Airplane Design and the Design Thinking Process
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Transcript of Airplane Design and the Design Thinking Process
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Paper Airplane Design
by the
ALPHA-TECH team:
Jack NordlohKatie Gaffney
Panos Manganaris
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Understanding the Project ● Project Objective: Create two paper airplanes, one
optimized for distance and one optimized for hang time, which can effectively be scaled up to 4 times the size.
● Criteria: Make a small plane out of a single sheet of paper. Scale up to 4 times the paper along with 4 times any other components added (e.g. tape, paperclips, staples).
● Paper airplanes need to fly high and long. What are the best ways to fold a paper airplane to meet these goals?
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Exploring Paper Airplanes● Gained insight by studying record-holding planes.
○ The Nakamura Lock, Toda’s Sky King, current distance record holder (paperairplaneguy.com)
● Evaluated weight vs lift, drag vs thrust, influence of Reynold Number, and details of balance behind flight
● Studied online sources● Searched the literature for the qualities of good “hang
glider” planes compared to good “dart” planes.
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Explore: The Science of Flight ● Elevators: Small flaps in the middle-rear of the wing
○ In order for the airplane to fly higher it requires up-elevators. If the plane is flying too high and nose-diving it needs down-elevators.
● Ailerons: Like elevators but on the outer edge of the wing, make the plane bank and roll.
● Dihedral angle: All good planes fly with a positive dihedral angle
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Explore: Wide Gliders & Ballistic darts
Basic requirement for gliding: Large wide wings. Center of gravity front and middle.
Basic idea for distance:Long, aerodynamic wings.Center of gravity forward.
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Defining the Best Solution:● Make paper airplane with goal to maximize distance long,
sharp, and front heavy. Meant to be thrown hard, like a javelin.○ Modify according to feedback from prototypes.
○ Adjust elevators to maximize distance
● Make paper airplane with goal to maximize hang-time wide, air-catching, and center-heavy. Meant to be thrown soft and high, to catch the air.○ Should use ailerons to circularly glide back to the ground
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Ideate
● Experimentally modeled our theories withairplanes made out of 8.5x11 inch sheets.
● Attempted to recreate the world record holding distance plane (theairplaneguy.com): resulted in “The Dart” final model which we used.
● Combined various designs and concepts
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Ideate: Brainstorming Models
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“The Dart” is Born
theairplaneguy’s Record Holder
Our Dart
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Prototype● Eventually decided on perfecting our Dart model and copying the Toda Sky
King found online. Prototypes were all tested before we determined the best options:○ Toda Sky King prototype >○ “The Dart” prototype
● The Toda Sky King worked best with 2-3 three paperclips in the center of the plane and up elevators. Mini-model flew for 5-7 seconds on average
● The Dart mini-model flew best with a bit of tape holding the wings together, ensuring that they didn’t spread to far apart.
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Refine- Toda Sky King● Original large scale model was a FAILURE (nose dived and paper ripped under
stress).● Repaired tears and tested with varying amounts of paper clips added to the
middle and rear. Front of the plane continued to be to heavy: FAILURE (nose dived again).
● Removed a sheet of paper- better (still nose diving, but not as fast because nose was less heavy).
● Removed another sheet of paper- gliding properly now, but self-sabotaging due to the inability of wings to keep stiff)
● Cut out a circle from the middle sheet at the nose which removed nose weight to help balance- MUCH better.
● Used eight paper clips configured to rebalance center of gravity to the middle of the plane. Made winglets bigger (Increased balance reduced drag?)- Able to FLY for 2.72 seconds.
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Refining The NoseBy reducing the total thickness to three sheets, and removing the weight of one sheet from the nose (cut hole) we combined the benefit of both the three-sheet and two-sheet models.
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Refine- Toda Sky KingModifications to Large Scale Hang Time
Original .7 seconds
Repaired Tears and added Paper Clips .6 seconds
3 Sheets .9 seconds
2 Sheets 1.2 seconds
Slimmed Down Nose 1.5 seconds
Added Paper Clips 1.4 seconds, 2.3 seconds, 2.72 seconds
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Refine- The Dart● Successful since the initial development which occurred
while we were playing with designs in the beginning.● Tape added in the back: held wings at an effective positive
dihedral, and allowed them to sustain the full weight of the large model.○ Tape was pinched together to create less drag.
Modification to large scale Distance
Original 69 feet, 74 feet
Taped 94 feet, 81 feet, 88 feet
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Solutions
● Our distance plane worked very well. It flew 90 feet, achieving class record!
● Our glider flew 2.5 seconds for our official test, but the maximum time we reached was 2.72 seconds.
● Dart Video: ● Glider Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Oo4lPQh07Ew
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Hang Time and Distance of PlanesTrial Toda Sky King The Dart
Hang Time 1 1.5 seconds 1.6 seconds
2 2.0 seconds 1.3 seconds
3 2.5 seconds 1.7 seconds
Distance 1 Not Measured 79 feet
2 Not Measured 63 feet
3 Not Measured 90 feet
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Research Sources● http://www.funpaperairplanes.com/
● http://www.paperplane.org/Aerodynamics/paero.htm
● The Klutz Book of Paper Airplanes
● http://www.thepaperairplaneguy.com