AJLC Volume 10 Number 1 (2020) 22 - 33 ISSN 2045-8525 ...

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AJLC Volume 10 Number 1 (2020) 22 - 33 ISSN 2045-8525 (Online) ISSN-2045-8401 (Print)

Publishers: Century Publications, United Kingdom

Website: www.sachajournals.com

Cumulative Impact factor: 44.6

Paper Status: Priority Peer Reviewed, Accepted and Published

AN APPRAISAL OF THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CRIMES IN IFE CENTRAL

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF OSUN STATE IN NIGERIA

Okpuvwie Ejuvweyere Jonathan1

&

Toko Mouhamadou Inoussa1

1Department of Geographic Information Science,

African Regional Institute for Geospatial Information Science and Technology (AFRIGIST).

Obafemi Awolowo University Campus, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

Abstract

Crime has been a major social problem confronting humanity and has

destabilized the corporate existence of many nations. Crime makes life

miserable and has left sad and painful memories in the minds of many

people around the world, hence the need to effectively tackle it to the barest

minimum. This study examines the spatial distribution of crimes in Ife

Central Local Government Area of Osun state, Nigeria from January to

December 2019. It aimed at investigating the rate of occurrence of criminal

activities using statistical methods to analyze the various crime variables.

Questionnaire and oral interviews were used for the study. The study

revealed cultism/ritual, breach of public peace, house breaking, stealing, rape

and drug abuse among others as some of the crimes committed in the study

area. From the study 50.3% of the respondents observed that the crime rate

in Ife Central LGA is moderate while 26% of respondents agreed that the

crime rate is low. However, 23.7% of the respondents were of the view that

crime rate in Ife Central LGA is high. The study recommends the need for

the police to be more proactive and adopt continuous patrols in its efforts to

combat crime in the local government area. It also recommends the need for

residents to be conversant with the various identified crime flashpoints and

the nature of crimes that are commonly committed in the study area.

Keywords: Crime, Security, Police Station, Flashpoint, Geographic

Information System.

1. Introduction

Crime is one of the major human security problems confronting humanity across the world

(Ukoji & Okolie-Osemene 2016). Nations like the United State of America, Mexico, United

Kingdom, Syria, South Africa, Ghana and Nigeria among others have course to grapple with

rising incidence of crimes like homicide, armed robbery, kidnap, drug trafficking, cultism and

assault among others. Ukoji & Okolie (2016) noted that ‘’crime is traceable to the formation of

groups by individuals who have related interests with the aim of having a strong network.’’

Crimes in Nigeria have created the feeling of insecurity, fears and anxieties about public safety.

Toju et al. (2014) asserted that the issue of crime in Nigeria disregards all forms of social

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Okpuvwie E. J & Toko M. I AJLC 10 (1) 2020 22-33

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stratification in respective of gender, religious creed and age as both the haves and the have nots

experienced similar attacks from criminals.

Olajuyigbe et al. (2016) observed that crime has created an atmosphere of unrest and great

burden to both the government and the citizens in Nigeria. This could be traced to the failure of

security forces that ought to maintain law and order in the society, as they continue to adopt

ineffective methods of acquiring and analyzing crime data. Pranav (2016) noted that crime as

an entity has spatial attributes like time, location and process. He maintains that if this spatial

information about crime prone areas is available timely then it will help the security agencies to

effectively carryout their work. In Nigeria, the prevention of crimes has been a major issue as

security agencies still grapple with old filing system of record keeping and tip-off methods to

fight crimes. These methods slow down effective crime prevention and management as

different parts of Nigeria including Ife Central LGA, Osun State have witnessed increase

violence crime in recent years. However, little had been reported about the effectiveness of the

influence of geospatial technology and statistical approach for crime control by security

agencies in Nigeria as this study seeks to evaluate the spatial distribution of crimes in Ife

Central LGA, Osun State.

2. STUDY AREA DESCRIPTIONS

The study area is Ife Central LGA of Osun State. The headquarters of Ife Central LGA is in the

city of Ile-Ife, located along Ibadan Road. Hirst (2019) noted that the name Ile-Ife is

pronounced as EE-lay EE- fay and known as Ife. The Ife Central LGA is mainly made up of Ile-

Ife town, an ancient city in present Osun State, Nigeria. The study area has an average height of

about 286 m above sea level and is located within latitude 7° 33‘31.313’’N and 7°

24’13.316’’N, and between longitude 4° 28’45.457’’E and 4° 39’17.779’’E (Orenaike 2008).

Ife Central LGA is bounded to the south-west by Ife North LGA, to the south by Ife East LGA,

to the East by Atakumosa-West LGA and to the north by Ede South and Ayedode LGA. The

local government is home to the Obafemi Awolowo University and other important places like

University Teaching Hospital Complex, Ife Museum of Antiquities and Oduduwa Palace.

The population of Ife Central LGA according to the 2006 National Population Commission and

National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) is 167,254. The study area has a total area of 111km square

with a projected population of 230,300 people. From the 2006 Census population figure,

88403(52.86 %) are males while 78851(47.14%) are females. The age distribution of the

population across the LGA reveals that about 69.9% falls within age bracket 15-64 years and

3.3% falls within 65 years above. However, the population of the LGA has since grown from

the aforementioned population growth. Oloukoi et al. (2014) noted that the people of the LGA

are mostly agrarian as the people produce farm produces like kola, maize, yam, orange, cassava

and vegetables among others.

Like every other Southwest area, the rainy season starts from April to October while the dry

season lasts from October to March. It has average rainfall of 1,000–1,250 mm (39–49 in)

usually from March to October and a mean relative humidity of 75% to 100%. The local

government is connected to Ibadan through the Ife-Ibadan highway and has road networks to

other cities such as Ede, Ondo and Ilesha. The study area has a network of roads that are not

properly tarred with some hotels, banks and communication facilities. Ife Central LGA is

gradually emerging as an urban centre due to its rapid increase in population and influx of

students, civil servants and traders. Adewumi & Abel (2013) noted that Ile-Ife has a crime rate

of 1.2% in 2000 and increased to 2.5% in 2010. This increase in crime could be attributed to

urbanization and other factors that influenced crime in the study area. Figure 1.1 shows the

study area.


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3. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study used both primary and secondary data. The primary source of data collection

involved oral interviews and administration of questionnaire aimed at assessing the crime

situation in the study area. The structured questionnaire took the form of multiple choice, Likert

rating scale and closed-ended. The essence of the questionnaire and the oral interviews was to

access the perceptions of the respondents on crime and its impact on the socio-economic

activities of the people in the study area. The secondary source of data acquisition included

literatures, journals, library, published research works, crime incidence reports gotten from

internet and Nigeria Police Force and the shapefiles of the study area. The study population

consisted of both males and females between the age of 18-59 years with 93,400 as active

population. It was from this active population that the sample units were drawn for the study.

4. METHODOLOGY

The study employed both the quantitative and qualitative method of research. The justification

for these methods rests on the fact that it involves statistical numbers and the testing of

hypothesis where variables were measured as well as the validation of existing theories. A total

of 400 respondents was selected from the entire study area consisting a total population of

167,254. The sample of 400 respondents was decided using the Taro Yamane’s (1967) sample

size technique at a margin error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. A total of 388

questionnaires were retrieved from the 400 administered questionnaires. This accounted for

about 97% which was seen as fair for the study. The study area was divided into 5 crime zones

as the stratified sampling technique was used for ease of administration of the questionnaire and

statistical analysis of these crime zones. The zones are zones A, B, C, D and E. Zone A covered

Mayfair/Ede road/OAU campus/Modomo and Ibadan road. Zone B covers Parakin axis. Zone

C included Sabo/Illesa road/and Moore axis. Zone D covers Ife-city/Opa/ Ile-fufun axis, while

Zone E takes care of the Ooni Palace environs/Lagere/Iremo/Ilode and Akarabata axis. From


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these zones, 80 respondents each were selected through simple random sampling technique for

the study.

Data collected included the residents’ demographic characteristics and residents’ perception of

the types and frequency of occurrence of criminal activities in the study area. The study also

involved the application of GIS techniques to manage crime data using the spatial and attribute

data collected from the field. The data were analyzed and presented by the use of maps and

charts to explain the spatial distribution of crime incidents in the study area. The software used

for the data analysis was the ArcGIS 10.4 version. A Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS C1 Level-2 imagery

of the study area was downloaded from the United State Geological Survey (USGS) to carry out

the classification of the landuse/land cover of the study area. This was aimed at analyzing how

urbanization has influenced crimes in the area under investigation. A handheld high precision

GPS (Garmin GPSmap 60CSx) was employed to obtain coordinates of major landmarks in the

study area such as police stations, banks, markets and other places of interest. The crime data

gotten from the field through GPS were transferred into Microsoft Excel and imported into

ArcGIS 10.4 version for geocoding while the hypotheses used for the study were analyzed

through the SPSS. The methodological flowchart used for the study is shown in figure 1.2


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Ife was a centre of the iron manufacturing, most importantly of small wares, such as

nails, horse-shoes, keys, locks, and common agricultural tools; and it was estimated that

there were about 500 iron smelters, smiths and other workers in iron of various kinds living

within a radius of about twenty kilometres.

5. RESULTS

5.1 Demographic Attributes

The respondent’s demographic attributes in the study area are shown in table 1.1

Table 1.1 Demographic Information of Respondents

Sex Distribution Frequency Percentage (%)

Male

Female

Total

265 68.3

123 31.7

388 100

Age Distribution

95

24.5 18-25 years

26-35 years

36-50 years

51and above

Total

118 30.4

135 34.8

40 10.3

388 100

Duration of stay in study area

10

2.6 Less than 1 year

1-2 years 28 7.2

3-5 years 101 26.

6-10 years 120 30.9

Above 10 years 129 33.3

Total 388 100

From table 1.1, the study reveals 68.3% of the respondents were males while 31.7% represents

females. On age distribution, respondents between the ages of 36-50 years accounted for

34.85%, while 30.4%, were respondents within age bracket 26-35. Respondents between ages

18-25 were 24.5% and respondents above 51 years were 10.3%. From the table, the active

population of the respondents accounted for about 89.7%. This shows that the respondents were

matured enough to understand the subject matter under investigation. Additionally, the duration

of stay of respondents in the study area reveals that respondents who have lived above 10 years

in the study area accounted for 33.3%, of the study population. Respondents who lived in the

study area between 6-10 years were 30.9%, while 26% of the respondents have lived in the

study area between 3-5 years. 7.2% while 2.6% represent respondents that have lived in the

study area for 1-2 years and less than 1 year respectively. Analysis of the table reveals that

about 90.2% of the respondents have lived in the study area for over 3 years and above which

gives a clear indication that the respondents understood the phenomena (crime) under

investigation by virtue of their long stay in the study area.

5.2 Various Forms and Ranking of Crimes

The research revealed 13 various forms of crimes that are committed in Ife Central LGA. The

identified crimes include cultism/ritual, breach of public peace, house breaking /Burglary,

armed robbery and kidnapping/abduction. Others are stealing, cyber-crime, rape/defilement,

drug abuse, vehicle theft, assault, murder and arson. Table 1.2 shows the ranking of the

identified crimes in the study area.


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Table 1.2 Order of Ranking of Various Identified Crimes Committed in Ife Central LGA

S/No Crime Ranking

1. Armed robbery 1st

2. Stealing/pickpocketing 2nd

3. House breaking (Burglary) 3rd

4. Breach of public peace 4th

5. Cultism/ritual 5th

6. Assault 6th

7. Cyber crime 7th

8. Rape 8th

9. Kidnapping/abduction 9th

10. Drug abuse 10th

11. Vehicle theft 11th

12. Murder 12th

13. Arson 13th

The study reveals that armed robbery tops the most prevalent crime that is committed in Ife

Central LGA for the period under review. This is closely followed by stealing/pickpocketing.

House breaking(burglary) and breach of public peace came distant third and fourth positions

respectively, while cultism/ritual, assault and cyber-crime respectively occupied the fifth, sixth

and seventh positions. The table further indicates that murder and arson were the least

committed crimes in Ife Central LGA for the period under review. Figure 1.3 is a pie-chart

showing the crime rating in the study area.

From the study, 50.3% of the respondents observed that the crime rate in Ife Central LGA is

moderate while 26% of the respondents believed that the crime rate is low. However, 23.7% of

the respondents were of the view that the crime rate of Ife Central LGA is high. It is therefore

clear that the crime rate of Ife Central LGA is generally moderate.

5.3 Effectiveness of Police and Other Security Agencies Strategies in Combating Crime

The performances of the police and other security agencies in combating crime in Ife Central

LGA is shown in figure 1.4


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The study revealed 61.1% of the total responses of the respondents expressed their

dissatisfaction with the performances of the police and other security agencies in their effort to

combat crime in the study area while 35.3% of the respondents were happy with the

performances of the police and other security agencies. Conversely, 3.6% of the respondents

were indifferent about the performances of the police and other security agencies in Ife Central

LGA. From the study, it is clear that the residents in Ife Central LGA are not generally satisfied

with the performances of the police and other security agencies in their quest to curb crime in

the study area.

Figure 1.5 Crime activities and their proximity to the nearest spatial location of security agencies


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6. DISCUSSION

6.1 Crime Flashpoints and Ranking Order

The study revealed the various forms of crimes that are committed in Ife Central LGA of Osun

State and how these crimes were spatially spread across the study area. Figure 4.4 shows the

identified crime flashpoints in the study area as Lagere/Akarabata, Okeola, Illode, Sabo, Illesa

Road, Modomo, Parakin, Ojoyin, AP and Ede Road. Others are OAU Campus, Iredumi

Quarters, Opa, Igboya, Mayfair, Okejan, Ibadan Road, Agbedegbede, Gbodo, Moore,

Iselagbara, Iremo and Road 7. The ranking of the crime flashpoints in the study area according

to the degree of volatility is shown in table 1.3 while the spatial distribution of some of the

identified crimes are shown at figure 1.8. Figure 1.5 shows responses of respondents on crime

activities and their proximity to the nearest spatial location of security agencies. From the study

73.5% of the respondents agreed that the location of police station and other security agencies to

a crime prone area will help in the prevention of crimes around that given geographic space

while 26.5% of the respondents think otherwise and did not agree. It can thus be inferred from

the study that the location of a security outpost in any given geographic space would aid the

reduction of criminality to the barest minimum for socio-economic activities to thrive.

Table 1.3 Crime Flashpoints Ranking Order

S/No Location Position

1. Lagere/Akarabata 1st

2. Sabo 2nd

3. Gbodo 3rd

4. Parakin 4th

5. Ede Road 5th

6. Mayfair 6th

7. Ibadan Road 7th

8. Okejan 8th

9. Agbedegbede 9th

10. Moore 10th

11. Road 7 11th

12. Iredumi 12th

13. Isalagbara 13th

From table 4.3, Lagere/Akarabata tops the list and is highly volatile for criminal activities. This

is closely followed by Sabo and Gbodo which are also noted for criminal activities in the entire

study area. It is worthy to state that other minor flashpoints were also identified in the study,

however, they are less significant as compared with the aforementioned locations in table 4.3

while figure 1.6 shows the map of the various crime flash points in the study area. These areas

are crime infested places and it is suggested that residents move with caution with a high sense

of security consciousness whenever they conduct their daily activities in these areas.

6.2 Varieties of Crime Causes and Flashpoints

The study identified unemployment, poverty, influence of peer groups, inequality, celebration of

ill-gotten wealth and influence of drugs among others as some of the causes of crime in the

study area. Figure 1.6 shows the various crime flashpoints in the study area.


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Figure 1.7 reveals three (3) police stations and one NDLEA office in the study area. These

include Moore police station, Aganhun police station, Lagere/Akarabata police station and

NDLEA office at Aserifa. It is important to note that both Aganhun, Akarabata/Lagere police

stations and NDLEA office are not located within the study area, except the Moore police

station. However, crime has no boundary hence the inclusion of these stations outside the study

area as they are closely located to the area under investigation. The study further reveals that

there are inadequate police stations in the study area as most respondents agitated for the

establishment of another police station in the study area. Most importantly, the new police

station could be located around Mayfair and Parakin area. The police station when established

could have jurisdiction over Modomo, Ede and Ibadan roads. Figure 1.8 shows the spatial

distribution of crimes while table 4.4 shows the responses of respondents on the need to

increase the police stations in the study area.


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6.3 Solutions to Mitigate Crime Occurrences

The study reveals the inadequate presence of police stations in the study area as respondents

seek the need for the establishment of another police station as shown in table 1.4

Table 1.4 Responses of Respondents on Establishment of another Police Station

Responses Number of respondents Per cent (%)

Yes 287 74%

No 71 18.3%

Not Sure 30 7.7%

Total 388 100

Table 1.4 shows the responses of respondents on the need to establish another police station in

the study area. From the study, 74% of the total respondents supported the establishment of a

new police station in the study area, 18.3% objected to the establishment of another police

station, while 7.7% of the respondents were not sure of the need to establish another police

station in Ife Central LGA. From the analysis of the study, it is generally believed that Ife

Central LGA needs another police station for effective crime control and management.

7. CONCLUSION

The study identified unemployment, poverty and influence of drugs among others as some of

the causes of crime in the study area. The study revealed armed robbery, cultism, stealing,

burglary, breach of public peace and car theft among others as some of the crimes that are

committed in the study area. The rational choice and routine activities theories were used for the

study as places like Lagere/Akarabata, Sabo, Gbodo and Parakin among others are notable

crime flashpoints in the study area. The study reveals the need for another police station to be

established in the study area for enhanced security. The study will help policy makers and

commanders of various security agencies in the study area for effective planning and design the

best to tackle crime in the study area.


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8. RECOMMENDATIONS

Based from the findings of the study, it is recommended that:

1. The police and other security agencies in Ife Central LGA should carryout constant patrols

in the identified crime flashpoints and other parts of the study area at least 5 times per week.

This would help to prevent the commission of crimes in the study area.

2. The Local Government Council should liaise with appropriate authorities for the

establishment of another police station in the study area before the end of third quarters of

2021. The new police station could be located either at Mayfair or Parakin axis which

would have a clear jurisdiction over Modomo/ Ede and Ibadan roads.

3. Residents of Ife Central LGA should be conversant with the various identified crime

flashpoints and the nature of crimes that are commonly committed in the study area on daily

basis. This would guide them on how best to protect themselves from criminal attacks.

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