Aircraft Safety on Airfield Pavements Considering Standing Water, Slush, and Roughness

Waheed Uddin, PhD, PE Professor of Civil Engineering and Director CAIT

The University of Mississippi http://www.olemiss.edu/projects/cait/

Influence of Airfield Surface Irregularity on Aircraft Life

Aircraft Safety on Airfield Pavements with Standing Water and Slush

94th Annual Meeting of The Transportation Research Board

Washington, DC, January 11, 2015 Workshop 143:

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Airport Pavement Related Safety Issues

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Airport Pavement Related Safety Issues 7 Nov 2014 - Ariana Boeing 737-400, YA-PIE right main landing gear failure on landing.

Source: The Boeing 737 TECHNICAL SITE

Credit: Dr. João Virgilio Merighi, Engineering Research Institute Pesquisas Ltda São Paulo, Brazil

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Airport Pavement Related Safety Issues

Skidding due to low surface friction and wet weather Hydroplaning due to pooling water in depressions and slush

Vibrations due to roughness and dynamic impacts

Aircraft structural integrity compromised due to ……

Objective: Review of related research and pavement condition monitoring technology innovation

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NASA’s Skidding and Hydroplaning Research, 1960s

Reference:

Horne, Walter B., and Robert C. Dreher.

Phenomena of Pneumatic Tire Hydroplaning.

NASA TN D-2056, National Aeronautic and Space Administration

(NASA), Washington DC, Nov 1963.

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Figure - Variation of fluid (slush) drag with ground speed on single wheel; Tire pressure 350 lb/sq in

Ground speed, VG, knots

Experimental Calculated (ref. 7)

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

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20 x 102

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Figure - Effect of concrete runway surface condition on stopping distance for a four-Engine jet transport

Data obtained from Ref 10; Gross weight = 150,000 lb; Tire pressure = 150 lb/sq in; Anti-skid braking; Thrust reversers not used.

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Figure - Experimental and calculated tire-hydroplaning velocities

(Data from Ref 13)

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Figure – Susceptibility of some ground vehicles to hydroplaning

Tire inflation pressure, p, lb/in2

Tire hydroplaning

velocity, VP, mph

Trucks and buses

Automobiles

10 20 30 40 60 80 100 0

20

40

60

80

100 VP = 10.35√p

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Laser Scanning of Pavement Surface

Identifying locations of pooling of water and timely maintenance are keys to ensure aircraft safety.

Traditional pavement roughness and friction testing technologies do not provide 100% surface data on airport pavements.

LIDAR scanning is the answer for detailed surface mapping. Terrestrial, Airborne, Kinematic

Kinematic LIDAR scanning on mobile vehicle provides high resolution data for surface visualization of low spots where water pooling may occur.

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Kinematic LIDAR Scanning of Airport Pavements

Courtesy: David Ward /Titan Survey vehicle

Mobile LIDAR Scan Video footage

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• Image made up of the intensity component of Lidar points. • The denser the points the better the image. • Image has same accuracy as the points.

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+2 cm

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+4 cm

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+5 cm

Conclusion

Aircraft Safety on Airfield Pavements Considering Standing Water, Slush, and Roughness

Engineering

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