Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Dr. Richard de Neufville Professor of Systems Engineering...

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN

Dr. Richard de Neufville

Professor of Systems Engineering and

Civil and Environmental Engineering

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Current Status of the Airport / Airline Industry


Current Status of the Air Transport Industry

Objective: To define current situation major new factors

Topics: Airline and Airport Rankings Current Trends

• Shake-up / Disappearance of Network Airlines• Coming and Going of Transfer Hubs• Commercialization / Privatization of Airports


Principal drivers of air transportation industry

Long-term 6% annual decrease in air fares: Driving comparable annual worldwide traffic growth

Commercialization: market economy management replaces government ownership

and control in a regulated environment

Low-cost carriers Southwest, AirTran, Jet Blue, Westjet, Ryanair, easyjet, etc

Globalization: transnational airline alliances and airport groups

Technical innovation: e-commerce, RJs, A380 NLA, satellite-based navigation


Major Recent Events

Disappearance of Major Airlines TWA, Swissair, Sabena

Mergers of Japan Airlines and Japan Air Systems (2002) Air France and KLM (Sept 04)

Major Bankruptcies United, US Airways, Air Canada – others near!

Surge by Low-Cost Passenger Carriers Air Tran, Ryanair, easyjet

Surge by Chinese Carriers Cathay Pacific, China Airlines, EVA

… also by Fedex


World Traffic, (Pax-Km x 109) World and IATA

Year IATA

IATA World share, % IATA World2003 2704 3236 83.5 (0.4) 12002 2770 3196 86 (1) (1)2001 2652 2912 91 (4) (4)2000 2757 3018 91 4 (2)1999 2657 3074 86 6 61998 2514 2888 87 7 41990 1600 2186 73 18 81987 1042 1763 59 9 81982 712 1263 56 4 41977 600 1036 58

Pax-km, Billions Annual Growth %

Source: IATA World Air Transport StatisticsNote: Change in Series; now includes charter travel


IATA Members’ Traffic, Revenues, Yield, and CPI

Source: IATA World Air Transport Statistics

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Traffic Revenues Yield Inflation


Interpretation of Trends

Over past 13 years… Yields (revenues/unit distance) have

dropped about 20% While inflation has risen about 50% So: costs on a constant basis cut in half Thus: traffic doubled Implying price elasticity about -1.3 > -1.0 So total revenues grow as price drops


Airports by millions of pax., 2003 (IATA data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)

Rank Airline Annual %

2003 2002 2001 2000 1993 1993-2003

1 Atlanta 78.8 76.6 75.9 80.2 47.8 6.52 Chicago / OHare 69.4 66.5 66.8 72.1 65.1 0.73 London / Heathrow 63.2 63.0 60.7 64.6 47.6 3.34 Tokyo / Haneda 63.2 61.1 58.7 56.4 41.5 5.25 Los Angeles / Internatl 55.0 56.2 61.0 68.5 47.8 1.56 Dallas / Ft. Worth 53.2 52.8 55.2 60.7 49.7 0.77 Frankfurt / Main 48.1 48.1 48.6 49.4 31.9 5.18 Paris / de Gaulle 47.9 48.1 48.0 48.2 25.7 8.69 Amsterdam / Schiphol 39.8 40.6 39.5 39.6 20.1 9.810 Denver / International 37.5 35.7 36.1 38.7 32.6 1.511 Phoenix 37.4 35.6 35.5 35.9 23.5 5.912 Las Vegas 36.3 35.0 35.2 36.9 22.5 6.113 Madrid 35.4 33.7 34.0 32.8 17.3 10.514 Houston / Bush 34.1 34.4 34.8 35.2 20.3 6.815 Minneapolis / St. Paul 33.2 32.6 35.2 36.7 23.4 4.216 Detroit / Metro 32.7 32.4 32.3 35.5 24.2 3.517 New York / Kennedy 31.7 28.9 29.4 32.8 26.8 1.818 London / Gatwick 29.9 29.5 31.2 32.1 20.1 4.919 Miami / International 29.6 30.1 31.7 33.6 28.7 0.320 New York / Newark 29.6 29.0 30.5 34.2 25.8 1.5

Millions of Passengers



In 2003, airport traffic mostly stagnated

Big drops in • Asian market (Hong Kong, Beijing, Singapore,

Tokyo – also Hawaii and San Francisco)• St Louis, Pittsburgh and Zurich as hubs close

Several airports have fallen lower in rankings (e.g. due to failures of TWA, Swiss, Sabena)


Changes in Transfer Hubs

Big changes in recent years

New Hubs Big: Paris/de Gaulle, Amsterdam, Munich Small: London/Stansted

“Close” of old hubs Pittsburgh (US shrinking to Philadelphia) St Louis (TWA merged out of existence) Zurich (collapse of Swissair)



21 Bangkok 29.1 30.5 30.6 29.6 17.1 7.022 San Francisco / Internatl 28.8 30.7 34.6 41.2 32.0 -1.023 Orlando / International 27.3 26.7 28.2 30.8 21.5 2.724 Seattle / Tacoma 26.7 26.7 27.0 28.4 18.8 4.225 Hong Kong / C L K 26.4 33.5 32.6 32.7 24.4 0.826 Rome / Fuimicino 25.8 25.0 25.6 25.9 18.8 3.727 Toronto / Pearson 24.7 25.9 28.0 28.8 20.5 2.028 Philadelphia 24.7 24.4 23.9 24.9 16.5 5.029 Beijing / Pudong 24.4 27.2 24.2 21.7 *30 Sydney 24.2 23.4 24.3 23.5 16.6 4.631 Munich 24.0 23.0 23.6 23.1 12.5 9.232 Tokyo / Narita 23.5 25.8 25.4 27.4 20.0 1.833 Singapore 23.1 27.4 28.1 28.6 18.8 2.334 Charlotte 23.1 23.6 23.2 23.1 17.3 3.435 Boston / Logan 22.8 22.6 24.2 27.4 24.0 -0.536 Barcelona 22.5 21.2 20.7 19.8 *37 New York / LaGuardia 22.5 21.3 21.9 25.2 19.8 1.438 Paris / Orly 22.4 23.1 23.0 25.4 25.3 -1.139 Mexico City 21.7 20.3 20.6 20.7 *40 Cincinnati 21.2 20.9 17.3 22.5 12.3 7.2



41 St. Louis / Lambert 20.4 25.6 26.7 30.5 19.9 0.342 Seoul/Gimpo 19.8 21.0 22.0 36.7 22.6 -1.243 Washington/Baltimore 19.7 19.0 * * *44 Manchester (UK) 19.5 18.6 19.5 12.8 5.245 Honolulu 19.4 21.1 21.1 22.7 22.0 -1.246 Palma de Mallorca 19.1 17.8 19.2 12.4 5.447 Osaka / Itami 18.8 * 19.3 20.5 *48 Fukuoka 18.8 * * * *49 London/Stansted 18.7 * * * *50 Jakarta 18.6 * * * *

Zurich 17.0 17.7 21.0 22.7 13.1 3.0Washington / Dulles 17.0 17.9 20.0 *

Brussels 15.2 19.6 21.6 *Pittsburgh 14.2 18.0 19.9 19.8 18.5 -2.3

Washington / Reagan 14.2 16.1 -1.2


Current Major Airport Projects

Bangkok, Guangzhou Major New Airports Nagoya/Chubu Airport in Sea Osaka/Kansai, Tokyo/Haneda Runway landfills Toronto Airport Makeover London/HRW Terminal 5 ($8 billion) Washington/Dulles Mid-field Pax Bldg, etc Madrid ; Miami/Intnatl Runway, Buildings NY / JFK; SFO; DFW; Singapore; Rail projects Boston/Logan ; Pax Buildings, Roads Doha (Qatar); Dubai Major Projects


Airline Rankings (Pax-Km, billions)Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 Annual % 95-03*

American 193 196 165 157 2.1United 167 176 180 149 (0.9)Delta 144 153 137 130 0.6

Northwest 110 116 101 94 1.1British 100 99 94 72 0.8

Air France 99 99 50 37 12.3Lufthansa 97 94 62 49 7.1

Continental 91 91 57 69 7.5Southwest 77 71 22 22.7

JAL 76 83 70 55 1.1Qantas 69 73 52 31 4.1

Singapore 64 74 48 37 4.2USAirways 61 64 61 56 0.0Air Canada 59 69 * * NA

KLM 57 59 44 31 3.7ANA 52 54 43 38 2.6Thai 45 * * * NA

Cathay Pacific 43 49 * * NA

Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, Southwest press release

Southwest growth since 1992

Note: Southwest continues to grow spectacularly. Also Air France has been growing by acquisitions, first of Air Inter and in 2004 of KLM. In 2003, Air Canada, Singapore and Cathay Pacific each lost over 10%


Airline Rankings (Passengers, millions)

Airline 2003/4 2002/3 1995 1992 Annual % 95-03*

American 89 94 80 86 1.4Delta 84 90 87 83 (0.4)United 67 69 79 67 (1.9)

Southwest 66 64 * 28 12.3Northwest 53 54 49 44 1.0Lufthansa 44 44 33 27 4.2Air France 44 43 * 14 19.5

ANA 43 44 38 35 1.6US Airways 41 47 58 55 (3.7)Continental 38 40 35 38 1.1

British 35 34 32 25 1.2JAL 34 34 29 24 2.2

Iberia 25 24 * * NAQantas 24 24 * * NARyanair 23 21 NAAlitalia 22 22 21 20 0.6eastjet 22 21 NAKorean 21 22 22 20 (0.6)

Air Canada 20 23 * * NASAS 20 23 19 14 0.7

America West 20 19 17 15 2.2

Japan Air Sys 19 21 * * NAWestjet 7 6 * * NA

Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, airline press releases * Rates for 92-03

Note: The low-cost carriers continue to grow -- the legacy carriers stagnate US Airways and SAS lost over 10% in 2003


Airline Rankings (Freight Tonne-Km, Billions)

Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 % Change 00-02

Fedex 13.2 13.0 7.0 5.8 11.1Lufthansa 7.3 7.2 5.8 4.3 3.2

Korean 6.9 6.0 4.3 2.7 7.6UPS 6.7 6.6 * * NA

Singapore 6.7 6.8 3.7 2.9 10.1Cathay Pacific 5.2 4.8 2.8 1.7 10.7

Air France 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.3 1.4China Airlines 4.7 4.5 * * NA

EVA 4.7 4.1 * * NAJapan 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.0

Cargolux 4.3 4.2 * * NABritish 4.2 4.1 3.3 2.5 3.4KLM 4.1 4.0 3.6 2.4 1.7

Northwest 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 0.9Emirates 2.6 * * * NAAsiana 2.6 2.6 * * NA

American 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.0United 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.9 (0.5)Nippon 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 6.7


Note: About 20% increases in 2003 for Korean, Cathay Pacific, EVA, Emirates


Airline Rankings (Freight Tonne, millions)

Airline 2003 2002 1995 1992 % Change 00-02

Fedex 13.2 13.0 7.0 5.8 11.1Lufthansa 7.3 7.2 5.8 4.3 3.2

Korean 6.9 6.0 4.3 2.7 7.6UPS 6.7 6.6 * * NA

Singapore 6.7 6.8 3.7 2.9 10.1Cathay Pacific 5.2 4.8 2.8 1.7 10.7

Air France 4.9 4.9 4.4 3.3 1.4China Airlines 4.7 4.5 * * NA

EVA 4.7 4.1 * * NAJapan 4.4 4.4 3.8 3.2 2.0

Cargolux 4.3 4.2 * * NABritish 4.2 4.1 3.3 2.5 3.4KLM 4.1 4.0 3.6 2.4 1.7

Northwest 3.0 3.0 2.8 2.7 0.9Emirates 2.6 * * * NAAsiana 2.6 2.6 * * NA

American 2.6 2.6 2.4 1.6 1.0United 2.4 2.8 2.5 1.9 (0.5)Nippon 2.3 2.2 1.5 1.1 6.7


Note: About 20% increases in 2003 for Korean, Cathay Pacific, EVA, Emirates


Main Freight Airports (ACI data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)

Airport Growth, % Hub2000 2002 2003 3-yr rate

Memphis 2.45 2.63 3.39 12.8 FedexHong Kong / CLK 2.27 2.10 2.68 6.0Anchorage 1.88 1.69 2.10 3.9Tokyo/Narita 1.93 1.68 2.15 3.8Seoul / Incheon 1.87 1.20 1.84 (0.5)Los Angeles 2.05 2.12 1.83 (3.6)Paris/de Gaulle 1.38 1.48 1.72 8.2Frankfurt 1.71 1.61 1.65 (1.2)Miami/Internatl. 1.64 1.64 1.64 0.0Singapore 1.71 1.53 1.63 (1.6)New York/Kennedy 1.83 1.50 1.63 (3.6)Louisville 1.49 1.47 1.62 2.9 UPSChicago/O'Hare 1.46 1.28 1.51 1.1Taipei 1.21 1.19 1.50 8.0Amsterdam 1.27 1.23 1.35 2.1London/Heathrow 1.40 1.26 1.30 (2.4)Shanghai/Pudong * * 1.19Indianapolis 1.17 1.15 0.98 (5.4)Dubai * * 0.96Bangkok 0.87 0.82 0.95 3.1New York/Newark 1.09 0.80 0.84 (7.6)Atlanta 0.87 0.74 0.80 (2.7)

Tons, Millions


Main Freight Airports (ACI data; US- Bold, hubs- italics)

Osaka/Kansai 1.00 0.87 0.79 (7.0)Tokyo/ Haneda na 0.72 0.72Dallas/Fort Worth 0.90 0.79 0.67 (8.5)Beijing * * 0.66San Francisco 0.77 0.56 0.61 (6.9)Dayton 0.83 0.55 CNF/Menlo

Source: ACI web 2004 and World Report Mar/Apr 2001, 2002; Airport reports

Major increases at: Memphis, Paris/de Gaulle, Taipei, Shanghai/Pudong, Dubai, Beijing

Major decreases at: Los Angeles, Indianapolis, Osaka/Kansai, New York/Newark, Dallas/Fort Worth, San Francisco/Inter.

US Airports in Bold, Cargo hubs in Italics


Airline Rankings (Employees, thousands)

Airline

2003 1992

%Change '92-'03 2003 1992 2003 1992

American 78 91 (14) 1.1 0.9 2.5 1.7United 63 84 (25) 1.1 0.8 2.7 1.8Delta 60 79 (24) 1.4 1.1 2.4 1.6

Air France 60 43 40 0.7 0.3 1.7 0.9British 50 47 6 0.7 0.5 2.0 1.5

Continental 40 36 11 1.0 1.1 2.3 1.9Northwest 39 46 (15) 1.4 1.0 2.8 2.0Lufthansa 39 48 (19) 1.1 0.6 2.5 1.0Southwest 33 11 200 2.0 2.5 2.4 2.0US Airways 27 47 (43) 1.5 1.2 2.3 1.2

Qantas 27 15 80 0.9 0.3 2.6 2.1Iberia 26 26 0 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.9Thai 26 19 37 0.7 0.5 1.7 1.1KLM 25 26 (4) 0.8 0.3 2.3 1.2

Malaysia 23 20 15 0.7 0.7 1.6 0.8Indian 20 * * 0.4 * 0.8 *

Norm ~1.1 ~0.7 ~2.3 ~1.4

Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, 99 data for Southwest from www.southwest.com

Pax / Emp Pax-km / Emp(thousands) (millions)

Employees(thousands)

Note: Major airlines have shed employees and improved labor productivity rapidly over decade. Air France is toward bottom end, Southwest is at top.


Aircraft Inventory (Jet Fleet)

Airline 2003 2002 1995 % Change 95-03

American 783 822 635 2.9Delta 550 573 539 0.3United 532 567 556 (0.5)

Southwest 388 378 224 9.2Northwest 364 438 380 (0.5)Continental 342 352 314 1.1

Fedex 339 328 249 4.5Lufthansa 303 324 234 3.7

British 282 319 222 3.4US Airways 279 280 394 (3.6)

UPS 257 250 166 6.9Air France 230 252 156 5.9Air Canada 208 244 * NA

China Southern 191 122 * NAJAL 189 131 126 6.3

Iberia 149 147 * NAANA 149 * * NA

Qantas 144 141 * NASaudi 143 127 * NA

KLM 142 * * NASAS 131 * 128 0.3

Alitalia 94 132 144 (4.3)Aeroflot 90 102 * NAeasyjet * 72 * NARyanair 67 67 * NA

Sources: IATA World Air Transport Statistics, airline web sites

Note: Biggest innovative airlines continue to grow and advance in rankings. Legacy airlines stagnate or shrink, absent consolidation.


Economic Deregulation

Deregulation Full: USA, Canada, Australia, South Africa Mostly: European Union

Result: Competition, Cost Cuts Existing Airlines have difficulty with staff New Airlines start with new, younger staff

with lower pay, more flexibility, less sense of entitlement...


Innovations originating in the U.S.

Type of InnovationDecade

Legislative Operational Airport Design

1970s

Economic Deregulation:

US Airlines can fly where

they want at any price

Shuttle Services

Integrated Air Cargo

Services: Fedex, UPS

People Movers: eventual

wide use at transfer hubs

1980s

Transfer Hubs: Atlanta,

Dallas/Fort Worth, etc.

Yield Management

Systems: Sabre, etc.

Airline Franchising:

Branding of Commuters

Midfield Concourses:

Atlanta, Pittsburgh, Denver,

Chicago, Detroit, etc.

1990s Open Skies Policy: US

Government promotes free

access between countries

Airline Alliances: Star,

Oneworld

Electronic Tickets

GPS: Satellite Positioning of

aircraft for air traffic control


Privatized status of airlines, previously publicly owned

Airline Comments Stock sign Price, Sept 04 Aerolineas Argentinas Air Canada Near bankruptcy AC.TO 0.07 Air France Govt. owns 44% AKH 16 Air New Zealand Govt. owns 74% ANZFF.PK 0.26 Alitalia Near bankruptcy ALRMF.PK 0.25 British Airways BAB 41 Iberia Govt owns 5%

and Gold Share IBRLF.PK 3

Japan Air Lines Took over JAS JALSY.PK 14 Lufthansa (Germany) DLAKY.PK 11.5 Qantas Owns Australian QUBSF.PK 2.5 SAS (Scandinavia) Govts own 50% BASDF.DK 5.6


Airline Market “Caps” (=price/share x shares)

Airline Symbol Market Capitalization2004 2001 Feb-03 Sep-03 Dec-03 Aug-04 US $, billions, Aug 04

UPS UPS 55 59 63 75 72 80.8Fedex FDX 42 52 66 70 82 24.5Southwest LUV 18 13 18 16 15 11.7Ryan Air * RYAAY 25 39 45 51 30 4.5British BAB 48 19 29 42 41 4.4Lufthansa DLAKY.PK * 9 14 16 11.5 4.4Air France AKH * * * * 16 3.4Jet Blue * JBLU 12 31 27 26 2.7American AMR 32 3 13 13 9 1.5easyjet EJETF.PK 3 4 4 5 3 1.2AirTran AAI 17 12 12 1.1Northwest NWAC 21 6 10 13 10 0.8Continental CAL 44 6 18 16 10 0.6Alaska ALK 33 19 29 28 22 0.6KLM KLMR.PK 15 7 11 16 12 0.6Delta DAL 38 9 14 12 4 0.5Westjet * WJA.TO 18 11 16 19 13 0.4America West AWA 10 2 10 12 7 0.2Hawaiian HA 3 2 1 3 7.8 0.2JAL JALSY.PK 6 11 13 13 14 NAUSAirways UAIR 13 0.2 Ch 11 6 2 0.1Air Canada ac.to 6 3 1 1 0.07 0United 33 1 Ch 11 NA 0 0Airborne Freight 14 15 mergedTWA 0 mergedSources: Yahoo Finance and Google *Adjusted for Stock Split

US $/Share

US Airways in Chapter 11 as of September 15 !!


Airport Market “Caps” (=price/share x shares)

Airport % Change US$, Billions2001 2002 2003 2004 2001 -2004 Market Cap

BAA 6.13 6.2 5.1 5.5 (10) 10.70Fraport * 25.6 19.6 23 NA 2.51Copenhagen 770 589 460 885 15 1.31AIAL (New Z.) 3.46 4.54 5.27 6.75 95 1.27Beijing 2.03 1.82 1.65 2.33 15 1.15Vienna 39.1 34.6 31.5 43.8 12 1.11TBI 0.81 0.62 0.52 0.64 (21) 0.65ASUR (Mexico) 18.1 13.4 13.9 18.4 2 0.55Malaysia 1.54 2.15 1.46 1.41 (8) 0.41Zurich 201 124 34 101 (50) 0.39Florence * * 15.8 9.8 NA 0.11Source: Jane's Airport World, Summer issues

Share Price, Local Money

Many airports are economically more powerful than airlines!


Airline Alliances

Star Alliance -- United, Lufthansa, Air Canada, Varig,

ANA, Singapore, Thai, Air New Zealand,

SAS, Asiana, Bmi, LOT Austrian, Tyrolean, Spanair

oneworld -- American, British, Aer Lingus, Finnair, Iberia, Qantas, Cathay Pacific, Lan Chile

Wings -- KLM, Northwest, Continental

SkyTeam -- Air France + KLM, Delta, Alitalia, Korean, Aeromexico, Czech

Aeroflot? China Southern? Wings???


Alliances’ Market Shares

Alliance Measure Year

Star Oneworld Sky Team KLM/NW 2002 123 86 57 29 Pax

Millions 2003 118 84 56 28 2002 441 309 198 110 Pax-Km

Billions 2003 417 306 193 104 2002 278 244 176 72 Employees

Thousands 2003 255 219 169 64 2002 24 18 13 7 % of IATA

Traffic 2003 25 18 13 7

Relative strength of Alliances has been stable. However, Air France KLM merger may lead to consolidation of Sky Team with KLM/NW


New Types of Airlines

Cargo Integrators UPS, Fedex, DHL Role of “Post Offices” ??

Low-Cost Carriers Point-to-point: Southwest, Ryanair “Network”: Easyjet, AirTran Quasi-Network: Southwest??

The innovators are the most profitable and valuable airlines


Challenge to TraditionalNetwork Carriers

Is their business model working? Will people pay enough for convenience of

• easy connection at hubs• big expensive passenger buildings• travel agents

If not, what will they do? Squeeze out costs (wages, standards) and

survive on a more modest scale? Manage by having “cheap” partners

• Delta -- Song; United -- Ted… Or disappear? Swissair, USAir? United?


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Airline Seat-Mile Costs, 2004

Source: US DOT


Consequences for Airports

Cheaper travel will increase traffic Where will it go?

To traditional hubs of legacy majors? To/from leisure locations and homes?

• Malaga, Faro, Bali, etc To secondary airports?

• London/Stansted, Frankfurt/Hahn, Rome/Ciampino, etc.

Airport customers likely to demand new locations, cheaper facilities


Meanwhile...

The nature of the Airport Business is changing dramatically More Commercially oriented Less Government control More competition from “new” entrants

• Providence, Cincinnati, Lübeck, Liverpool...

Not at all clear that current generation of airport professionals fully recognizes what this means

Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Dr. Richard de Neufville Professor of Systems Engineering...

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Transcript of Airport Systems Planning & Design / RdN Dr. Richard de Neufville Professor of Systems Engineering...