Airbus A380 - Wikipedia, thdocshare01.docshare.tips/files/4826/48260332.pdf · The first completed...

Airbus A380

A Qantas A380 takes off at London HeathrowRole AirlinerNational origin Multi-nationalManufacturer AirbusFirst flight 27 April 2005Introduced 25 October 2007 with Singapore

AirlinesStatus In productionPrimary users Emirates

Singapore AirlinesQantasAir France

Produced 2004–presentNumber built 59 (as of 13 January 2011)[1]

Unit cost US$375.3 million[2]

Airbus A380From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Airbus A380 is a double-deck, wide-body,four-engine airliner manufactured by the Europeancorporation Airbus, a subsidiary of EADS. The largestpassenger airliner in the world, the A380 made its maidenflight on 27 April 2005 from Toulouse, France, and madeits first commercial flight on 25 October 2007 fromSingapore to Sydney with Singapore Airlines. The aircraftwas known as the Airbus A3XX during much of itsdevelopment phase, but the nickname Superjumbo hassince become associated with it.

The A380's upper deck extends along the entire length ofthe fuselage, and its width is equivalent to that of awidebody aircraft. This allows for an A380-800's cabinwith 5,146 square feet (478.1 m2) of floor space; 49%more floor space than the current next-largest airliner,the Boeing 747-400 with 3,453 square feet (320.8 m2),and provides seating for 525 people in a typicalthree-class configuration or up to 853 people inall-economy class configurations. The A380-800 has adesign range of 15,200 km (8,200 nmi; 9,400 mi),sufficient to fly from New York to Hong Kong forexample, and a cruising speed of Mach 0.85 (about 900km/h or 560 mph at cruising altitude).

Contents

1 Development1.1 Background1.2 Design phase1.3 Production1.4 Testing1.5 Production and delivery delays1.6 Entry into service

2 Design2.1 Overview2.2 Flight deck2.3 Engines2.4 Advanced materials2.5 Avionics architecture2.6 Systems2.7 Passenger provisions2.8 Integration with infrastructure andregulations

2.8.1 Ground operations2.8.2 Takeoff and landingseparation

Airbus A380 - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380

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3 Future variants3.1 Improved A380-8003.2 A380-9003.3 A380-800 freighter

4 Market5 Orders and deliveries6 Commercial operators7 Incidents and accidents8 Specifications9 See also10 References11 External links

Development

Background

In the summer of 1988, a group of Airbus engineers led byJean Roeder began working in secret on the development of aultra-high-capacity airliner (UHCA), both to complete its ownrange of products and to break the dominance that Boeinghad enjoyed in this market segment since the early 1970swith its 747.[3] McDonnell Douglas unsuccessfully offered itssmaller, double-deck MD-12 concept for sale.[4][5] Roederwas given approval for further evaluations of the UHCA aftera formal presentation to the President and CEO in June 1990.The megaproject was announced at the 1990 FarnboroughAir Show, with the stated goal of 15% lower operating coststhan the 747-400.[6] Airbus organised four teams ofdesigners, one from each of its partners (Aérospatiale,Deutsche Aerospace AG, British Aerospace, CASA) topropose new technologies for its future aircraft designs. Thedesigns would be presented in 1992 and the most competitivedesigns would be used.[7]

In January 1993, Boeing and several companies in the Airbus consortium started a joint feasibility study ofan aircraft known as the Very Large Commercial Transport (VLCT), aiming to form a partnership to sharethe limited market.[8][9] This joint study was abandoned two years later, Boeing's interest having decreasedbecause analysts thought that such a product would unlikely earn the $15-billion in development costs.Despite the fact that only two airlines had expressed public interest in purchasing such a plane, Airbus wasalready pursuing its own large plane project. Analysts suggested that Boeing instead would pursue stretchingtheir 747 design, and that air travel was already moving away from the hub and spoke system thatconsolidated traffic into large planes, and toward more non-stop routes that could be served by smallerplanes.[10]

In June 1994, Airbus began developing its own very large airliner, designated the A3XX.[11][12] Airbusconsidered several designs, including an odd side-by-side combination of two fuselages from the A340,which was Airbus’s largest jet at the time.[13] The A3XX was pitted against the VLCT study and Boeing’sown New Large Aircraft successor to the 747.[14][15] From 1997 to 2000, as the East Asian financial crisisdarkened the market outlook, Airbus refined its design, targeting a 15 to 20% reduction in operating costs


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The first completed A380 at the"A380 Reveal" event held in

Toulouse, France, 18 January 2005

Geographical logistics sequence forthe A380, with final assembly in

Toulouse

over the existing Boeing 747-400. The A3XX design converged on a double-decker layout that providedmore passenger volume than a traditional single-deck design,[16][17] in line with traditional hub-and-spoketheory as opposed to the point-to-point theory of the Boeing 777,[18] after conducting an extensive marketanalysis with over 200 focus groups.[19][20] Still, since the 1995 forecasts to the present, others including aformer Airbus executive have disputed the hub-and-spoke justification, and continued to predict that themarket for very large aircraft such as the A380 is small.[21][22]

Design phase

On 19 December 2000, the supervisory board of newly restructuredAirbus voted to launch a €8.8-billion programme to build the A3XX,re-christened as the A380,[23][24] with 50 firm orders from six launchcustomers.[25][26] The A380 designation was a break from previousAirbus families, which had progressed sequentially from A300 toA340. It was chosen because the number 8 resembles thedouble-deck cross section, and is a lucky number in some Asiancountries where the aircraft was being marketed.[13] The aircraft’sconfiguration was finalised in early 2001, and manufacturing of thefirst A380 wing box component started on 23 January 2002. Thedevelopment cost of the A380 had grown to €11 billion when the first

aircraft was completed.[9]

Production

Major structural sections of the A380 are built in France, Germany,Spain, and the United Kingdom. Due to their size, they are brought tothe assembly hall (the Jean-Luc Lagardère Plant) in Toulouse inFrance by surface transportation, though some parts are moved bythe A300-600ST Beluga aircraft used in the construction of otherAirbus models.[27] Components of the A380 are provided bysuppliers from around the world; the five largest contributors, byvalue, are Rolls-Royce, Safran, United Technologies, GeneralElectric and Goodrich.[19]

For the surface movement of large A380 structural components, acomplex route known as the Itinéraire à Grand Gabarit wasdeveloped. This involved the construction of a fleet of roll-on/roll-off(RORO) ships and barges, the construction of port facilities and thedevelopment of new and modified roads to accommodate oversizedroad convoys.[28][29]

The front and rear sections of the fuselage are loaded onto one ofthree roll-on/roll-off (RORO) ships in Hamburg in northern Germany, from where they are shipped to theUnited Kingdom.[29][30] The wings, which are manufactured at Filton in Bristol and Broughton in NorthWales, are transported by barge to Mostyn docks, where the ship adds them to its cargo.[31] In Saint-Nazairein western France, the ship trades the fuselage sections from Hamburg for larger, assembled sections, someof which include the nose. The ship unloads in Bordeaux. Afterwards, the ship picks up the belly and tailsections by Construcciones Aeronáuticas SA in Cádiz in southern Spain, and delivers them to Bordeaux.From there, the A380 parts are transported by barge to Langon, and by oversize road convoys to theassembly hall in Toulouse.[32]


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A380 MSN001 about to land afterits maiden flight

Flight test engineer's station on thelower deck of A380 F-WWOW

After assembly, the aircraft are flown to Hamburg Finkenwerder Airport (XFW) to be furnished and painted.It takes 3,600 L (950 US gal) of paint to cover the 3,100 m2 (33,000 sq ft) exterior of an A380.[33] Airbussized the production facilities and supply chain for a production rate of four A380s per month.[31]

Testing

Five A380s were built for testing and demonstration purposes.[34]

The first A380, serial number MSN001 and registration F-WWOW,was unveiled at a ceremony in Toulouse on 18 January 2005.[35] Itsmaiden flight took place at 8:29 UTC (10:29 a.m. local time) 27 April2005.[36] This plane, equipped with Trent 900 engines, flew fromToulouse Blagnac International Airport with a flight crew of sixheaded by chief test pilot Jacques Rosay. After successfully landingthree hours and 54 minutes later, Rosay said flying the A380 hadbeen “like handling a bicycle” .[37]

On 1 December 2005 the A380 achieved its maximum design speedof Mach 0.96 (versus normal cruising speed of Mach 0.85), in ashallow dive, completing the opening of the flight envelope.[34] On 10 January 2006 the A380 made its firsttransatlantic flight to Medellín in Colombia, to test engine performance at a high altitude airport.[citation needed] It arrived in North America on 6 February, landing in Iqaluit, Nunavut in Canada forcold-weather testing.[38]

On 14 February 2006, during the destructive wing strengthcertification test on MSN5000, the test wing of the A380 failed at145% of the limit load, short of the required 150% to meet thecertification. Airbus announced modifications adding 30 kg to thewing to provide the required strength.[39] On 26 March 2006 theA380 underwent evacuation certification in Hamburg. With 8 of the16 exits blocked, 853 passengers and 20 crew left the aircraft in 78seconds, less than the 90 seconds required by certificationstandards.[40] Three days later, the A380 received European AviationSafety Agency (EASA) and United States Federal AviationAdministration (FAA) approval to carry up to 853 passengers.[41]

The maiden flight of the first A380 using GP7200 engines—serial number MSN009 and registrationF-WWEA—took place on 25 August 2006.[42][43] On 4 September 2006, the first full passenger-carryingflight test took place.[44] The aircraft flew from Toulouse with 474 Airbus employees on board, in the first ofa series of flights to test passenger facilities and comfort.[44] In November 2006 a further series of routeproving flights took place to demonstrate the aircraft's performance for 150 flight hours under typical airlineoperating conditions.[45]

Airbus obtained type certificates for the A380-841 and A380-842 model from the EASA and FAA on 12December 2006 in a joint ceremony at the company's French headquarters.[46][47] The A380-861 modelobtained the type certificate 14 December 2007.[47]

Production and delivery delays


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A380 flying a banked turn at theILA 2006 in Berlin, Germany

A380 in original Airbus livery

Initial production of the A380 was troubled by delays attributed tothe 530 km (330 mi) of wiring in each aircraft. Airbus cited asunderlying causes the complexity of the cabin wiring (100,000 wiresand 40,300 connectors), its concurrent design and production, thehigh degree of customisation for each airline, and failures ofconfiguration management and change control.[48][49] Specifically, itwould appear that German and Spanish Airbus facilities continued touse CATIA version 4, while British and French sites migrated toversion 5.[50] This caused overall configuration managementproblems, at least in part because wiring harnesses manufacturedusing aluminium rather than copper conductors necessitated specialdesign rules including non-standard dimensions and bend radii; thesewere not easily transferred between versions of the software.[51]

Airbus announced the first delay in June 2005 and notified airlinesthat deliveries would be delayed by six months.[50] This reduced the total number of planned deliveries bythe end of 2009 from about 120 to 90–100. On 13 June 2006, Airbus announced a second delay, with thedelivery schedule undergoing an additional shift of six to seven months.[52] Although the first delivery wasstill planned before the end of 2006, deliveries in 2007 would drop to only 9 aircraft, and deliveries by theend of 2009 would be cut to 70–80 aircraft. The announcement caused a 26% drop in the share price ofAirbus's parent, EADS,[53] and led to the departure of EADS CEO Noël Forgeard, Airbus CEO GustavHumbert, and A380 programme manager Charles Champion.[50][54] On 3 October 2006, upon completion ofa review of the A380 program, the CEO of Airbus, Christian Streiff, announced a third delay,[50] pushing thefirst delivery to October 2007, to be followed by 13 deliveries in 2008, 25 in 2009, and the full productionrate of 45 aircraft per year in 2010.[55] The delay also increased the earnings shortfall projected by Airbusthrough 2010 to €4.8 billion.[50][56]

As Airbus prioritised the work on the A380-800 over theA380-800F,[57] freighter orders were cancelled by FedEx[58][59] andUPS,[60] or converted to A380-800 by Emirates and ILFC.[61] Airbussuspended work on the freighter version, but said it remained onoffer,[62] albeit without a service entry date.[63] For the passengerversion Airbus negotiated a revised delivery schedule andcompensation with the 13 customers, all of which retained theirorders with some placing subsequent orders, including Emirates,[64]

Singapore Airlines,[65] Qantas,[66] Air France,[67] Qatar Airways,[68]

and Korean Air.[69]

On 13 May 2008 Airbus announced reduced deliveries for the years 2008 (12) and 2009 (21).[70] Afterfurther manufacturing setbacks, Airbus reduced plans to deliver 14 A380s in 2009, down from the previouslyrevised target of 18.[71] A total of 10 A380s were delivered in 2009.[72] In 2010 Airbus delivered 18 fromthe expected 20 A380s, due to Rolls-Royce engine availability problems.[73] Airbus plans to deliver“between 20 and 25” A380s in 2011 before ramping up to three a month in 2012.[73]

Entry into service


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The first airline to operate theaircraft was Singapore Airlines.

The A380 cabin cross section,showing economy class seating

“The lack of enginenoise — it's 50%quieter than a 747-400on takeoff — wasdownright eerie. TheA380 is so big it's ”

The first aircraft delivered (MSN003, registered 9V-SKA) washanded over to Singapore Airlines on 15 October 2007 and enteredinto service on 25 October 2007 with an inaugural flight betweenSingapore and Sydney (flight number SQ380).[9][74] Passengersbought seats in a charity online auction paying between $560 and$100,380.[75] Two months later, Singapore Airlines CEO ChewChoong Seng said that the A380 was performing better than both theairline and Airbus had anticipated, burning 20% less fuel perpassenger than the airline's existing 747-400 fleet.[76] Emirates wasthe second airline to take delivery of the A380 on 28 July 2008 and

started flights between Dubai and New York[77] on 1 August 2008.[78] Qantas followed on 19 September2008, starting flights between Melbourne and Los Angeles on 20 October 2008.[79] By the end of 2008,890,000 passengers had flown on 2,200 A380 flights totalling 21,000 hours.[80]

In February 2009 the millionth A380 passenger flying with Singapore Airlines was recorded.[81] In May2009 it was reported that the A380 had carried 1.5 million passengers during 41 thousand flight hours and4200 flights.[82] Air France received their first A380 on 30 October 2009, arriving at Charles de GaulleAirport.[83][84] Lufthansa received its first A380 on 19 May 2010.[85] By July 2010 the 31 A380s then inservice had flown 156,000 hours with passengers in 17,000 flights, transporting 6,000,000 passengersbetween 20 international destinations.[86]

Design

Overview

The new Airbus was initially offered in two models. The A380-800original configuration carried 555 passengers in a three-classconfiguration[87] or 853 passengers (538 on the main deck and 315on the upper deck) in a single-class economy configuration. In May2007 Airbus began marketing a configuration with 30 fewerpassengers, now 525 passengers in three classes, traded for 370 km(200 nmi) more range, to better reflect trends in premium classaccommodation.[88] The design range for the -800 model is15,400 km (8,300 nmi);[89] capable of flying for example from HongKong to New York, or from Sydney to Istanbul non-stop. The secondmodel, the A380-800F freighter, would carry 150 tonnes of cargo10,400 km (5,600 nmi).[90] The -800F development was put on holdas Airbus prioritised the passenger version and all cargo orders werecancelled. Future variants may include an A380-900 stretch seatingabout 656 passengers (or up to 960 passengers in an all economyconfiguration) and an extended range version with the samepassenger capacity as the A380-800.[13]

The A380's wing is sized for a Maximum Take-Off Weight (MTOW)over 650 tonnes in order to accommodate these future versions,albeit with some strengthening required.[13][92] The stronger wing(and structure) will be used on the A380-800F freighter. Thiscommon design approach sacrifices some fuel efficiency on theA380-800 passenger model, but Airbus estimates that the size of theaircraft, coupled with the advances in technology described below,


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difficult to sense itsspeed, and its upperdeck is so far awayfrom the engines thenoise dissipates.

—TIME[91]

A380 flight deck

A Rolls-Royce Trent 900 engine onthe wing of an Airbus A380

will provide lower operating costs per passenger than the 747-400and older 747 variants. The A380 also features wingtip fences similarto those found on the A310 and A320 to alleviate the effects ofinduced drag, increasing fuel efficiency and performance.[93][94]

Flight deck

Airbus used similar cockpitlayout, procedures andhandling characteristics tothose of other Airbus aircraft,to reduce crew training costs.Accordingly, the A380features an improved glasscockpit, and fly-by-wireflight controls linked toside-sticks.[95][96] Theimproved cockpit displays

feature eight 15-by-20 cm (5.9-by-7.9 in) liquid crystal displays, all of which are physically identical andinterchangeable; comprising two Primary Flight Displays, two navigation displays, one engine parameterdisplay, one system display and two Multi-Function Displays. These MFDs are new with the A380, andprovide an easy-to-use interface to the flight management system—replacing three multifunction control anddisplay units.[97] They include QWERTY keyboards and trackballs, interfacing with a graphical "point-and-click" display navigation system.[98][99]

Engines

The A380 can be fitted with two types of engines: A380-841, -842and -843F with Rolls-Royce Trent 900, and A380-861 and -863Fwith Engine Alliance GP7000 turbofans. The Trent 900 is aderivative of the Trent 800, and the GP7000 has roots from the GE90and PW4000. The Trent 900 core is a scaled version of the Trent500, but incorporates the swept fan technology of the stillborn Trent8104.[100] The GP7200 has a GE90-derived core and PW4090-derived fan and low-pressure turbo-machinery.[101] Only two of thefour engines are fitted with thrust reversers.[102]

Noise reduction was an important requirement in the A380's design,and particularly affects engine design.[103][104] Both engine typesallow the aircraft to achieve QC/2 departure and QC/0.5 arrival noise limits under the Quota Count systemset by London Heathrow Airport,[105] which is a key destination for the A380.[13]

The A380 was used to demonstrate the viability of a synthetic fuel comprising standard jet fuel with anatural-gas-derived component. On 1 February 2008, a three hour test flight operated between Britain andFrance, with one of the A380's four engines using a mix of 60% standard jet kerosene and 40% gas to liquids(GTL) fuel supplied by Shell.[106] The aircraft needed no modification to use the GTL fuel, which wasdesigned to be mixed with normal jet fuel. Sebastien Remy, head of Airbus SAS's alternative fuelprogramme, said the GTL used was no cleaner in CO2 terms than standard fuel but it had local air qualitybenefits because it contains no sulphur.[107]


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A planform view of an AirbusA380 belonging to Singapore

Airlines

Front fuselage view of A380

Advanced materials

While most of the fuselage is aluminium, composite materialscomprise more than 20% of the A380's airframe.[108] Carbon-fibrereinforced plastic, glass-fibre reinforced plastic and quartz-fibrereinforced plastic are used extensively in wings, fuselage sections(such as the undercarriage and rear end of fuselage), tail surfaces,and doors.[109][110][111] The A380 is the first commercial airliner tohave a central wing box made of carbon fibre reinforced plastic. It isalso the first to have a smoothly contoured wing cross section. Thewings of other commercial airliners are partitioned span-wise intosections. This flowing, continuous cross section optimisesaerodynamic efficiency. Thermoplastics are used in the leading edges

of the slats.[112] The new material GLARE (GLAss-REinforced fibre metal laminate) is used in the upperfuselage and on the stabilisers' leading edges.[113] This aluminium-glass-fibre laminate is lighter and hasbetter corrosion and impact resistance than conventional aluminium alloys used in aviation.[114] Unlikeearlier composite materials, it can be repaired using conventional aluminium repair techniques.[115] Newerweldable aluminium alloys are also used. This enables the widespread use of laser beam weldingmanufacturing techniques — eliminating rows of rivets and resulting in a lighter, stronger structure.[116]

Avionics architecture

The A380 employs an Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA)architecture, first used in advanced military aircraft, such as the F-22Raptor, F-35,[117] and Dassault Rafale.[118] The main IMA systemson the A380 were developed by Thales Group.[119] Designed anddeveloped by Airbus, Thales and Diehl Aerospace, the IMA suite isfirst used on the A380. The suite is a technological innovation, withnetworked computing modules to support different applications.[119]

Together with IMA, the A380 avionics are highly networked. Thedata communication networks use Avionics Full-Duplex SwitchedEthernet, following the ARINC 664 standard. The data networks are switched, full-duplex, star-topology andbased on 100baseTX fast-Ethernet.[120] This reduces the amount of wiring required and minimiseslatency.[121]

The Network Systems Server (NSS) is the heart of A380 paperless cockpit.[122][123] It eliminates the bulkymanuals and charts traditionally carried by pilots; the NSS has enough inbuilt robustness to eliminateonboard backup paper documents. The A380's network and server system stores data and offers electronicdocumentation, providing a required equipment list, navigation charts, performance calculations, and anaircraft logbook. All are accessible to the pilot from two additional 27 cm (11 in) diagonal LCDs, eachcontrolled by its own keyboard and cursor control device mounted in the foldable table in front of eachpilot.[121]

Systems


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The A380-800 layoutwith 519 seats

displayed

Power-by-wire flight control actuators are used for the first time in civil service toback up the primary hydraulic flight control actuators. During certainmanoeuvres, they augment the primary actuators.[124] They have self-containedhydraulic and electrical power supplies. They are used as electro-hydrostaticactuators (EHA) in the aileron and elevator, electric and hydraulic motors todrive the slats as well as electrical backup hydrostatic actuators (EBHA) for therudder and some spoilers.[125]

The aircraft's 350 bar (35 MPa or 5,000 psi) hydraulic system is an improvementover the typical 210 bar (21 MPa or 3,000 psi) system found in other commercialaircraft since the 1940s.[126][127] First used in military aircraft, higher pressurehydraulics reduce the size of pipelines, actuators and other components foroverall weight reduction. The 350 bar pressure is generated by eight de-clutchablehydraulic pumps.[127][128] Pipelines are typically made from titanium and thesystem features both fuel and air-cooled heat exchangers. The hydraulics systemarchitecture also differs significantly from other airliners. Self-containedelectrically-powered hydraulic power packs serve as backups for the primarysystems, instead of a secondary hydraulic system, saving weight and reducingmaintenance.[129]

The A380 uses four 150 kVA variable-frequency electrical generators,[130]

eliminating constant speed drives and improving reliability.[131] The A380 usesaluminium power cables instead of copper for weight reduction. The electricalpower system is fully computerised and many contactors and breakers have beenreplaced by solid-state devices for better performance and increasedreliability.[125]

The A380 features a bulbless illumination system. LEDs are employed in the cabin, cockpit, cargo and otherfuselage areas. The cabin lighting features programmable multi-spectral LEDs capable of creating a cabinambience simulating daylight, night, or levels in between.[132] On the outside of the aircraft, HID lighting isused for brighter, whiter illumination.

The A380 was initially planned without thrust reversers, as Airbus designed the aircraft with ample brakingcapacity to not require their use.[133] However Airbus elected to fit the two inboard engines with thrustreversers in a late stage of development.[102][134] The two outboard engines do not have reversers, reducingthe amount of debris stirred up during landing. The A380 features electrically actuated thrust reversers,giving them better reliability than their pneumatic or hydraulic equivalents, in addition to saving weight.[135]

Passenger provisions

Main article: Seat configurations of the Airbus A380


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Business class on the firstSingapore Airlines A380

Economy Class on an EmiratesAirbus A380

Onboard features expected to reduce travel fatigue include a quieterinterior and greater cabin air pressure than prior aircraft; the A380produces 50% less cabin noise than the 747-400 and is pressurised tothe equivalent of 1,520 m (5,000 ft) altitude versus 2,440 m (8,000ft) on the 747-400.[136][137] The A380 has 50% more cabin area andvolume, larger windows, bigger overhead bins, and 60 cm (2.0 ft)extra headroom versus the 747-400.[138]

In a 10-abreast configuration on the main deck, the A380's widercabin allows for up to 48 cm (19 in) wide economy seats,[139][140]

versus 44.5 cm (17.5 in) on the 747-400.[141] The A380 can alsoaccommodate up to 11-abreast configurations,[142] and its maximumcertified carrying capacity is 853 passengers in an all-economy-classlayout.[40] According to Airbus, a typical three-class layout on theA380 accommodates 525 passengers, with 10 first, 76 business, and439 economy class seats.[88] Planned and announced configurationsgo from 407 passengers, to be used by Korean Air, up to 840passengers, to be used by Air Austral.[143][144]

The A380's full-length upper and lower decks are connected by twostairways, fore and aft, wide enough to accommodate two passengersside-by-side; this cabin arrangement allows multiple seat configurations. Some operators configured theiraircraft for three-class service and developed special amenities for a number of passengers paying for firstclass or business class tickets, such as spacious private cabins with separate beds, lounges, and fully recliningseats. Airbus's initial publicity stressed the comfort and space of the A380's cabin,[145] anticipatinginstallations such as relaxation areas, bars, duty-free shops, and beauty salons.[96]

On its A380s, Air France has installed an electronic art gallery exclusively for first class and business classpassengers.[146] Singapore Airlines offers twelve partly-enclosed first-class suites on its A380s, eachfeaturing one full and one secondary seat, a full-sized bed, desk, and personal storage.[147] Four of thesesuites, C and D on rows 3 and 4, have dividing walls that can be removed to create two double suites withtwo beds modified into one double bed.[148][149] Qantas Airways has shown a product for a long flat-bedthat converts from the seat but does not have privacy doors.[150] Emirates's fourteen first-class private suiteshave shared access to two "shower spas".[151][152] First and business class passengers have shared access toa snack bar and lounge with two sofas, in addition to a first-class-only private lounge.[153]

It has been suggested that the significantly high levels of customisation of the planes has slowed downproduction speeds and increased costs.[154] On Qantas' A380s there are 6 self serve snack bars (4 on thelower deck for First Class and economy, 2 on the upper deck for Business and premium economy) and thereis an on-board lounge for First and Business class passengers at the front of the upper deck.[155] VirginAtlantic Airways already offers a bar as part of its "Upper Class" service on its A340 and 747 aircraft, andhas announced plans to include casinos, double beds, and gymnasiums on its A380s.[156][157]

Integration with infrastructure and regulations

Ground operations


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The A380's 20-wheel main landinggear

A380 being serviced by threeseparate jetways at Frankfurt

Airport: two for the main deck andone for the upper deck.

A video of an A380 taxiing

In the 1990s, aircraft manufacturers were planning to introducelarger planes than the Boeing 747. In a common effort of theInternational Civil Aviation Organization, ICAO, with manufacturers,airports and its member agencies, the "80-metre box" was created,the airport gates allowing planes up to 80 m (260 ft) wingspan andlength to be accommodated.[158] Airbus designed the A380according to these guidelines,[159][160] and to operate safely onGroup V runways and taxiways, and while the U.S. FAA opposed thisat an early stage,[161][162] in July 2007, the FAA and EASA agreed tolet the A380 operate on 45 m runways without restrictions.[163] TheA380-800 is approximately 30% larger in overall size than the747-400,[164][165] and can land or take off on any runway that canaccommodate a 747. Runway lighting and signage may need changes to provide clearance to the wings andavoid blast damage from the engines and taxiway shoulders may be required to be stabilised to reduce thelikelihood of foreign object damage caused to (or by) the outboard engines, which overhang more than 25 m(82 ft) from the centre line of the aircraft.[166]

Airbus measured pavement loads using a 540-tonne (595 short tons)ballasted test rig, designed to replicate the landing gear of the A380.The rig was towed over a section of pavement at Airbus' facilitiesthat had been instrumented with embedded load sensors.[167] It wasdetermined that the pavement of most runways will not need to bereinforced despite the higher weight,[166] as it is distributed on morewheels than in other passenger aircraft with a total of 22 wheels.[168]

The A380 landing gear is in a similar layout as the 747, except forfour more wheels via the incorporation of six wheels on each mainbody gear.[168]

The A380 requires service vehicles with lifts capable of reaching theupper deck,[169] as well as tractors capable of handling the A380'smaximum ramp weight.[170] Using two jetway bridges the boarding

time is 45 min, using an extra jetway to the upper deck it is reduced to 34 min.[171] The A380 test aircrafthave participated in a campaign of airport compatibility testing to verify the modifications already made atseveral large airports, visiting a number of airports around the world.[172]

Takeoff and landing separation

In 2005, the ICAO recommended that provisional separation criteriafor the A380 on takeoff and landing be substantially greater than forthe 747 because preliminary flight test data suggested a strongerwake turbulence.[173][174] These criteria were in effect while theICAO's wake vortex steering group, with representatives from theJAA, Eurocontrol, the FAA, and Airbus, refined its 3-year study ofthe issue with additional flight testing. In September 2006, theworking group presented its first conclusions to the ICAO.[175][176]

In November 2006, the ICAO issued new interim recommendations.Replacing a blanket 10 nautical miles (19 km) separation for aircrafttrailing an A380 during approach, the new distances were 6 nmi (11km), 8 nmi (15 km) and 10 nmi (19 km) respectively for non-A380"Heavy", "Medium", and "Light" ICAO aircraft categories. These


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Emirates, the largest A380customer, has ordered a higher

weight A380-800 variant.

compared with the 4 nmi (7.4 km), 5 nmi (9.3 km) and 6 nmi (11 km) spacing applicable to other "Heavy"aircraft. Another A380 following an A380 should maintain a separation of 4 nmi (7.4 km). On departurebehind an A380, non-A380 "Heavy" aircraft are required to wait two minutes, and "Medium"/"Light"aircraft three minutes for time based operations. The ICAO also recommends that pilots append the term"Super" to the aircraft's callsign when initiating communication with air traffic control, in order to distinguishthe A380 from "Heavy" aircraft.[177]

In August 2008, the ICAO issued revised approach separations of 4 nmi (7.4 km) for Super (another A380),6 nmi (11 km) for Heavy, 7 nmi (13 km) for medium/small, and 8 nmi (15 km) for light.[178]

Future variants

Improved A380-800

From 2013, Airbus will offer, as an option, improved maximumtake-off weight, thus providing a better payload/range performance.The option was introduced in order to counter a perceived strength ofthe 747-8I, the latest revision of the Boeing 747.[179] Maximumtake-off weight is increased by 4t, to 573t. The increases are madepossible by optimising the fly-by-wire control laws to reduce flightloads.[180] British Airways and Emirates will be the first customers toreceive this new option.[181] Vietnam Airlines has shown interest inthe higher-weight variant.[182]

A380-900

In November 2007, Airbus top sales executive and chief operating officer John Leahy confirmed plans foran enlarged variant, the A380-900, which would be slightly longer than the A380-800 (79.4–73 m or260–240 ft).[183] This version would have a seating capacity of 650 passengers in standard configuration,and approximately 900 passengers in economy-only configuration. In May 2010, Airbus announced thatA380-900 development was postponed, until production of the A380-800 has stabilised.[184] Airlines thathave expressed interest in the model include Emirates,[185] Virgin Atlantic,[186] Cathay Pacific,[187] AirFrance-KLM, Lufthansa,[188] Kingfisher Airlines,[189] as well as the leasing company ILFC.[190]

A380-800 freighter

Airbus originally accepted orders for the freighter version, offering the second largest payload capacity ofany cargo aircraft, exceeded only by the Antonov An-225.[191] However, production has been suspendeduntil the A380 production lines have settled with no firm availability date.[58][192][193]

Market


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Prototype at the 2005 Paris AirShow

In 2006, industry analysts Philip Lawrence of the AerospaceResearch Centre in Bristol and Richard Aboulafia of the consultingTeal Group in Fairfax anticipated 880 and 400 A380 salesrespectively by 2025.[19] According to Lawrence, parallel to thedesign of the A380, Airbus conducted the most extensive andthorough market analysis of commercial aviation ever undertaken,justifying its VLA (very large aircraft, those with more than 400seats) plans,[19] while according to Aboulafia, the rise of mid-sizeaircraft and market fragmentation reduced VLAs to niche marketstatus, making such plans unjustified.[19] The two analysts' marketforecasts differed in the incorporation of spoke-hub and point-to-point models.[19]

In 2007, Airbus estimated a demand for 1,283 passenger planes in the VLA category for the next 20 years ifairport congestion remains at the current level. According to this estimate, demand could reach up to 1,771VLAs if congestion increases. Most of this demand will be due to the urbanisation and rapid economicgrowth in Asia.[194] The A380 will be used on relatively few routes, between the most saturated airports.Airbus also estimates a demand for 415 freighters in the category 120-tonne plus. Boeing, which offers theonly competition in that class, the 747-8, estimates the demand for passenger VLAs at 590 and that forfreighter VLAs at 370 for the period 2007–2026.[195]

At one time the A380 was considered as a potential replacement for the existing Boeing VC-25 serving asAir Force One,[196][197] but in January 2009 EADS declared that they were not going to bid for the contract,as assembling only three planes in the US would not make financial sense.[198]

As of June 2010, there were 234 orders for the A380-800. The break-even for the A380 was initiallysupposed to be reached at 270 units, but due to the delays and the falling exchange rate of the US dollar, itincreased to 420 units.[48] In 2010, EADS CFO Hans Peter Ring said that break-even (on the aircraft thatare delivered) could be achieved as early as 2015, despite the delays; there should be around 200 deliveriesby that time, on current projections.[199] As of March 2010, the average list price of an A380 wasUS$ 375.3 million, depending on equipment installed.[200]

Orders and deliveries

Main article: List of Airbus A380 ordersand deliveries

Seventeen customers have ordered the A380,including an order from aircraft lessor ILFCand one VIP order by Airbus Executive andPrivate Aviation.[201] Total orders for the A380stand at 234 as of 8 June 2010,[202][203][204]

plus a further 6 ordered by Asiana Airlines inJanuary 2011.[205] The biggest customer isEmirates, which in June 2010 increased itsorder by 32 aircraft to 90 total, or nearly 40%of all A380 orders at the time.[206] A total of 27 orders originally placed for the freighter version,A380-800F, were either cancelled (20) or converted to A380-800 (7), following the production delay and thesubsequent suspension of the freighter programme.

Delivery takes place in Hamburg for customers from Europe and the Middle East and in Toulouse for

Airbus A380 firm net orders and deliveries(cumulative by year)


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Lufthansa Airbus A380 beingtowed to the hangar after testing,ready for its first scheduled flighton 6 June 2010 from Frankfurt to

Johannesburg.

Air France

customers from the rest of the world.[207]

A380 firm net orders, by year[208][209]

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Total

OrdersA380-800 78 0 34 10 10 24 33 9 4 32[210] 6[211] 240

A380-800F 7 10 0 0 10 -17 -10 0 0 0 0 0

Deliveries A380-800 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 12 10 18[212] 2 43[212]

Commercial operators

The following table lists airlines whose A380 aircraft havecommenced commercial passenger flights. It does not includeoperators that have ordered A380s or taken delivery of or announceddetails of inaugural flights but not yet commenced commercialpassenger flights. For further information, including non-commercialoperators, see List of Airbus A380 orders and deliveries. Emirates iscurrently the largest operator of the A380 with 15 in service out of itstotal of 90 on order, itself the largest amount of any carrier. Theshortest route that the A380 flies regularly is from Dubai to Jeddahwith Emirates having a flight time of only 3 hours, although AirFrance has also operated the A380 on the even shorter Paris toLondon route during summer 2010.[213]

Airline First commercial flight

Air France 20 November 2009[214]

Emirates 1 August 2008[78]

Lufthansa 6 June 2010[215]

Qantas 20 October 2008[79]

Singapore Airlines 25 October 2007[74]

Incidents and accidents

The A380 has been involved in one aviation accident as of January 2011.[216][217]

On 4 November 2010, Qantas Flight 32, en route from Singapore Changi Airport to Sydney Airport,suffered an uncontained engine failure, resulting in a series of related problems,[218][219] and forcingthe flight to return to Singapore. There were no injuries to the passengers, crew or people on theground despite debris falling onto the Indonesian island of Batam.[220][221] Qantas subsequentlygrounded all of their A380s that day subject to an internal investigation taken in conjunction with theengine manufacturer Rolls-Royce plc. Other operators of Rolls-Royce-powered A380s were alsoaffected. Investigators later determined the cause of the explosion to be an oil leak in the Trent 900engine.[222][223]

Specifications


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External imagesAirbus A380-800 cutaway

Airbus A380-800 cutaway from(http://www.flightglobal.com/airspace/media/civilaviation1949-2006cutaways/images/6661/airbus-a340-300-cutaway.jpg)Flightglobal.com

A size comparison between four ofthe largest aircraft, the AntonovAn-225 (green), the Hughes H-4

Hercules (gold), the Boeing 747-8(blue), and the Airbus A380-800

(pink).

Measurement A380-800 A380-800FCockpit crew Two

Seating capacity525 (3-class)[89]

644 (2-class)853 (1-class)

12 couriers

Length overall 72.73 m (238.6 ft)[224]

Wingspan 79.75 m (261.6 ft)[225]

Height 24.45 m (80.2 ft)[224]

Wheelbase33.58 m (110.2 ft) wing landing gear

36.85 m (120.9 ft) body landinggear[224]

Wheel track 12.46 m (40.9 ft)[224]

Outside fuselagewidth 7.14 m (23.4 ft)

Outside fuselageheight 8.41 m (27.6 ft)

Maximum cabinwidth

6.58 m (21.6 ft) Main deck5.92 m (19.4 ft) Upper deck (floor

level)

Cabin length 49.9 m (164 ft) Main deck44.93 m (147.4 ft) Upper deck

Wing area 845 m2 (9,100 sq ft)Aspect ratio 7.5Wing sweep 33.5°Maximum

taxi/ramp weight571,000 kg

(1,260,000 lb)592,000 kg

(1,310,000 lb)Maximum

take-off weight569,000 kg

(1,250,000 lb)590,000 kg

(1,300,000 lb)Maximum

landing weight391,000 kg(860,000 lb)

427,000 kg(940,000 lb)

Maximum zerofuel weight

366,000 kg(810,000 lb)

402,000 kg(890,000 lb)

TypicalOperating empty

weight

276,800 kg(610,000 lb)

252,200 kg(556,000 lb)

Maximumstructuralpayload

89,200 kg(197,000 lb)

149,800 kg(330,000 lb)

Maximum cargovolume

176 m3 (6,200cu ft)[226]

1,134 m3 (40,000cu ft)[227]


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Maximumoperating speedat cruise altitude

Mach 0.89[89]

(945 km/h, 587 mph, 510 knots)

Maximum designspeed

in dive at cruisealtitude

Mach 0.96[228]

(at cruise altitude: 1020 km/h,634 mph, 551 knots)

Take off run atMTOW/SL ISA

2,750 m (9,020ft)[159]

2,900 m (9,500ft)[159]

Range at designload

15,400 km(8,300 nmi,

9,500 mi)[89]

10,400 km(5,600 nmi,6,400 mi)

Service ceiling 13,115 m (43,028 ft)[229]

Maximum fuelcapacity

323,546 L(85,472 US gal)

310,000 L(81,893 US gal),

323,546 L(85,472 US gal)

option

Engines (4 x)

GP7270(A380-861)Trent 970/B(A380-841)Trent 972/B(A380-842)

GP7277(A380-863F)Trent 977/B(A380-843F)

Thrust (4 x)311 kN (70,000 lbf) - 355 kN (80,000

lbf)[230][231]

Sources: Airbus A380 specifications[89]

See also

Competition between Airbus and BoeingList of megaprojects

Related development

Airbus A350

Comparable aircraft

Boeing 747-8Lockheed C-5 GalaxyAntonov An-225Antonov An-124

Related lists

List of Aerospace megaprojectsList of Airbus A380 orders and deliveries


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Seat configurations of the Airbus A380

References

Notes

^ "A380 production list" (http://plane.spottingworld.com/A380_production_list) . January 2011.http://plane.spottingworld.com/A380_production_list.

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^ a b "Towards Toulouse" (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html) .Flight International. 20 May 2003. http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2003/05/20/165712/Towards+Toulouse.html. Retrieved 18 September 2006.

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Bibliography

Javier Alfonso Gil (2007). European aeronautics: the Southwestern axis (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bIUDsVmVYd0C&dq=978-3-540-35646-2&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . Springer. ISBN 3540356460.http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bIUDsVmVYd0C&dq=978-3-540-35646-2&source=gbs_navlinks_s.Maxwell, David (2007). Airbus A380: Superjumbo on World Tour (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O3tGAAAAYAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380) . Zenith Press. ISBN 0760332797.http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O3tGAAAAYAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380.Moir, Ian; Allan G. Seabridge, Malcolm Jukes (2003). Civil avionics systems (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eoBTAAAAMAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=) . Professional Engineering.ISBN 1860583423. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eoBTAAAAMAAJ&q=Airbus+A380&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=.Norris, Guy; Wagner, mark (2005). Airbus A380: Superjumbo of the 21st Century (http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm) . Zenith Press. ISBN 978-0-7603-2218-5. http://www.zenithpress.com/ProductDetails_32796.ncm.Pearman, Hugh (2004). Airports: a century of architecture (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9q7gTpd-MoC&pg=PA18&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=#v=onepage&q=A380&f=false) . Laurence King. ISBN 1856693562.http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O9q7gTpd-MoC&pg=PA18&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=#v=onepage&q=A380&f=false.Popular Mechanics (March 2001). Hotels in the Sky (http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5dIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s) . 178. Hearst Magazines. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5dIDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Airbus+A380&lr=&source=gbs_navlinks_s.


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External links

Official Airbus A380 page (http://www.airbus.com/en/aircraftfamilies/a380/)Airbus A380 Navigator (http://events.airbus.com/A380/Default1.aspx)A380 Airplane Characteristics (http://www.content.airbusworld.com/SITES/Technical_Data/docs/AC/DATA_CONSULT/AC_A380.pdf) PDF (5.96 MB) and A380 Prestige Specifications(http://www.airbus.com/store/mm_repository/pdf/att00008394/media_object_file_A380_specifications.pdf) PDF (43.5 KB)

Everything about the A380 at FlightGlobal.com (http://www.flightglobal.com/Articles/2006/04/20/Navigation/177/205274/Everything+about+A380.html)

Special Report on the A380 (http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9139)PDF (1.58 MB)A380 cutaway diagram (http://www.flightglobal.com/assets/getasset.aspx?itemid=9140)

A380 Facts on flightcentre.com.au (http://www.flightcentre.com.au/travel-news/travel-destinations/airbus-a380-amazing-facts)

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Airbus A320 familyAirbus A330

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AirbusA380

= Out of production = In production = Future production

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airbus_A380"Categories: Airbus A380 | Airbus aircraft | International airliners 2000-2009 | 2007 introductions

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