Presented by•Annie Azam

Topic Akbar The

Great Empire

Contents• Mughal Empire

• Mughal Emperors• Akbar the Great• Akbar's Creations• System of Taxation• Mughal Music & Akbar• Expansion & Consolidation• Battles Fought by Akbar

• Rajput Policies• Religious Policies• Changes in the field of Religion• Ibadat Khana• Din e ilahi• Death

MUGHAL EMPIRE The Mughal Emperors were a branch of the Tirmurid Dynasty . From the early

century to early they built and ruled Mughal empire in Indian Sub-continent (mainly Bangladesh , Pakistan and India).

Their power rapidly raised during century and the last of the emperors was deposed in 1857 with the establishment of the British Raj.

The dynasty was of central Asian Turco-Mongol. The emperors claimed direct descent from both Timur and Genghis Khan,

though his son Chagatai Khan. At their empire made greatest extent, they controlled much of the Indian Sub-

Continent (extending from Bengal to Kabul and in Sindh , Kashmir to Khavari basin) .

MUGHAL EMPIRE (Cont…)Its Population at that time has been estimated

as between 110 and 150 million (a quarter of the world population).

Over a territory of more than 3.2 million square kilometer.

The era of Mughal Empire is written in golden words in Hindian history as this was the period when the phenomenon of single central ruling power came into existence in the country.

List of Mughal Emperors Babar Humayun Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb Bahadur Shah Jahandar Shah

FarrukhsiyarRafi-ul DarjatRafi-ul DaulahRoshan Akhtar BahadurAhmed Shah BahadurAziz-ud DinAli GauharMirza AkbarBahadur Shah Zafar

Babar• Born in February 14, 1483, Andijan, Uzbekistan.He was the

1st Mughal Emperor.• The First Battle of Panipat was the biggest battle that Babur

fought. Rana’s plans failed miserably and his army was crushed by Babur’s forces.• The Battle of Khanwa, which was fought near the village of

Khanwa. The battle led to the death of Ibrahim Lodi and resulted in a decisive victory for Babur• He had deep interests in literature, art, music and gardening• He died at the age of 47 on 26 December 1530 in Agra,India.

Hamayun• He was the 2nd Mughal Emperor• He ruled over territory in what is now

Afghanistan,Pakistan and parts of Northern India from 1531-1540 and again from 1555-1556• At the time of his death in 1556, the Mughal empire

spread almost one million square kilometer.

Jahangir• He was the 4th Mughal Emperor.• He ruled from 1605 until his death in 1627.• His throne name Jahangir means “Conqueror Of The World”• He was the eldest surviving son of Mughal Emperor,Akbar

Shah Jahan• He was the 5th Mughal Emperor• He rule India from 1628 to 1658.• He was the son of Emperor Jahangir• He was considered one of the greatest Mughals of the Timur Family.

Aurangzeb• He was the 6th Mughal Emperor• He rule India 1658 until his death• Aurangzeb was a notable expansionist.

Bahadur Shah• He was the 7th Mughal Emperor.• He rule India 1707 until his death in 1712.• He is third son of Aurangzeb.

Jahandar Shah• He was the 8th Mughal Emperor.• He ruled from a brief period in 1712-1713• He became Emperor after liquidating his three Brothers.

Farrukhsiyar• He became Emperor after murdering Jahandar Shah ,(1713-1719).• He was the 9th Mughal Emperor.• As a handsome ruler he was easily swayed by his Advisors.• He was the son of Azim-us Shah.

Rafi-ul Darjat He was the youngest son of bahadur shah. He was the 10th Mughal emperor. He succeeded Furrakhsiyar on 28 Febraury 1719.

Rafi-ud Daulah(Shah Jahan II)He was the 11th Mughal emperor.He was a Mughal Emperor for a brief period in

1719.He succeeded his short-lived brother Rafi-ul Darjat

in that year.

Roshan Akhtar Bahadur(Muhammad Shah)

He was a Mughal Emperor between 1719 and 1748.He was a 12th Mughal emperor.He was a son of Khujista Akhtar , the fourth son of

Bahadur Shah.He ascended the throne at the young age of 17.

Ahmed Shah BahadurAhmed Shah Bahadur was born to Mughal emperor

Muhammad Shah.He was a 13th Mughal emperor.When he came to power the rule of the Mughal Empire was collapsing.

Aziz-ud Din(Alamgir II)He was a 14th Mughal emperor.He was the Mughal Emperor of India from 3 June 1754 to

29 November 1759.He was the son of Jahandar Shah.On ascending the throne , he took the title of

“ALAMGIR” and tried to follow the approach of Auragzeb Alamgir.

*Shah Jahan III was 15th Mughal emperor.(titular)

Ali Gauhar(Shah Alam II)He was the 16th Mughal EmperorHe was the son of Aziz-ud-Din(Alamgir II).He became the Emperor of the crumbling Mughal empire

, his power was so depleted during his reign that it led to a saying in Persian,“Sultanat-e-Shah Alam,Az Dilli ta Palam” meaning “The Kingdom of Shah Alam is from Delhi to Palam”

Palam being a suburb of Delhi.*Shah Jahan IV was the 17th Mughal emperor.(titular)

Mirza Akbar(Akbar II)

He was a 18th Mughal emperor.He was the penultimate Mughal Emperor of India.He reigned from 1806 to 1837.He was the second son of Ali Gauhar and the father of

Bahadur Shah Zafar.

Bahadur Shah Zafar

He was the 19th & last Mughal Emperor .He became the successor to his father Mirza Akbar with

his death on 28 September 1837.He wrote many Urdu Ghazals .He was a nominal emperor as the Mughal Empire

existed in name only and his authority was limited only to the city of Delhi.

Akbar The Great• He was a mughal emperor from 1556 until his death• He was the third & one of the greatest ruler in india • Akbar enlarged the mughal empire to include all Indian sub-continent.• Akbar established a centralized system of administration throughout his

empire.

Akbar’s Creation• Akbar was a great patron of architecture,art & literature • Queen Elizabeth once even send to meet the king • Akbars buildings still survive,including the red fort at Agrah.

System of Taxation a. Standardized measurement of land b. Ascertainment of produce per bigha. c. Fixing of states share in procedure.

Mughal Music and Akbar

• Akbar was devoted to music.• There were 36 Musicians of high grate in the Mughal court of Akbar.• Akbar himself was a learned musicians.• He studied hindu vocalization by “Lal Kalawant”.• The Mughals are credited for bringing about a fusion of two diverse

systems of music and giving birth to the national indian music.

EXPANSION AND COSOLIDATION• Akbar built a vast empire. He conquered Gujarat in the west and Bengal and

parts of Orissa in the east.• He also annexed large parts of central India.• In the Northwest he added Kashmir, Sindh, Kabul and Kandahar to his

empire.• In Deccan he brought Berar khandesh and parts of Ahmadnagar under his

control. In 1561, he annexed Malwa.• In 1571, he conquered Chittor and Ranthambore. He conquered Gwalor ,

Ajmer and Jaunpur.

BATTLES FOUGHT BY AKAR

• Second battle of Panipat , Against Hemu, the general of Afghan forces.• Battle of Haldighati against Rana Pratap of Mewar in 1576.

Rajput Policies

• Akbar made the Rajputs strong supporters of the Mughal .• He defeated the Rajputs but did not humiliate them.• He treated them honorably .• He allowed most Rajputs kings to continue ruling over their territories.• He also did not interfere their internal matters.

Rajput Policies(Cont…)• Akbar married into Rajput families ,he himself married a rajput princess called Judah Bai.• His sons also took Rajput princess as their wives .• The Rajput ladies were given complete religious freedom.• Akbar gave high posts to Rajput Chiefs in his administration. • Raja man Singh and Raja Birbal ,two of his most trusted officials were Rajput .

Religious Policies • Akbar realized early that to establish a strong emperor .• He had to gain a strong confidence from his Hindu subjects who were in majority .• He followed policy of tolerance and mutual co-existence .• Akbar treated all his subjects equally .• People have the freedom to worship how they like.

Changes in field of Religion• Akbar abolished the Jaziya or poll tax and the

pilgrim tax .• This had been imposed by earlier Muslim rulers on all

the Non-Muslim subjects, and it was disliked by the Hindus .• The pilgrim tax was put on Hindus visiting places of

pilgrimage .• He gave high posts to talented and proficient Hindus

like Todar Mal and Raja Bhagwan Das.

Changes in field of Religion(Cont....)• Hindu were given the freedom of building

temples , celebrating festivals and worshipping freely .• He allowed his Rajput wives to celebrate festivals

like Holi and Diwali ,and took part in them himself .• In 1579CE, Akbar issued a declaration called

Mazhar ,which gave him the power to choose between different interpretations of the Islamic law .

IBADAT KHANA• In 1576CE ,Akbar built the Ibadat khana or the prayer at his new

capital Fatehpur Sikri .• Its purpose was for discussions on religious matter .He invited

scholars ,philosophers ,priests missionaries and religious leaders to hold discussions on religion .• Muslims clerics ,Hindu scholar ,Buddhist and Jain monks , Parsi

priests ,Christian missionaries etc .• Assembled in the Ibadat Khana and explained the principles and

teachings of their respective religion .

DIN-I-ILAHI OR TAUHID-I-ILAHI • After interacting with people of different religions for many years,

Akbar concluded that all religions preach the message of love, respect and peace.• He thought that all religions combined together can form a new

religion.• Therefore, he suggested a religious path called ‘Din-i-ilahi’ Or ‘Divine Monotheism’-religion of one God.• He declared himself as the spiritual guide of his subjects.

RULES OF DIN-I-ILAHI• Din-i-ilahi was a very simple path.• It encouraged people belief in one God.• The practice of worshipping the sun, fire and other sources of

light was an important element.• Through this Akbar also discouraged the practice of killing

animals and sati.• Sulk-i-kul (Universal peace or peace to all) was another

important principle.• Din-i-ilahi was aiming at achieving peace, tolerance and unity in

a country of diverse religions.

RESULTS OF DIN-I-ILAHI• Very few people accepted it(Raja Birbal was one of them).• Others openly disagreed (Raja Man Singh).• Akbar never forced anyone to follow it.

Death• On 3 October 1605, Akbar

fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered.• His body was buried at a

mausoleum in Sikandra, Agra.