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![Page 1: Air – Sea Measurements from Ships: Fluxes, Time Series, Remote Sensing Dr. Jeff Hare CIRES – University of Colorado and NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab.](https://reader036.fdocuments.in/reader036/viewer/2022081520/56649f505503460f94c7357d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Air – Sea Measurements from Ships:Fluxes, Time Series, Remote Sensing
Dr. Jeff HareCIRES – University of Coloradoand NOAA Earth Systems Research Lab
CSU ATS 650 Measurements Systems and Theory
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Fasullo and Trenberth, J.Clim. 2008
SI = Solar InsulationASR = Absorbed SolarOLR = Outgoing LongwaveFS = Net Surface FluxRT = Net RadiationFA = Energy transport (atm)
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NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown
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Turbulent fluxes (direct covariance)
Latent heat ρLv <w’q’> [W/m2]Sensible heat ρCp <w’T’> [W/m2]Momentum ρ <u’w’> [N/m2]Gas (etc) <w’c’>
Instruments:Sonic anemometer (wind, temperature)Infrared gas analyzer (humidity, CO2, etc)Motion (roll, pitch, yaw, heave, surge, sway)GPS/Compass/Doppler speed
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t1 = L / (c + v) ; t2 = L / (c - v); v = 0.5 L (1/t1 – 1/t2); c = 0.5 L (1/t1 + 1/t2);Ts = c2 / 403; T = Ts / (1 + 0.32 e / p)
L = path lengtht = time of flightc = speed of soundv = wind velocityT = temperatureTs = “virtual” tempp = pressuree = water vapor
pressure
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Absorptance of a particular gas α = 1 – A / Ao
A = power received at absorbing wavelength
Ao = power received at non-absorbing wavelength
ρ = Pe f(α / Pe) [mol m-3] number densityρ = Pe f([1 – z A / Ao ] S / Pe); Pe is equivalent pressure
S is ‘span’Channels available for water vapor and CO2
Infrared Gas Analyzer (IRGA)
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Ƭ = ρ <u’w’> + ρ <v’w’> + ρ <u~w~> streamwise transverse wave stress
U = <u> + u’ + u~
V = <v> + v’ + v~
W = <w> + w’ + w~
Wind stress (momentum flux) drives currentsand waves, thus driving heat transport in theocean.
Wind Stress
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Hs = ρ Cp <w’θ’> Sensible heat fluxHL = ρ Lv <w’q’> Latent heat flux
T = <Θ> + θ’Q = <q> + q’
Heat transfer between the sea surface and atmosphere is another primary driver of ocean circulation
Heat Fluxes
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Using advanced techniques for direct measurementof air-sea fluxes, we have obtained data from oceansaround the world.
This data has been used to develop parameterizationsto estimate air-sea fluxes from mean state variables (wind speed, air temperature, sea temperature, humidity, etc).
Air-sea fluxes of heat (latent/sensible) are also fundamental to cloud development (hence, surfaceenergy budget, precipitation, etc).
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Ron Brown Mast
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NOAA/ESRL Turbulent Flux System
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Example of power spectra for wind velocity components
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Flow distortion study
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Energy Budget
QNET = QS↑ + QS↓ + QL↑ + QL↓ + HS + HL + Storage
Net at the surfaceShortwave up/down (albedo)Longwave up/downSensible turbulent heat fluxLatent turbulent heat flux
QL↑ = ε(σT4-QL↓)
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Surface energy budget study from Stratus 2003
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Radiative fluxes / Clouds / Water vapor / Boundary layer profiles
Downwelling solar Downwelling IR Cloud base height, cloud fraction T / RH / wind profiles
InstrumentsPyrgeometer (PSP)Pyranometer (PIR)Ceilometer60 GHz scanning microwave radiometerC-band radarWind profiling radar (915 MHz)Cloud radars (35 GHz [Ka], 94 GHz [W])
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Eppley PIR (longwave) Eppley PSP (shortwave)
Issues with roll, pitch of ship are resolved with stabilized platform
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TAO/PACS Heat Fluxes95 & 110˚W
Model
TAO buoy
WHOI (1984-2002)[Yu and Weller 2007]
CORE (1984-2004)[Large and Yeager 2004]
NOAA ship observations(1999-2002) [Fairall et al. 2008]
GFDL CM2.1
late
nt
sensi
ble
longw
ave
sola
rnet
IROAM
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
-160
-120
-80
-40
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
-20
-10
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12-75
-50
-25
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12100
150
200
250
300
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12-100
-500
50
100
150200
north latitude
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
-160
-120
-80
-40
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12
-20
-10
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12-75
-50
-25
0
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12100
150
200
250
300
-12 -8 -4 0 4 8 12-100
-50
0
50100
150200
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NOAA Ship Ronald H. Brown
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Ron Brown C-band Radar reflectivity 08:00 UTC 08/01/2004
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Ron Brown C-band Precip Radar
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Radiometers and raingauge
Radiosonde launch can be difficult
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ceilometer
Radiometers
23 – 32 GHz
Passive “Mailbox” -> integrated water vapor, liquid, brightness temperature
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Radiometrics Model 150022-30 GHz Continuous water vapor profiles up to 10km, integrated liquid water.NOAA ESRL also has a Model WVR-1100 (mailbox)
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TeraScan visible image with Stratus Buoy (NOAA-18, 20:43 UTC 10/19/2006)GOES, NOAA, DMSP, SeaWiFS, Aqua, etc
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Ron Brown 915-MHz Wind Profiler
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Water-side measurements
CurrentsTemperature and salinity profilesWave measurement systems
InstrumentsConductivity temperature depth (CTD)Acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP)WAMOSLaser altimeter
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CTD
Strain gauge pressure sensorThermistor to measure temperatureConductivity = Current / Voltage (1/R)
Uses a bridge circuit to detect smallchanges in resistance
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CTD and watersampling bottle array ADCP
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WAMOS (Wave and Surface Current Monitoring System)
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Significant wave height (height of the highest 1/3 of waves)
Hs = 4 < ζ2 >1/2
ζ is the standard deviation of surface displacement.
ω = 2 π f ω is wave frequency (f is in Hz)ω = 2 π / T T is wave periodk = 2 π / L L is wave lengthω2 = g k Deep waterc = (g/k)1/2 Phase velocity
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PACS Synthesis ExamplesPACS Synthesis Examples
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Liquid and vapor water columndiurnalsampling
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diurnalsampling
250
618
12
0
25
618
12
0
25
618
12
0
25
618
12
0
50
618
12
0
-85 -82.5 -80 -77.5 -750
0.5
1
1.5
2
1
1 1 1 1
11
1 1 1
1
1
1 11
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
33
3
3
3
4 4
4
4
4
4
4
44
4
4
44 4
4
55 5 5 5
55
5 5
5
55
5 5
66 6
6 6
6
6 6
6 6
6
6
6
66
7 7 7 7 7
7
7
7 77
7
77
7
7
degrees longitude
heig
ht
(km
)
surface LCL
cloud base
cloud top
Cloud height
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cloud base 10% higherthan LCL
Cloud base above 900 m decoupled from surface layer
Effect of stratification and mixing on cloud base
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“Sea Snake”Surface temperature measurement
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