and dynamic of

Petroleum industry in the Gulf of GuineaPetroleum industry in the Gulf of Guinea

Legal framework of offshore petroleum exploitation in CoastalLegal framework of offshore petroleum exploitation in CoastalStates of the Gulf of GuineaStates of the Gulf of Guinea

Implementation of mining legislations on offshore petroleumImplementation of mining legislations on offshore petroleumexploitationexploitation

Legal framework of the protection and the preservation of theLegal framework of the protection and the preservation of themarine environment by Coastal States of the Gulf of Guineamarine environment by Coastal States of the Gulf of Guinea

Responsibility and liability for damage caused by oil pollutionResponsibility and liability for damage caused by oil pollution ononmarine environmentmarine environment

RecommendationsRecommendations


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IntroductionIntroduction

Geopolitical and strategic reasons influence petroleum exploitatGeopolitical and strategic reasons influence petroleum exploitation:ion:

Increased needs and dwindling reserves of fossil fuels, in factIncreased needs and dwindling reserves of fossil fuels, in fact imposeimposefor States to take control of their demand and diversify those rfor States to take control of their demand and diversify those resourcesesources During 2002 and 2030, world energy demand may increase for 60%.During 2002 and 2030, world energy demand may increase for 60%. Demand for oil will reach 121 millions barrels per day in 2030,Demand for oil will reach 121 millions barrels per day in 2030, an increasean increase

of 37% compared to 2006, Source: IEAof 37% compared to 2006, Source: IEA

With interest to environment challenges, the Offshore petroleumWith interest to environment challenges, the Offshore petroleumexploitation must intregrate the pratical approach of marineexploitation must intregrate the pratical approach of marine

management called Large Marine Ecosystem (LME).management called Large Marine Ecosystem (LME).


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The concept of LMEThe concept of LME

The LME is applied to the oceanic areasThe LME is applied to the oceanic areas

200.000 Km sq , characterized by different200.000 Km sq , characterized by differentregimes of hydrography and geomorphologyregimes of hydrography and geomorphologyunderwater and marine living resources.underwater and marine living resources.


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Cont..Cont..In terms of governing policy, theIn terms of governing policy, the

implementation of the LME concept shouldimplementation of the LME concept shouldlead to the development of an integratedlead to the development of an integratedmaritime policy, built on a global vision ofmaritime policy, built on a global vision ofmarine affairs. Praticaly, a regularmarine affairs. Praticaly, a regularEnvironmental Impact assessment shouldEnvironmental Impact assessment should

be undertaken to prevent damage onbe undertaken to prevent damage onmarine environment and its resources.marine environment and its resources.


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The Guinea Current Large MarineThe Guinea Current Large MarineEcosystem (GCLME)Ecosystem (GCLME)

The GCLME extends from Islands Bissagos (GuineaThe GCLME extends from Islands Bissagos (Guinea

Bissau) to Cape Lopez (Gabon). But, due to theBissau) to Cape Lopez (Gabon). But, due to theinfluence of Current Guinea on Oceanographyinfluence of Current Guinea on Oceanographywaters of Congo and Angola, the GCLME areawaters of Congo and Angola, the GCLME area

understand the Exclusive Economic Zones of 16understand the Exclusive Economic Zones of 16States: Angola, Benin, Cameroun, Congo, CongoStates: Angola, Benin, Cameroun, Congo, Congo(R.D.), Cte d(R.D.), Cte dIvoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon,

Ghana, Guinea, GuineaGhana, Guinea, Guinea--Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria,Bissau, Liberia, Nigeria,Sao Tome & Principe, Sierra Leone, TogoSao Tome & Principe, Sierra Leone, Togo


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Gulf of Guinea as LMEGulf of Guinea as LMEThe LME approach is adopted in view toThe LME approach is adopted in view to

have the suitable link between Petroleumhave the suitable link between PetroleumIndustry and Marine EnvironmentIndustry and Marine Environmentchallenges.challenges.

The objectives are to:The objectives are to: Combat Marine pollution by Offshore activities;Combat Marine pollution by Offshore activities;

Avoid the depletion of marine living resourcesAvoid the depletion of marine living resourceswhile exploiting minerals.while exploiting minerals.


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PreliminaryPreliminaryThe background and the dynamic ofThe background and the dynamic of

offshore industry in Coastal States ofoffshore industry in Coastal States ofthe Gulf of Guineathe Gulf of Guinea


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Background of Petroleum industry inBackground of Petroleum industry in

the Gulf of Guineathe Gulf of Guinea

Through the Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeThrough the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative(EITI) the international community is making currently a(EITI) the international community is making currently achallenge against thechallenge against the thesis of petroleum curse forthesis of petroleum curse forAfrican StatesAfrican States ..

Dependency issues relating to petroleum industry:Dependency issues relating to petroleum industry: Lack of financial capital,Lack of financial capital,

Offshore technologies are most voracious in financial investmentOffshore technologies are most voracious in financial investments,s,

Dependence of the African States economies to petroleumDependence of the African States economies to petroleumrevenues (petroleum resources represent more than 50% of Grossrevenues (petroleum resources represent more than 50% of GrossDomesticDomestic ProductProduct))


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Dynamic of the offshore PetroleumDynamic of the offshore Petroleumindustry in Gulf of Guineaindustry in Gulf of Guinea

According to recent marine prospections in Gulf of GuineaAccording to recent marine prospections in Gulf of Guineamost important discoveries of deposits are located inmost important discoveries of deposits are located inoffshore sedimentary basins beyond the bathymetric curveoffshore sedimentary basins beyond the bathymetric curveof 5OO meters.of 5OO meters.

And West African Coastal States have become majorAnd West African Coastal States have become major

players in the world oil arena (More than 9,091 millionsplayers in the world oil arena (More than 9,091 millionsbarels of Oil equivalents of reserves in deepwater fields,barels of Oil equivalents of reserves in deepwater fields,20002000--2005)2005)

Gulf of Guinea includes: major oil producers as Nigeria,Gulf of Guinea includes: major oil producers as Nigeria,Angola, Gabon; and significant producers (Cameroun,Angola, Gabon; and significant producers (Cameroun,Equatorial Guinea, Congo, Cte dEquatorial Guinea, Congo, Cte dIvoire) and potentialIvoire) and potentialones (Togo, Sao Tome & Principe and Benin).ones (Togo, Sao Tome & Principe and Benin).


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Platforms operating conditionsPlatforms operating conditions 2 kind of Platforms: Drilling operations Platforms and Permanent2 kind of Platforms: Drilling operations Platforms and Permanent

platforms for production.platforms for production.

For drilling, there is Fixed Platforms and mobile platforms (MODFor drilling, there is Fixed Platforms and mobile platforms (MODU, TLP,U, TLP,Spars)Spars)

Fixed Platforms can only be use in shallow waters (dephtFixed Platforms can only be use in shallow waters (depht 400 m)400 m) Deepwater isDeepwater is 400 m to 1500/1800 m, Ultra deepwater400 m to 1500/1800 m, Ultra deepwater 1800 to1800 to

3000 m and more.3000 m and more. Platforms should take the time of the petroleum operations (15Platforms should take the time of the petroleum operations (15--2020

years)years) Platforms should withstand severe climate conditions:Platforms should withstand severe climate conditions:

Winds of up to 18 Km/hWinds of up to 18 Km/h SwellSwell heightheight up to 33 mup to 33 m

CycloneCyclones conditions: wind 250 Km/hs conditions: wind 250 Km/h Weight of Platforms up to 40000 TWeight of Platforms up to 40000 T


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Link surface/submarineLink surface/submarine


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OilOil--drilling platforms in Niger Deltadrilling platforms in Niger Delta

and petroleum blocks, Nigeriaand petroleum blocks, Nigeria


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Total Elf Fina offshore, NigeriaTotal Elf Fina offshore, Nigeria


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Platforms in Cabinda, AngolaPlatforms in Cabinda, Angola


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Angola,(R) CabindaAngola,(R) Cabindas offshore;s offshore;Congo ( oil production Block 0Congo ( oil production Block 0


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Platforms of Abana and La CeibaPlatforms of Abana and La Ceiba

(Equatorial Guinea)(Equatorial Guinea)


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Offshore oil fields of EquatorialOffshore oil fields of Equatorial

GuineaGuinea


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PART IPART ILegal framework of offshoreLegal framework of offshore

petroleum exploitation in Coastalpetroleum exploitation in CoastalStates of the Gulf of GuineaStates of the Gulf of Guinea

Implementation of mining legislationsImplementation of mining legislations

in relation to offshore petroleumin relation to offshore petroleumexploitationexploitation


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Legal framework of offshoreLegal framework of offshore

exploitationexploitation Legal framework of offshore petroleum exploitationLegal framework of offshore petroleum exploitation

in Coastal States of the Gulf of Guinea is based onin Coastal States of the Gulf of Guinea is based on

exercise of the sovereign rights and the exclusiveexercise of the sovereign rights and the exclusivejurisdiction of Coastal States in the Exclusivejurisdiction of Coastal States in the ExclusiveEconomic Zone (EEZ) and on the Continental ShelfEconomic Zone (EEZ) and on the Continental Shelf(Art. 60, 76, 77, 80 and 81, UNCLOS)(Art. 60, 76, 77, 80 and 81, UNCLOS)

The exercise of these rights must not infringe theThe exercise of these rights must not infringe therights of others States (Art. 78)rights of others States (Art. 78)

The rights of Coastal State over the CS do not affectThe rights of Coastal State over the CS do not affectthe legal status of the superjacent waters or airthe legal status of the superjacent waters or airspace above those watersspace above those waters

Accordingly, it involves the maritime boundariesAccordingly, it involves the maritime boundariesdelimitationdelimitation


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The maritime boundaries delimitationThe maritime boundaries delimitation

With regard to minerals wealth, States often have disputesWith regard to minerals wealth, States often have disputeson maritime spaces.on maritime spaces.

For the boundaries disputes on Continental Shelf (CS)For the boundaries disputes on Continental Shelf (CS)between States with opposite or adjacent coasts, thebetween States with opposite or adjacent coasts, thejurisprudence of the ICJ affirm the mandatory character ofjurisprudence of the ICJ affirm the mandatory character of

Equitable solutionEquitable solution.. That solution may take into account the equitableThat solution may take into account the equitable

principles/circumstances relevant to the delimitation of the CS.principles/circumstances relevant to the delimitation of the CS. Some relevants disputes have been resolved by ICJ (e.g. CamerounSome relevants disputes have been resolved by ICJ (e.g. Cameroun

vs Nigeria, 2002)vs Nigeria, 2002)

Some relevants treaties have been concludedSome relevants treaties have been concluded between Coastalbetween CoastalStates of Gulf of Guinea forStates of Gulf of Guinea for Joint exploration of crude oil and otherJoint exploration of crude oil and otherresources (e.g. Nigeriaresources (e.g. Nigeria--Sao Tome & Principe, NigeriaSao Tome & Principe, Nigeria--EquatorialEquatorialGuinea)Guinea)


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The delineation of the CSThe delineation of the CS

beyond 200 nautical milesbeyond 200 nautical miles

On the establishment of the outer limits ofOn the establishment of the outer limits ofthe CS beyond 200 nautical miles, majoritythe CS beyond 200 nautical miles, majorityof Coastal States of the Gulf of Guinea mayof Coastal States of the Gulf of Guinea mayextend theirs. But, they are Least developedextend theirs. But, they are Least developed

States and have difficulties to face theStates and have difficulties to face thescientific, technical and financialscientific, technical and financialrequirements of the submissions.requirements of the submissions.


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Interests of delimitation in offshoreInterests of delimitation in offshore

productionproduction

Define the areas of overlap of sedimentaryDefine the areas of overlap of sedimentary

basinsbasinsEstablish the schemes of management of oilEstablish the schemes of management of oil

resourcesresources

Avoid conflicts between neighbouringAvoid conflicts between neighbouringCoastal StatesCoastal States


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National mining legislations includes:National mining legislations includes: Competences and monitoring of petroleum operationsCompetences and monitoring of petroleum operations

Award contractsAward contracts

Overlaping and conflict rightsOverlaping and conflict rights

Mining operations (exploration, prospection, drilling andMining operations (exploration, prospection, drilling andproduction)production)

Tax and RoyaltiesTax and Royalties

Environmental protection and sanitationEnvironmental protection and sanitation

LiabilityLiability


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Petroleum contractsPetroleum contracts There is two basics contracts:There is two basics contracts:

Joint Operating Agreements (JOA)Joint Operating Agreements (JOA) Production Sharing Contract (PSC)Production Sharing Contract (PSC)

The National Company is often the concessionaryThe National Company is often the concessionary

of Mining rights (SONANGOL in Angola, NNPC inof Mining rights (SONANGOL in Angola, NNPC inNigeria and GEPetrol in Equatorial Guinea). But,Nigeria and GEPetrol in Equatorial Guinea). But,there are some old petroleum agreements inthere are some old petroleum agreements in

which foreign compagnies are holders of miningwhich foreign compagnies are holders of miningrights (Gabon, Congo and Cameroun)rights (Gabon, Congo and Cameroun)


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Joint Operating Agreements (JOA)Joint Operating Agreements (JOA)

The JOA sets the guidelines/modalities for running theThe JOA sets the guidelines/modalities for running theoperations between National Compagnie and theoperations between National Compagnie and theoperators.operators.

In this contract one of the partners is designated theIn this contract one of the partners is designated theOperator.Operator.

All parties are to share in the cost of operations. EachAll parties are to share in the cost of operations. Each

partner can lift and separately dispose its interest share ofpartner can lift and separately dispose its interest share ofproduction subject to the payment of Petroleum profit taxproduction subject to the payment of Petroleum profit taxand royaltyand royalty


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Production Sharing Contract (PSC)Production Sharing Contract (PSC) The PSC is an agreement born in response to the funding problemsThe PSC is an agreement born in response to the funding problems

faced by old Joint Venture arrangement as well as the desire offaced by old Joint Venture arrangement as well as the desire of

Governments of the States in Gulf of Guinea to open nationalGovernments of the States in Gulf of Guinea to open nationalpetroleum sector for more foreign participation.petroleum sector for more foreign participation.

Its main features are:Its main features are: Contractor bears all costs of exploration and production which aContractor bears all costs of exploration and production which arere

recoverable with crude oil in the event of commercial find, withrecoverable with crude oil in the event of commercial find, with

provisionsprovisions

made for:made for: Tax Oil: is to offset actual Tax, Royalty and Concession RentalsTax Oil: is to offset actual Tax, Royalty and Concession Rentals due anddue and

payable/deductible in full in the yearpayable/deductible in full in the year Cost Oil: To reimburse the Contractor for capital investments anCost Oil: To reimburse the Contractor for capital investments and operatingd operating

costscosts Profit Oil: The balance after deduction of Tax Oil and Cost Oil,Profit Oil: The balance after deduction of Tax Oil and Cost Oil, which is to bewhich is to be

shared between the National Compagnie and the Contractor in an ashared between the National Compagnie and the Contractor in an agreedgreedproportionproportion


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PART IIPART IILegal framework of the protection andLegal framework of the protection and

the preservation of the marinethe preservation of the marineenvironment by Coastal States of theenvironment by Coastal States of theGulf of GuineaGulf of Guinea

Responsibility and Liability of CoastalResponsibility and Liability of Coastal

states for damage caused by oilstates for damage caused by oilpollution on marine environmentpollution on marine environment


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Offshore industry potentials risksOffshore industry potentials risksThe disaffection and fire are potentialsThe disaffection and fire are potentials

dangers of the offshore platformsdangers of the offshore platforms

h 2001 36 d fi ld


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March 2001, PMarch 2001, P--36, Rancador field,36, Rancador field,

BRAZILBRAZILs offshores offshore


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Platform accident in Egypts offshore


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Cont..Cont..Legal framework of the protection andLegal framework of the protection and

the preservation of the marinethe preservation of the marineenvironment by Coastal States of theenvironment by Coastal States of theGulf of GuineaGulf of Guinea


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General Provisions: Section XII,General Provisions: Section XII,

UNCLOSUNCLOSCoastal States have obligations and competences:Coastal States have obligations and competences:

Obligation to protect and preserve the marineObligation to protect and preserve the marineenvironment (through this provision Coastal Statesenvironment (through this provision Coastal Statesmust adopt measures to prevent, reduce andmust adopt measures to prevent, reduce andcontrol pollution of the marine environment, andcontrol pollution of the marine environment, and

shall also cooperate as appropriate)shall also cooperate as appropriate)

There are relevant national legislations onThere are relevant national legislations onenvironment, and some provisions relating toenvironment, and some provisions relating to

environment protection which are included inenvironment protection which are included inPetroleum legislationsPetroleum legislations


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Environmental legislations (general)Environmental legislations (general)

BBninnin : Loi n: Loi n 9898--030 du 12 f030 du 12 fvrier 1999 portant Loivrier 1999 portant Loi--cadre surcadre sur

llenvironnementenvironnement

CamerounCameroun : Loi n: Loi n 96/12 du 5 ao96/12 du 5 aot 1996 portant Loit 1996 portant Loi--cadre relativecadre relative lalagestion de lgestion de lenvironnement.environnement.

CteCte--ddIvoireIvoire : Loi n: Loi n 9696--766 du 3 octobre 1996 portant Code de766 du 3 octobre 1996 portant Code del'Environnement.l'Environnement.

GabonGabon : article 1er de la Loi n: article 1er de la Loi n 16/93 du 26 ao16/93 du 26 aot 1993relativet 1993relative la protectionla protectionetet l'aml'amlioration de l'environnement.lioration de l'environnement.

GuinGuine Equatorialee Equatoriale : Environmental law n: Environmental law n 7/2003 dated November 27 and7/2003 dated November 27 andits amendementsits amendements

NigNigriaria : Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No 86 of 1992 Laws of: Environmental Impact Assessment Decree No 86 of 1992 Laws ofthe Federation of Nigeria.the Federation of Nigeria.


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Competences of Coastal StatesCompetences of Coastal States Exercise of Regulations powers in EEZ inExercise of Regulations powers in EEZ in

accordance with UNCLOSaccordance with UNCLOS Coastal State can institute proceedings in respect of anyCoastal State can institute proceedings in respect of any

violation of its laws and regulationsviolation of its laws and regulations Coastal State may undertake physical inspection of theCoastal State may undertake physical inspection of the

vessel relating to the violationvessel relating to the violation

In case of oil discharge causing majorIn case of oil discharge causing majordamage or threat to coastline, Territorialdamage or threat to coastline, Territorial

Sea and EEZ, the Coastal State may instituteSea and EEZ, the Coastal State may instituteproceedings, including detention of theproceedings, including detention of thevessel.vessel.


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International Conventions on MarineInternational Conventions on Marine

pollutionpollution GLOBAL LEVELGLOBAL LEVEL

International ConventionInternational Convention

relating to Intervention on therelating to Intervention on theHigh Seas in Cases of OilHigh Seas in Cases of OilPollution Casualities, 1969Pollution Casualities, 1969

MARPOL Convention 73/78:MARPOL Convention 73/78:Combat oil pollution fromCombat oil pollution from

vessels. This involves the fittingvessels. This involves the fittingof appropriate equipment,of appropriate equipment,including an oilincluding an oil--dischargedischargemonitoring and control system.monitoring and control system.It establishes the Gulfs asIt establishes the Gulfs asspecial areas, which arespecial areas, which are

vulnerable to pollution by oil.vulnerable to pollution by oil. Convention on Oil PollutionConvention on Oil Pollution

Preparedness, Response andPreparedness, Response andCooperation (OPRC 90)Cooperation (OPRC 90)

REGIONAL LEVELREGIONAL LEVEL Convention for cooperation inConvention for cooperation in

the protection and developmentthe protection and developmentof coastal regions of West Africaof coastal regions of West Africaand Central Africa (WACAF) andand Central Africa (WACAF) anditits Protocol (1981)s Protocol (1981)

Memorandum of UnderstandingMemorandum of Understanding(MOU) of Abuja on Port State(MOU) of Abuja on Port StateControl: Inspection of foreignControl: Inspection of foreignships in national ports to verifyships in national ports to verifythat condition of the ship andthat condition of the ship andits equipment comply with theits equipment comply with the

requirements of Internationalrequirements of InternationalConventions and maritime lawsConventions and maritime laws


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MARITIME SAFETY STANDARDSMARITIME SAFETY STANDARDS International SafetyInternational Safety

Management Code (ISM,Management Code (ISM,1993)1993)

Convention on theConvention on the

International RegulationsInternational Regulationsfor Preventing Collisions atfor Preventing Collisions atSea (COLREG, 1972)Sea (COLREG, 1972)

International Ship and PortInternational Ship and PortFacility Security (ISPSFacility Security (ISPSCode, 2002)Code, 2002)

International ConventionInternational Conventionfor the Safety of Life atfor the Safety of Life at

Sea (SOLAS, 1974)Sea (SOLAS, 1974)

International ConventionInternational Convention

on Standards of Training,on Standards of Training,Certification andCertification andWatchkeeping forWatchkeeping forSeafarers (STCW, 1978)Seafarers (STCW, 1978)


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National Standards ofNational Standards ofenvironmentalenvironmental

provisions imposed on petroleum operationsprovisions imposed on petroleum operations

Regulations relating to safe workingRegulations relating to safe working

Regulations relating to the conservation ofRegulations relating to the conservation ofresourcesresources

The prevention of pollution of watercourses andThe prevention of pollution of watercourses andatmosphereatmosphere

Obligations of Environmental Impact AssessmentObligations of Environmental Impact Assessment


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Cont..Cont.. With regard to the provisions of the various marine ConventionsWith regard to the provisions of the various marine Conventions for Oilfor Oil

pollution Prevention and marine safety Standards, States mustpollution Prevention and marine safety Standards, States mustintroduce them into their national petroleum legislations.introduce them into their national petroleum legislations.

Currently, OPRC Convention is likely to serve a mechanism whichCurrently, OPRC Convention is likely to serve a mechanism which cancanfocus on initiatives at the international, regional and nationalfocus on initiatives at the international, regional and national levels inlevels inmatter of prevention of Oil spills.matter of prevention of Oil spills.

Within the framework of the Global Initiative projectWithin the framework of the Global Initiative project GI WACAF),GI WACAF),Interim Guinea Current Commission (IGCC), International MaritimeInterim Guinea Current Commission (IGCC), International MaritimeOrganisation (IMO), International Petroleum Industry EnvironmentOrganisation (IMO), International Petroleum Industry EnvironmentConservation Association (IPIECA) and other patners work togetheConservation Association (IPIECA) and other patners work together tor toencourage and facilitate improvement for Oil spill preparednessencourage and facilitate improvement for Oil spill preparedness andand

response measures.response measures.

This is important for Gulf of Guinea LME which must face the intThis is important for Gulf of Guinea LME which must face the intenseenseactivity both of Oil transportation and Offshore petroleum drillactivity both of Oil transportation and Offshore petroleum drilling.ing.


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Responsibility and LiabilityResponsibility and Liability Responsibility of State (Art. 235, UNCLOS): States shall beResponsibility of State (Art. 235, UNCLOS): States shall be

liable in accordance with International Law.liable in accordance with International Law.

To ensure that recourse is available for prompt and adequateTo ensure that recourse is available for prompt and adequatecompensation or other relief in respect of damage caused bycompensation or other relief in respect of damage caused bypollution of the marine environment by petroleum operators undepollution of the marine environment by petroleum operators underrtheir jurisdictiontheir jurisdiction

Liability of the operator:Liability of the operator: International Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution DaInternational Convention on Civil Liability for Oil Pollution Damagemage

(CLC, 1969 and 1992)(CLC, 1969 and 1992) International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds, 1971International Oil Pollution Compensation Funds (IOPC Funds, 1971,,

1992 and Supplementary Fund), provide compensation for Oil1992 and Supplementary Fund), provide compensation for Oilpollution damage resulting from spills of persistent oil from tapollution damage resulting from spills of persistent oil from tankers.nkers.

The subscription to private insurance is also a mean ofThe subscription to private insurance is also a mean ofcompensation of damage by oil pollutioncompensation of damage by oil pollution


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RECOMMENDATIONSRECOMMENDATIONS Strengthening the legal framework of the offshoreStrengthening the legal framework of the offshore

exploitation by adopting a convention on technicalexploitation by adopting a convention on technicalstandards and safetystandards and safety

Etablishment of a special fund for protection of marineEtablishment of a special fund for protection of marine

ecosystem. This can be financed by IOPC Funds,ecosystem. This can be financed by IOPC Funds,States or regional financial Institutions (AfricanStates or regional financial Institutions (AfricanDevelopment Bank, West Africa Development Bank).Development Bank, West Africa Development Bank).

Adoption of specific laws on exploitation of EEZ andAdoption of specific laws on exploitation of EEZ andCS.CS.


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THANK YOU FOR YOURTHANK YOU FOR YOURATTENTIONATTENTION

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