AIR POLLUTION IN VIETNAM AIR POLLUTION IN VIETNAM

Hoang Duong TungVietnam Environment Protection AgencyVEPA

Hanoi, May 2004

ContentContent

1. Overview2. Air pollution by indicators3. Policy4. Challenges5. Recommendations

OverviewOverviewIn Vietnam nowadays, air pollution is becoming an ever more pressing issue for urban, industrial and even rural area. Ardentindustrialization and urbanization have intensified the air pollution sources, causing negative changes in air quality.Main air pollution sources in Vietnam include: industrial zone activities, transportation, construction, small scale industry and craft villages, forest-fire and household…Air pollution has negative impacts on the eco-systems, on human health by causing respiratory diseases, and brings about climatic changes (greenhouse effect, acid rain and ozone layer deficiency)…Decision No. 64/2003/QĐ-TTg: 56/430 (13%) factories/units related to the air pollution (cement factory: 13; craft village: 2; landfill: 2; others: 39

Overview (cont.)Overview (cont.)In urban areas: Caused by dust, exhaust gas and noise from on-road transportation (70% of the cases), construction activities, households…

There are annual increases of 15-18% and 8-10% in the number of motorcycles and cars, respectively, but the quality of those are not satisfy standard, causing serious air pollution in Vietnam urban areas. The transportation used to 1.5 million tons gasoline and diesel fuels per year, equivalent with volume exhaust gases:

(Source: SOE report, 2003)

35,000NO2

12,000SO2

22,000CmHn

61,000CO6,000,000CO2

Volume (tons)Air pollutants

OverviewOverview (cont.)(cont.)Considerable increase in the numbers of cars and motorcycles in such large urban areas as Hanoi or HoChiMinh City during the past fewyears:

(Source: SOE report, 2003)

130.746200060.231199534.2221990

Number of cars in HanoiYear

1.300.0001.000.000600.000

Number of motorcycles in Hanoi

2.500.00020022.000.00020011.200.0001996-1997

Number of motorcycles in HCMC

Years

OverviewOverview (cont.)(cont.)Industrial zones:Plants and factories in the cement and building material, metallurgy, and chemical sectors also contribute to air pollution

Concentration of air pollutants at Industrial zones(Source: Monitoring report, 2003)

53.74.6943.438CO (mg/m3)

0.059

0.082

0.30

BinhDuong

Industrial zone

0.10.030.027NO2 (mg/m3)

0.30.0520.076SO2 (mg/m3)

0.20.4450.285SS (mg/m3)

Vietnam’s Standard

Cement factory (Haiphong)

Thuong DinhIndustrial zone

(Hanoi)

Parameters

OverviewOverview (cont.)(cont.)In rural areas: Caused smoke, dust and some toxic gases such as CO, NO2, SO2… from home craft, households and craft villages

Air quality at Textile Enterprises (Ha Tay province)(K1: Phuc Hung Co. Ltd; K2: Tin Thanh Enterprise)

(Source: Technology & Management solution applying for small enterprises for improving environment of Nhue- Day River basin, INEST)

0.1

0.3

5

0.2

Vietnam’s Standard

0.00380.0031mg/m3SO2

0.01040.0069mg/m3NO2

5.6998.309mg/m3CO

0.310.15mg/m3SS

K2K1UnitParameters

Air pollution by indicatorsAir pollution by indicatorsSuspended solid (SS) : SS concentration in residential areas near industrial zones, highways and construction sites exceeds the acceptable standards by 1.5-3 times and 10-20 times respectively

SS concentration at several spots in Hanoi(Source: Monitoring Report)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Industrial area traffic joints Residential area

Location

SS (m

g/m

3) 2000200120022003

Standard SS= 0.2

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)PM10, PM2.5 pollution: dust concentration in dry season is much higher than rainy season. Besides, PM10, PM2.5 concentration at some spots are higher than the equivalent standards in the U.S

PM2.5 concentration at several spots in Hanoi (Results from survey byInstitute of Science and Environmental Technology)

(monitoring data for traffic areas in rainy season are not available)

70

198

103

170

25 2746

00

50

100

150

200

250

Gener

al

Reside

nce

Commer

ce

Tran

spor

tation

Locations

PM2,

5 C

once

ntra

tion

(Mg/

Nm

3)

Dry seasonRainy season

EPA’s Standard : 65

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)PM10, PM2,5 pollution (cont.): As per following chart, PM10 dust

concentration is highest at traffic joints.

PM10 concentration at several spots in Hanoi(source: INEST)

140

91

251 243285

38 55 7298

152

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

Genera

l

Residence

CommerceTrans

portati

on

Locations

PM10

Con

cent

ratio

n (M

g/Nm

3)

Dry seasonRainy season

EPA’s Standard : 150

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)SO2 pollution: almost all average concentrations of SO2 in the air of the urban are less than or approximately equal to the acceptablestandards (0,3mg/m3). However, as per following chart, concentration of SO2 emission now equals to or exceeds the acceptable standards by 2-3 times at traffic joints or at industrial zones

SO2 concentration at several spots in Hanoi

(Source: Monitoring Report)

00.010.02

0.030.040.050.06

0.070.08

Industrial area traffic joints Residential area

Location

SO2

(mg/

m3) 2000

200120022003

Standard SO2= 0.3

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)NO2 pollution: almost all average concentrations of NO2 in the air of the urban are less than or approximately equal to the acceptablestandards (0,1mg/m3).

NO2 concentration at several spots in Hanoi(Source: Monitoring Report)

0

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

Industrial area traffic joints Residential area

Location

NO2

(mg/

m3) 2000

200120022003

Standard NO2=0.1

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)

CO pollution: almost all average concentrations of CO in the air of the urbans are less than or approximately equal to the acceptable standards (5mg/m3 )

CO concentration at several spots in Hanoi(Source: Monitoring Report)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Industrial area traffic joints Residential area

Location

CO (m

g/m

3) 2000200120022003

Standard CO= 5 mg/m3

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)Lead Pollution (Pb): Mainly at urban areas due to circulation of transportation vehicles using lead petrol. However, since the implementation of Instruction No 24/2000/CT-TTg of the Prime Minister, Vietnam has been switching to non-lead petrol. The average lead concentration in 2002 has thus been reduced by 40-50% compared to previous yearsAcid rain: Rain water samples in several provinces have pH≤5.5 (acid rain)

(Source: Monitoring report)

012345678

Lao Cai acid rainmonitoring

station

Ha Noi acid rainmonitoring

station

Sub-Institute ofwater resourceplanning station

Bien HoaMeteorology

station

pH

2000 2001 2002

pH=5.5

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)Acid rain: Concentration of SO2 and NO2 is main reason of acid rain. Overview in Vietnam, there are only pollution of SO2 and NO2 in some areas . Air pollution can go through the border between countries, pollution of SO2 and NO2 in one country can cause acid rain in others

(Source: State of Environment, 2003)

8.5178335Ha Noi

64.4593327Binh Duong

1.9543329HCMC.

20022001

34.7

15

Ratio of sample has pH<5.5 (%)

983629Bien Hoa

113338Lao Cai

Number of rain sample

Ratio of sample has pH<5.5 (%)

Number of rain sample

Location

Air pollution by indicators Air pollution by indicators (cont.)(cont.)

Noise pollution: for which transportation and traffic are the main reasons. Thenoise level due to traffic and transportation in many urbans is ranging within 75-

78 dBA, with some large streets within 80-85 dBA

Equivalent developments of noise/ day to traffic density at peak hours on the road to Southern Bus Station – Hanoi

(Source: Annual Report by Monitoring and Environment Analysis Station - CEETIA)

75.8 75.7 75.7 75.6 75.5 75.7 76.2 77.4

312.3351.3

492.9 513 510.5 495.7

663.6

757.3

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Noisy level (dBA) Traffic density (x10 vehicles/h)

Policy (response)Policy (response)System of Legal documents

The promulgation and execution of:Law on Environment Protection, 1993. As stipulated in Article 17 (EIA); 28 (noise or vibration standards); 29 (emits poisonous smoke and dust) and Execution Decree No. 175-CP.Instruction No.36/CT-TW dated 25 June 1998 on the enhancement of Environment protection activities during the course of industrialization, modernization of the country, in which environment pollution prevention is considered the main principle.Instruction No. 24/2000/CT-TTg on using non-lead petrol.Decision No. 64/2003/QĐ-TTg dated 22/4/2003 on most polluted enterprises.

PolicyPolicy (cont.)(cont.)

Decision No. 35/2002/QĐ-BKHCNMT dated 25/6/2002 on VN environmental standardsDecision No. 256/2003/QĐ-TTg dated 02/12/2003 by Prime Minister, approving the National Environment Protection Strategy until 2010 and guidelines until 2020, in which the Urban air quality improvement program is among 36 priority programs. Decree 67 on wastewater fee. In the coming time, MONRE will study and submit to the Government regulations on wastewater and garbage fee collection…which will be an efficient economic tools in protecting air in Vietnam…….

PolicyPolicy (cont.)(cont.)

Some achievements in HN and HCM CityHa Noi:

Initial networking for 4 automatic air monitoring stations (with 14 indexes, 9 out of which are meteorology indexes and 5 are air quality indexes: Dust PM10, NOx, SO2, CO and O3) and public disclosure on air quality via electronic information boardsBegin drafting the proposal for “Hanoi environment management masterplan in 2001-2020”, including forecast on air quality and Hanoi air protection masterplan until 2020Restrict motobike registration in some districts

Policy (cont.)Policy (cont.)

Many studies within the framework of the project “Air quality enhancement in Asian developing countries”(AIRPET) initiated and implemented in Hanoi.Participation into Asian Clean Air Initiative Network to surmount air pollutions in urban areas Hanoi Urban and Environment Company submitted to Hanoi People’s Committee the study proposal for dust mitigation, scheduled to start as of July 01, 2004 Preparation for application of Cleaner production (VCEP) at certain enterprises and factories within 2004

Policy (cont.)Policy (cont.)

Ho Chi Minh City

Maintained activities of the network of 15 air environment control station, monitored data include NO, NO2, SO2, CO, TSP, PM10, O3 and Pb indexes and public disclosure on air quality via electronic information boardsDrafting the Air Environment Protection Strategy for the City until 2020 (implemented by DOSTE with supports by UNDP)

Policy (cont.)Policy (cont.)Initiate and conduct researches on: air emission treatment equipment and technology efficiently used at enterprises and factories (jointly implemented by Institute of Environment and Natural Resources, Institute of Science and Technology for Labor Protection and Tropical and Environment Protection Techniques Institute); on dispersion model of air polluted compounds emitted from traffic vehicles (by Institute of Environment and Natural Resources in cooperation with AIT); on impacts of air pollution on human health ....Also under interest and research is mitigation measures for air pollution starting from the sources via application of environment friendly manufacturing methods

ChallengeChallengeList of indicators for air pollution not yet clearLacks some environmental standards ( PM10, PM2,5, CmHn, soot…)Lack of in-depth study on the impact of air pollution on human health and life expectancy Exhaust gases from vehiclesPublic disclosureLimited budgetTrans-boundaryNetworking and sharing of air quality monitoring information and data

RecommendationRecommendationImpove the list of indicators for air pollutionAmending air quality standardsDeveloping air quality monitoring systemImprove legal document system Raise the efficiency of energyApplying cleaner production Implementing public disclosure programsEnhancing education and training for public

Some photographsSome photographs