Air Sampling Brochure

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1

INTRODUCTION

COPLEY SCIENTIFIC – A BRIEF HISTORY

Copley Scientific was founded by Frank Copley in 1946 to

manufacture and supply laboratory equipment and glassware

to the pharmaceutical industry.The company has been based in

Nottingham, UK, since that date.

In 1957, Copley Scientific began to focus on test equipment for

pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. As a result we have built

up a wealth of experience in supplying and supporting such

equipment in both the UK and internationally. As part of our

rapid expansion Copley Scientific is now responsible for the

manufacture and worldwide supply of its own innovative range

of tablet dissolution, disintegration, friability and hardness testers

in addition to test equipment for creams, ointments, powders,

suppositories and transdermal patches.

Whilst still operating as a family-owned company, Copley

Scientific has continued to expand and increase its range of

products and services. During the 1980s Copley scientific began

developing a new range of inhaler test equipment to meet thegrowing demand for drugs delivered to the respiratory tract.We

are now recognised as one of the world’s largest manufacturers

of inhaler test equipment, with a broad range of equipment,

software and services to meet the requirements of inhaled drug

development for both topical and systemic applications.

In 2000, Copley Scientific formed a strategic partnership with MSP

Corporation (see Page 2), a US-based company that specialises in

aerosol particle science, to sell their range of instrumentation for

the aerodynamic particle size measurement of inhaled drugs. In

2006, this partnership was extended to include MSP’s range of air

sampling and aerosol characterisation products, making Copley

Scientific a major supplier of research grade aerosol analysis

equipment outside the USA.

In 2003, we opened a new sales and ser vice company in

Switzerland to assist in supporting our increasing number of

customers on the European mainland.This was followed in 2005

by the relocation of Copley Scientific’s UK-based headquarters to

a new, larger purpose-built facility in Nottingham.

Copley Scientific also works closely with a number of specialist

distributors to ensure that our range of products is supplied and

supported around the world.

The combination of both experience and flexibility within the

industries we support ensures that Copley Scientific will

continue to provide innovative, high quality solutions to

our customers, well into the future.

Our Philosophy

Today,users of our instrumentation demand that it is (a) precise and

accurate (b) simple to use and operate and (c) robust and rugged.

The Copley philosophy is based on the premise that the accuracy

and reproducibility of test results, and hence the ability to discernbetween products can only be achieved with instrumentation

conceived using “quality by design” principles and maintained

through the rigorous application of quality control standards within

a Quality Management System such as ISO 9001: 2008.

It is the application of this philosophy to the manufacture of all our

instruments that guarantees you, the user, an instrument of the

highest quality and reliability.

ISO 9001: 2008 Quality Management System

Copley Scientific is committed to delivering quality products and

services to our customers. Continual improvement is an essential

part of achieving customer satisfaction and we constantly strive toexceed the expectations of the industries we serve.

In pursuance of these goals, Copley has gained certification for its

Quality Management System to the new ISO 9001: 2008 standard

published in November 2008 to replace the previous

ISO 9001: 2000.



MSP CORPORATION - PIONEERING AEROSOL RESEARCH

2

Professor Benjamin Y H Liu is the CEO and President of MSP

Corporation,a company he co-founded with Professor Virgil

Marple. He was a Regents’Professor at the University of Minnesota

before his retirement in 2002. At various times at the University of

Minnesota, he served as the Director of the Particle Technology

Laboratory, the Environmental Division, and the Center for

Filtration Research.During his academic career he published more

than 400 papers and reports, and guided 42 PhD students tocompletion.

He is a founding director and a past President of the American

Association for Aerosol Research and a founding Editor-in-

Chief of the Aerosol Science and Technology journal. He was

elected to the National Academy of Engineering in 1987 for his

pioneering contributions to aerosols.He was awarded the Fuchs

prize in 1994 by the aerosol societies of Europe, Japan and the

USA in recognition of his contributions to aerosol science and

instrumentation.

Professor Liu’s contributions to aerosol instrumentation include

some of the mostly widely used instruments in the world,such

as the differential mobility analyser, the vibrating orifice aerosolgenerator and the Kr-85 and Po-210 aerosol charge neutralisers.

He also joined with Prof. Marple in developing the original Uniform

Deposit Impactor (MOUDI).

At MSP, he continues to guide the company’s effort in developing

new and advanced instrumentation, including for counting

airborne fibres, for counting low levels of particles in cleanrooms,

and for extending the range of the WPS down to 5 nanometres.

Professor Virgil A Marple, Vice President and co-founder of MSP

Corporation, is a recognised authority in the design of cascade

and virtual impactors. He has been a Professor of Mechanical

Engineering at the University of Minnesota since 1970, following

his dissertation work on the fundamentals of cascade impactor

performance.

At the University of Minnesota, he has pioneered the designand implementation of multi-nozzle cascade impactors for use

in industrial hygiene,ambient sampling, pharmaceutical inhaler

testing, mining, fundamental research and cleanroom applications.

Products derived from this work include the Multiple-Orifice

Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDI), the Personal Environmental

Monitor (PEM), the Marple 290 Personal Impactor, the Marple-Miller

Impactor (MMI) and the Next Generation Pharmaceutical Impactor

(NGI).

He was a member of the National Research Council committee

on Measurement and Control of Respirable Dust in Mines in 1980,

received the Americal Aerosol for Aerosol Research David Sinclair

Award in 1988 and has many patents related to inertial classifiers.

In recent years, he has pioneered the extension of cascadeimpactors to the nanoparticle range achieving cut-points down

to 5 nanometres as reflected in MSP’s NanoMOUDI product

offerings. Currently,he directs the Particle Calibration Laboratory

at the University of Minnesota, a world class facility with the

equipment and methods for passing monodisperse particles into

inertial separators, such as cascade impactors, for the purpose of

calibrating their performance.

Founded in 1985 by Professor Ben Y H Liu and Professor Virgil A Marple, both acknowledged experts in the field of air sampling

and particle analysis, MSP Corporation is a global applied aerosol/particle technology company providing advanced products and

services to the world of aerosol research.Copley Scientific distributes MSP’s air sampling and particle analysis products exclusively

in Europe.

Professor Benjamin Y H Liu Professor Virgil A Marple



3

CONTENTS

Introduction (Air Sampling and Particle Analysis)

Introduction

Particulate Matter (Aerosols) 4

The Study of Particulate Matter or Aerosols 4

Air Sampling and Particle Analysis 4

Range of Instrumentation 5

Wide Range Particle Sizing

Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer Model 1000XP (WPS)

Introduction 6

General 7

Principle of Operation 8

Operation 10

Summary 10

Technical Specifications 11

Air Sampling & Particle Analysis in the Coarse to Nano range

MOUDI Wide-Range Cascade Impactors

Introduction 12

General 13

Unique Features 14

Description 15

Applications 16

Air Sampling & Particle Analysis in the Coarse to Ultrafine range

Introduction 17

3-Stage Impactor Model 100-S4

3-Stage Impactor for PM1, 2.5 and 10 Sampling 18

5-Stage Marple-Miller Impactors

5-Stage Marple-Miller Impactor Model 160 19

5-Stage Marple-Miller Impactor Model 150 198-Stage Andersen Impactors

8-Stage Andersen Std Version (28.3 L/min) 20

Modified Versions for use at 60 and 90 L/min 20

5-Stage High Flow Impactor Model 130

5-Stage High-Flow Impactors Models 128-131 22

Micro-Environmental Monitor Model 400

Micro-Environmental Monitor (2.5 microns) 23

Micro-Environmental Monitor (10 microns) 23

Diffusion Denuder DDS Model 450 23

Universal Air Sampler Model 310

Universal Air Sampler Model 310 (PM2.5) 24

Universal Air Sampler Model 310 (PM10) 24

Personal Air Samplers

Introduction 25

Personal Environmental Monitor Series 200

Single-Stage PEM Model PEM-2 26



Personal Environmental Monitor (Speciation Type)

PMASS Aerosol Speciation Sampler Model 240 27

Personal Environmental Monitor (Marple Type)

Multi-Stage PEM Model 135-6 28


Universal Environmental Monitor (Marple Type)



Specials

Introduction 9

Aerosol Generation and Monitoring

Aerosol Generator and Monitor Model 1500 30

Tandem AGM Model 1040XP 31

Aerosol Concentration

Aerosol Concentrator Model 4220 32


Real-Time Fibre Monitoring

Real-Time Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD 33

Ancillaries

Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps

Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5 34

High Capacity Pump Model HCP5 34

Flow Meters

Flow Meter Model DFM 2000 35

Calibration Services 35

Index 36

COPYRIGHT

This edition of the Copley Scientific Limited brochure is

copyright 2010. All rights reserved. No portion of this catalogue

may be reproduced without the permission of Copley Scientific

Limited. Copley Scientific Limited reserves the right to make

changes without further notice to any products herein toimprove reliability or design.

Copley Scientific Limited does not assume any liability arising

out of the application or use of any product described herein.

Neither does it convey any licence under its patent rights nor

the rights of others.

Any third party documentation or organisation mentioned

herein is referential only and implies no company or product

endorsement from, or affiliation, with Copley Scientific Limited.



AIR SAMPLING AND PARTICLE ANALYSIS

4

PARTICULATE MATTER (AEROSOLS)

Particulate Matter (PM), alternatively referred to as Aerosols, Fine

Particles or Particulates, comprises small particles of chemically

and physically diverse solid or liquid suspended in a gas. In the

case of ambient air,this Particulate Matter is a complex mixture

of solid and liquid particles many of which, such as bacteria,dust, pollen, smoke, spores and soot, can be hazardous to health.

More specific particulate matter generated by industrial and

construction processes can be equally, if not more,dangerous.

The particles concerned can be divided into primary particles

emitted directly into the atmosphere from sources such as vehicle

exhausts and secondary particles formed in the atmosphere from

vapour condensation or chemical reactions.They range in size from

less than 10 nanometres to more than 100 microns in diameter

although only particles smaller than 10 microns in diameter are

thought to have an adverse effect on human health.The size of

such particles is normally classified as coarse (2.5 to 10 microns),

fine (0.1 to 2.5 microns) or ultrafine (below 0.1 microns).

Airborne particles are produced by a number of natural sources

including airborne dust, sea spray, forest and grassland fires,

volcanic activity and biological particulates such as pollen, fungi,

etc., as well as man-made sources resulting from incomplete

combustion processes, industry and construction.

Anthropogenic aerosols emanate mainly from the burning of

fossil fuels.They are comprised of primary emissions from motor

vehicle emissions and coal combustion consisting of unburned

fuel (hydrocarbons), black carbon (soot),sulphur, mineral salts

and traces of toxic metals and secondary particles formed in the

atmosphere from hydrocarbons, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

oxides.

THE STUDY OF PARTICULATE MATTER (PM) OR AEROSOLS

Because of the well-documented environmental changes, health

hazards and,in some instances, health benefits brought about by

Particulate Matter (PM) or Aerosols, their study is of increasing

importance in a number fields:

• Atmospheric aerosol research including global climate and

air quality

• Diesel and gasoline emission analysis and monitoring

• Industrial hygiene and occupational health studies

• Microbiological contamination: hospital, food processing,

sterile production

• Military and civil defence

• Nanoparticle research

• Pharmaceutical inhalation research and

quality control


Air Sampling and Particle Analysis play key roles in determining

the physical and chemical properties of particulate matter that

are critical to aerosol characterisation. In many cases the physical

properties will determine the effect,and the chemical properties

will determine the source and formation of the particles concerned.It is these roles combined with the increasing demands of

emerging nanotechnologies that provide the current challenge in

the continuing development of aerosol instrumentation.

Founded in 1985 by Professor Ben Y H Liu and Professor Virgil

Marple, both acknowledged experts in the field of Air Sampling

and Particle Analysis, MSP Corporation is a global applied aerosol/

particle technology company providing advanced instruments,

products and services to the world of aerosol research.

In the field of Aerosol Counting and Sizing MSP has, in the

miniaturised Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer WPS, combined

the principles employed in Differential Mobility Analysis (DMA) and

Condensation Particle Counting (CPC) with those of laser scatteringto produce a single,compact and user friendly instrument

capable of automatically counting and sizing particles from 5

nanometres to 10 microns.

In the Aerosol Sampling field, MSP’s range of cascade impactors

are world renowned. With a range of 10 nanometres to 18

microns, the new Wide-Range MOUDI, NanoMOUDI and Hi-Flow

Impactors, for example, continue that tradition in providing a

new generation of instrumentation for the sampling and sizing of

coarse, fine and ultrafine particles in a single instrument.

MSP also undertakes special and bespoke projects. One

commerically available product that has resulted from such a

project is the Aerosol Concentrator: a device for concentrating

particles (<2 microns) from a 300 L/min Sample Flow into a 1 L/min

output flow for collection and analysis.



5

INSTRUMENT SELECTON GUIDE

WIDE RANGE PARTICLE SPECTROMETER (WPS) AND COUNTERS

Model Instrument Flow Rate (LPM) Size Range (nm) Page

1000 XP-A Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer (WPS) 1.15 10 to 10,000 (WPS) 6

1000 XP-B Scanning Mobility Spectrometer (SMS) 0.45 10 to 500 (SMS) 9

1100 High-Dilution CPC (CPC-HD) 0.45 5-20 (User selectable 9

detection limit

Model Flow Stages Cut-Point Diameter (microns) Page

(LPM) 0.01 0.018 0.032 0.056 0.1 0.18 0.32 0.56 1.0 1.8 3.2 5.6 10 18

MOUDI - II : 2nd Generation MOUDI Impactor with Stepper Motor Rotating (R) or Non-Rotating (NR) Stages

120 30 10 x x x x x x x x x x x 12

125 10 13 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 12

Marple Multi-Stage Personal Environmental Monitor for Personal Sampling and Laboratory Use

135-6 2 6 x x x x x x x 28

135-8 2 8 x x x x x x x x x 28

135-10 2 10 x x x x x x x x x x x 28

135-13 2 13 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 28

MOUDI IMPACTORS

IMPACTOR AND PARTICLE SAMPLERS

Model Flowrate Stages Cut-Point Diameter (microns) Page

(LPM) 0.25 0.4 0.8 1.0 1.4 2.5 10

4-Stage Micro-Orifice Impactor:for PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 Sampling

100-SA 30 3 x x x 18

High Flow Impactor (HFI)

128 100 3 x x x 22

129 100 4 x x x x 22

130 100 5 x x x x x 22

131 100 6 x x x x x x 22

Personal Environmental Monitor: for PM2.5 and PM10 Sampling

200 2, 4,10 1 x x 26

Personal Environmental Aerosol Specification Sampler (PMASS)

240 4 x 27

Micro-Environmental Monitor

400 10 1 x x 23

Other

140 Andersen Impactor: 28.3, 60 or 90 L/min 8 Stages between 0.4 and 10 microns 20

160 Marple-Miller Impactor: 4.9 to 90 L/min 8 Stages between 0.625 and 10 microns 19

310 Universal Air Sampler: 300 L/min x x x 24



6

INTRODUCTION The miniaturised Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer

Model 1000XP (WPS) is a must-have instrument for

the aerosol and environmental research laboratory. It is

the only general purpose high-resolution spectrometeravailable on the market that combines laser light scattering,

differential mobility analysis and condensation particle

counting in a single instrument to measure the diameter

and number concentration of aerosol particles in a

sampled air stream.

The differential mobility analyser (DMA) and the

condensation particle counter (CPC) can measure aerosol

size distributions in the 5 to 500 nm particle diameter

range in up to 96 channels. The laser particle spectrometer(LPS) can measure aerosol size distributions in the 350

nm to 10 microns particle diameter range in 24 additional

channels.

The result is a spectrometer seamlessly covering threeorders of magnitude in particle diameter, giving a range of

5 nanometres – 10 microns

in one single, easy-to-use and compact instrument.

Attention to detail has resulted in an instrument measuring

only 43 cm wide x 52 cm deep x 32 cm high and weighing

less than 25 kg. This compact design makes the WPSparticularly suited to those aerosol particle sizing and

counting functions that demand frequent transportation

between laboratory and field applications.

The WPS Model 1000XP is also the only aerosol

spectrometer on the market featuring integrated system

design and control. Operation is extremely user friendly

with programmed recipe-driven operation, minimising set

up errors and ensuring repeatable data collection.

The software (WPS Commander) assumes complete control

over all of the system components via the mouse and in-

built plasma screen.Data analysis software is included toallow the export of data to

an external laptop/host

computer and converting

count distribution data

to volume and surface

area distributions.Data fitting routines

are also provided to

allow fitting of size

distribution data by

mono-, bi- or tri-modal

aerosol distributionfunctions.

Wide RangeParticle Sizing

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7

WIDE RANGE PARTICLE SIZING

Particle size distribution in the 5 nm –10 micron range is a critical

parameter in the characterisation of an aerosol cloud and is a vital

area in environmental air monitoring and laboratory research.

Hitherto, the conventional approach to particle sizing has beena somewhat haphazard collection of laser particle counting,

differential mobility analysing and condensation particle counting

equipment (see page 10).

The miniaturised Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer (WPS)

Model 1000XP-A is a single, lightweight, compact and hence

portable unit designed to operate in the range from 5 nm to

10 microns.

The unit is designed to operate at a flow rate of 1.15 L/min.

Approximately 60% of the incoming sample, 0.7 L/min, is directed

into the Laser Particle Spectrometer (LPS Mode) which sizes and

counts particles between 0.5 and 10 microns. Simultaneously, the

remaining 0.45 L/min is directed into the Differential Mobility

Analyser (DMA) for size classification and particle counting by the

Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) between 5 and 500 nm.

The CPC is of the thermal diffusion type where butanol condenses

on the sampled particles making them a size capable of detection.

Particle concentrations can be accurately determined using

single particle counting from less than 1 to as many as

10,000 particles/cm3.

The DMA voltage can be used in either the traditional stepped

Differential Mobility Spectrometer (DMS) mode or in the more rapid

scanning Scanning Mobility Spectrometer (SMS) mode.

The nominal cycle time for the SMS is 1 minute. For the DMS,

the cycle time is adjustable between 2 and 5 minutes.

Multi-parameter control of air flow, voltage, temperature andpressure ensures the highest precision.

The three instrument components (LPS, DMS and SMS) can be

used singly or in combination in one of five operating modes:

Stand-alone Mode• LPS Mode: Range 0.5 – 10 microns, Cycle 1 minute

• DMS Mode: Range 5 – 500 nm, Cycle 2 to 15 minutes

• SMS Mode:Range 5 – 500 nm, Cycle 1 minute

Dual Range Mode

• WPS Mode (LPS + DMS) : Range 5 nm – 10 microns,

Cycle 2 to 15 minutes

• SWS Mode (LPS + SMS) : Range 5 nm – 10 microns,

Cycle 1 minute

The instrument provides 12, 24, 48, 96 and 128 channels of size

distribution.

A second version of the 1000XP is available for those users who

only require to operate in the 5 to 500 nm range.The 1000XP-B

has exactly the same functions as the 1000XP-A but without the

LPS function (ie DMA functions only).

All units are calibrated at manufacture to NIST (National Institute

of Standards and Technology) traceable standards.

Operational control of the 1000XP is managed by a powerful

in-built computer running on Windows XP using software

specifically written for the purpose.The in-built plasma display,

which is used in conjunction with the mouse for user interface, is

unaffected by high temperatures thus ensuring display data can

be seen in both field and laboratory conditions.

WIDE-RANGE PARTICLE SPECTROMETER MODEL 1000XP (WPS)

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8


PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The schematic on the previous page shows the standard WPS

Model 1000XP configuration.

The Laser Particle Spectrometer (LPS) is a single-particle, wide-

angle optical sensor used for measuring particle size from 350 nm

to 10 microns.Particles are drawn from the aerosol inlet at a flow

rate of 0.70 L/min and focused with a 4.5 L/min flow of sheath air

towards the centre of a ribbon-shaped laser beam generated by a

laser diode (780 nm, 5 mW).

Light scattered by each particle is collected by a spherical mirror

over a 20 to 100 degree range of scatter angle and projected on

to a red-enhanced photomultiplier tube for real-time pulse-height

analysis, hence providing real-time particle sizing in 24 channels

covering the 350 nm to 10 micron particle diameter range.The

refractive index of the particles, if known, can be entered in to the

WPS Particle Properties screen for more accurate particle sizing ifdesired.

The new Miniature Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA)

employed in the WPS is capable of classifying particles in the size

range from 5 to 500 nm by capturing the narrow range of particles

that have a common trajectory within an electrical mobility

analyser and then passing them through a condensation particle

counter (CPC).

The DMA flow is first conditioned by passing it through a single-

stage impactor designed to remove any particulates larger than

500 nm.The remaining particles (smaller than 500 nm) are then

passed through a charge neutraliser in the form of an electrical

ioniser such that the emerging particles carry a Boltzmann

distribution of charges (the overall charge is zero, but the aerosol

contains well defined portions of particles carrying +/- 1, 2, 3, etc)

The Electrical Ioniser Model 1090 was originally designed as a

stand-alone unit to provide a non-radioactive alternative to the

Polonium 210 radioactive charge conditioner originally employedon the WPS. It uses an AC corona discharge to generate high

concentrations of positive and negative ions for aerosol charge

conditioning without generating undesirable extraneous particles.

The 1090 is designed to operate at flow rates of 0.5 to 5 L/min.

The conditioned aerosol is then introduced to the DMA where

the central electrode voltage can be accurately controlled to any

value between 10 and 10,000 volts.The mean size of the particles

that pass through the exit slot of the DMA into the Condensation

Particle Counter (CPC) is a function of the flow rate and the

strength of the electrical field.Thus, for any specific voltage,only

particles with a specific electrical mobility enter the slit. All other

particles are collected on surfaces inside the DMA or leave with

the excess flow dependent on their size.The overall length ofthe DMA is just over 200 mm (about one third of the length of a

conventional DMA).The shorter DMA design reduces particle loss

by diffusion leading to improved measurement accuracy for nano-

sized particles.

Miniaturised DMA and CPC

Clean Air

Sampled Aerosol

Charger

Exit Slit

Excess Air

To ParticleCounter

High

VoltageSupply

WPS with Electrical Ioniser Model 1090

Principle of the Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA)




9


The DMA voltage can be either stepped (Differential Mobility

Spectrometer or DMS Mode) or scanned exponentially

(Scanning Mobility Spectrometer or SMS Mode).The

cylindrical DMA works in a re-circulating mode whereby thesheath air flow is in a closed loop with a steady flow of

4.5 L/min accurately maintained by a feedback control system

to improve size response and resolution. At the same time,

sensors monitor the absolute pressure and temperature of

the air flow, the results of which are used to compensate for

changes in environmental altitude and temperature.

The particles extracted by the DMA are then transferred

to a miniaturised Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

whereupon they are grown to a size at which they can be

detected and counted.The miniaturised CPC is of advanced

dual-reservoir design that has solved the traditional problems

of water condensation and collection in the saturator in

moderate to high humidity conditions by segregating thecondensed water from the working fluid (butanol). It also

features rapid warm-up time and instrument response for

accurate aerosol measurement.

The CPC is of the thermal diffusion type with a saturator

maintained at 35 degrees C.The aerosol particles are mixed

with butanol vapour before entering the condenser which is

maintained at 10 degrees C, whereupon the butanol condenseson the particles making them grow for easy optical detection.

The resulting droplets are then counted by a light scattering

droplet counter utilising a laser diode beam and photo detector.

A feedback flow control system maintains the CPC flow rate at

a constant of 0.45 L/min.The aerosol leaving the CPC is mixed

with clean air prior to exiting the exhaust at the rear of the

instrument.

During automated operation,the computer software assumes

full control of the system operation including regulation of

all flow rates, control of the LPS, DMA and CPC operating

parameters, monitoring of sensor outputs, acquisition of all

system operating parameters,execution of the measurementcycles according to the loaded recipe and data output storage.

An ‘alarm’screen allows the user to set limits for various of the

operating parameters; appropriate alarms alert the user should

they be exceeded.

Note:The Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) with built-in

high-dilution facilities employed on the WPS is now available

as a separate unit in both original form (Model 1100) and new

water-based version (Model 1110).Please ask our sales team for

further details.

Is it time that YOU upgraded your existing aerosol testing system?

From this to this




10


OPERATION

The sequence for automatic operation of the 1000XP is as follows:

1. Launch the programme: allow 15 minutes to stabilise

2. Check for correct status of the main operating parameters on

the ‘Monitor’screen

3. Set up the instrument by choosing or creating a measurement

recipe from one of the five ‘Mode Setup’screens provided*

4. Start the measurement cycle

5. Observe the measured size distribution in real-time (‘Graph’screen)

6. Transfer/export the data files to an external source if required

7. End the programme

* LPS,DMS, SMS,WPS or SWS Modes

SUMMARY

What distinguishes this instrument from similar instruments?

The Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer Model 1000XP is currently

the only stand-alone miniaturised spectrometer that combines the

following features in a single instrument:

• Wide-Range: 5 nanometres – 10 microns

• DMA, CPC and LPS technology combined in a single

instrument

• Compact: 43 cm wide x 52 cm deep x 32 cm high (25 kg)

• In-built computer with user friendly interface via mouse and

in-built plasma screen• Choice of five recipe-controlled operating modes

• Easy to transport and set up from lab to field

• Choice of 12,24, 48, 96 or 128 channels of size resolution

• Hardware and software integrated into one system

Cat.No. Description

9401 Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer Model 1000XP-A

9402 Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer Model 1000XP-B*

* As 1000XP-A but without LPS function (Range = 5 to 500 nm)

9403 Condensation Particle Counter Model 1100

9404 Condensation Particle Counter Model 1110

(water-based)

1. Launch Programme

2. Correct Status(Monitor Screen)

3. Setup (WPS Mode)

4. Results: Graph Screen (SWS Data)



11


TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS*

WIDE-RANGE PARTICLE SPECTROMETER (WPS™)

1 Sample Flow Rate 1.15 L/min

2 Particle Size Range 5 nm to 10,000 nm3 Size Resolution User-selectable, up to 128 channels from 10 nm to 10,000 nm

4 Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA) Miniature high resolution DMA

5 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) Continuous flow Advanced Dual-Reservoir CPC

6 Laser Particle Spectrometer (LPS) High-resolution, wide-angle LPS, 350 nm to 10,000 nm

7 Sample Interval Time 60 sec to 24 hrs, user selectable

8 Sampling Average 2-999 scans

9 Instrument Modes Five mode of operation

Scanning Wide-Range Particle

Spectrometer (SWPS™) SWPS™ = SMS™ + LPS

Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer

(WPS™) WPS™=DMS + LPS

Scanning Mobility Spectrometer (SMS™) SMS

Differential Mobility Spectromer (DMS™) DMSLaser Particle Spectrometer (LPS) LPS

10 Ambient Pressure Range 800 to 1050 mbar absolute pressure

11 Ambient Temperature Range 10 to 35 ºC

12 Ambient Humidity Range 0-90% RH, non-condensing

13 Power 90-264 VAC, 47-67 Hz, single phase, 100 W steady state, 140 W start up

14 Dimensions 12.5”(318 mm) H, 20.5”(521 mm) D,17.0”(432 mm) W

15 Weight 47 lbs (21.4 kg)

SCANNING MOBILITY SPECTROMETER (SMS™)

1 Sample Flow Rate DMA and CPC, 0.45 L/min

2 DMA Sheath Air Flow Rate Recirculating mode, 4.5 L/min

3 Particle Size Range DMA, 10-500 nm; CPC 10 nm to 2 µm

4 DMA Sizing Accuracy Mean Mobility Diameter: ±3% of NIST Traceable PSL (Standard Reference)

Materials, 100.7 and 269 nm)

5 CPC Count Accuracy ± 10% (compared to standard MSP CPC);

Single particle counting mode

6 CPC Concentration Range 0 to 104 particles/cm3 ; (single particle counting mode)

7 CPC Working Fluid n-butyl alcohol (butanol)

8 CPC Response Time (95% response) < 10 sec

9 DMA-CPC Aerosol Concentration Range 500 to 107 particles/cm3 (total aerosol concentration)

10 Measurement Cycle Time 60 to 300 seconds,user selectable

11 Size Resolution 12, 24, 32, 48, or 96 channels, log scale in the SMS Mode;1-96 channels, logor linear scale in the DMS Mode

12 Sample Interval Time 60 sec to 24 hrs, user selectable

13 Sampling Average 2-999 scans

LASER PARTICLE SPECTROMETER (LPS)

1 Sample Flow Rate 0.7 L/min

2 Sheath Flow Rate 4.5 L/min

3 Particle Size Range 300 nm to 10,000 nm

4 Particle Concentration Range 500 particles per cm3

5 Size Resolution 16 channels per decade; 24 channels total

6 Light Source Laser diode, 635 nm, 5 mW

7 Light Collection 20 to 100 degrees8 Detector Infrared-enhanced photomultiplier tube

*Subject to change without notice



INTRODUCTIONAirborne particles suspended in the air that we breathe

can be hazardous to health.

Every day we are exposed to an ever increasing number

of threats: bacteria, dust, pollen, smoke, spores and soot to

name a few. More specific particles generated by industrial

and construction processes can be equally, if not more,

dangerous.

The particles concerned range in size from less than

10 nanometres to more than 100 microns in diameter,

although only particles smaller than 10 microns in

diameter (ie those that can be inhaled into the lungs) are

thought to have an adverse effect on human health.

There is mounting evidence that the smaller the

particle the greater the potential for damage. It has, for

example, been proved that nanoparticles smaller than

100 nanometres can pass through cell membranes and

migrate to the brain, where they can cause damage similar

to that found in Alzheimer patients. Particles emitted from

modern diesel engines are typically 100 nanometres in

size.

Air Sampling and Particle Analysis play a key role in

nanoparticle research.

MSP Corporation is a global applied aerosol/particle

technology company providing advanced instruments,

products and services to the world of aerosol research.

In the Aerosol Sampling field, MSP’s range of cascade

impactors is world renowned.

With a range of 10 nanometres to 18 microns,

the new series of Wide-Range Nano MOUDI*

Cascade Impactors continues that tradition

in providing a new generation of

instrumentation for the sampling, sizing

and analysis of coarse, fine, ultrafine and

nanofine particles.

The primary advantage of the Cascade Impactor,

compared with alternative methods, is that it

allows chemical analysis of the various size

fractions collected thus providing the capability

to differentiate and quantify the particle sources

making up the sample mass based on particle

type as well as particle size.

* Micro-Orifice Uniform-Deposit Impactor (MOUDI)

Air Sampling and Particle Analysisin the Coarse to Nano Range

12 ��



AIR SAMPLING AND PARTICLE ANALYSIS IN THE COARSE TO NANO RANGE

14

MOUDI WIDE-RANGE CASCADE IMPACTORS

The Model 125 is available in two versions, the Model 125A (non-

rotating) and 125B (rotating).

The current range of MOUDI cascade impactors represents the very

latest in air sampling and particle sizing technology.

Common to all MOUDI impactors, multiple nozzles at each stage

provide for the desired flow conditions resulting in low inter-stage

losses, low pressure drop, sharp cut efficiency curves and stable,

predictable cut-points. Indeed, the nozzles of corresponding

stages are the same as the earlier versions such that a direct data

correlation can be made between the MOUDI Impactors of both

generations.

UNIQUE FEATURES

At the same time, the new range of MOUDI impactors has a

number of unique features:

• Wide Range

Use of micro-orifice nozzles extends range down to 10 nm:

sizes particles according to their aerodynamic diameter between

10 nm and 10 microns, in 10 or 13 logarithmically spaced stages

(dependent on model).

• Choice of Analytical Procedures

Choice of gravimetric or chemical analysis

• Rotating Impactor Plates (optional)

Internal stepper motors individual to each stage rotate the

impaction plates during collection (at approx.1 rpm) thus

providing uniform particle deposition across the stage and

avoiding particle overload.

• Interchangeable Impaction Plates and Filter Holders

Provides maximum flexibility whilst sample handling. Sealed

transport covers provide protection for the impaction plates

and filter holders during transport whilst simultaneously

reducing sample evaporation and/or chemical reaction with

ambient gasses.

• PLC controlled operation (Programmable Logic Control)

Use of a programmable VGA display/controller for manual or

timed operation including pump start and stop with total

sampling time selected by the user plus internal impaction

plate rotation start and stop.

• Data Acquisition

Real-time monitoring of cabinet temperature and absolutepressures downstream of stages 7, 9, 10, 11, 12 and 13 at

predetermined time intervals throughout the test plus

subsequent download of results via built-in RS232 capability.

NanoMOUDI Non-Rotating Wide-Range

Impactor Model 125A

MOUDI Stage Schematic




15

If, for example,one or more of the absolute pressures on the

stages begins to drop while the flow remains constant, it indicates

that the nozzles in these stages are becoming dirty and shouldbe cleaned.The micro-orifice nozzles used in the final stages are

quite small and can become partially occluded due to particle

deposition by impaction or diffusion (Brownian and turbulent).

When this occurs, the pressure drop across the nozzle plates

will increase.

The MOUDI Model 120 has a flow rate of 30 L/min and cut-sizes

from 18 microns at the inlet to 56 nanometres at the lowest stage.

The standard configuration is ten stages (eleven including the

inlet) with cut-sizes at 18,10, 5.6, 3.2,1.8, 1.0, 0.56, 0.32, 0.18, 0.10

and 0.056 microns plus final filter.

The NanoMOUDI Model 125 has a sampling rate of

10 litres/min and cut-sizes spanning the range from 10 microns

to 10 nanometres.The standard configuration is thirteen stages

with cut-sizes at 10,5.6, 3.2, 1.8, 1.0,0.56,0.32, 0.18, 0.10, 0.056,

0.032, 0.018 and 0.010 microns plus final filter.

A suitable vacuum pump is required to generate the desired flow

rate.

The pictures at the base of the page illustrate the inlet and a

typical impactor stage together with the Impaction Plate for

Stage 13 (the final stage) and the filter holder.The picture at the

top of the next page illustrates all the parts of an individual stage.

Substrates are normally used to collect the sample; these are

secured to the impaction plate holder by means of a securing ring.

The impaction plates can be prepared in the laboratory and

inserted into the impactor at the time of use. Covers are provided

for the plates to keep them clean during transit.The impactors

were designed and calibrated based on the use of a 25 nm thick

substrate having a diameter of 47 mm. Other types of filter are

available on request.

DESCRIPTION

The MOUDI consists of two main parts: the cascade impactor

itself and its associated housing,with hinged door access.The

combined unit measures 210 x 210 x 641 mm and weighs

approximately 14 kg.

The non-rotating version of the NanoMOUDI (Model 125A)

operates as a conventional impactor and is supplied without the

housing (see illustration on page 14).

In the rotating versions, Models 120 and 125B, the nozzle and

impaction plates rotate at 1 rpm relative to each other, to form a

near-uniform particle deposit on each substrate.

This has the effect of increasing the deposited particle mass by

a factor of up to 1000, thus more particle mass can be collected

without the risk of overloading.

The rotational motion is generated by individual stepper motors

which drive the impaction plates at each stage (see schematic).

Power for the stepper motors is controlled via electronicscontained with the housing of the impactor, with power being

distributed to each motor by miniature flat-ribbon cables from

stage to stage.

The housing also contains electronics for precisely controlling

the volumetric flow rate.These provide a readout of the cabinet

temperature and also the six absolute pressure readings from the

transducers used to monitor pressure between the more critical

micro-orifice stages of the impactor.

The flow stability data derived from these measurements provides

a quick and easy means of identifying any problems emanating

from leaks or blocked nozzles within the system.

Inlet and Impactor Stage (NanoMOUDI Model 125B) Impactor Plate for Stage and Filter Holder (Model 125B)

Stage Components

Schematic showing relationship of Rotating Motor to Impactor Plate



16


In some cases, it may be necessary to apply a sticky surface to the

substrates to reduce particle bounce.This is normally the case iffoils are used and the sampled particles are dry.

Special coating masks (with a 37 mm diameter hole punched in

the centre) used in conjunction with a silicone spray are available

as options and are ideal for this purpose.

If the mass size distribution is to be determined from the impactor,

the substrates must be weighed before and after a run. It is

important that the weight of the sticky material applied to the

substrate be stable. It is essential therefore to ensure that all the

solvent is evaporated completely before use.

In the case of the rotating versions,overall control of the impactor

is assumed by a programmable VGA display/controller located on

the front of the housing and accessed by means of a membrane

keypad.

The unit can be operated in two modes: manual or timed

operation. Under manual operation, the vacuum pump switches

on, all of the impaction plates start to rotate and the sensor

outputs begin to transmit data to the screen immediately the

‘start’ button is pressed. Operation will continue and data will be

collected at 1 minute intervals until terminated by the ‘stop’button.

Under timed operation, the start and end of the run is

predetermined by the operator. Sampling times can be adjusted

between 5 minutes and 7 days with appropriate data logging

intervals of between 1 and 15 minutes.The sampling interval

should be selected so as to provide sufficient mass for subsequentgravimetric or chemical analysis. Check the inlet flow rate using a

suitable flow meter prior to the start of the test.

Additional controls serve to download and erase the

environmental and pressure-related data from the memory.

Cat.No. Description

9405 MOUDI Model 120 Impactor (Rotating)

9406 NanoMOUDI Model 125A Impactor (Non-Rotating)

9407 NanoMOUDI Model 125B Impactor (Rotating)

7901 High Capacity Pump Model HCP5

8764 Flow Meter Model DFM 2000

Spare Parts

9408 Set of 11 Impaction Plate Holders/Final Filter (120)

9409 Set of 13 Impaction Plate Holders/Final Filter (125)

9410 Spare ‘O’ Ring Kit

9411 Pack of 300 Aluminium Foil Substrates, 47 mm8603 Pack of 100 Glass Fibre Filters, 47 mm

APPLICATIONS

• Environmental monitoring

• Sampling of atmospheric aerosols

• Nanoparticle research

• Chemical composition of ultra-fine particles

• Industrial hygiene and occupational health studies

• Process aerosol analysis

• Biological contamination: hospital, civil & military defence

• Size-fractionated gravimetric or chemical analysis

• Diesel and gasoline emission analysis and monitoring

• Pharmaceutical inhalation research

Main and Timed Operation Screens Time Setting and Data Collection

Model 120

Flow Rate 30 LPM

Stages 10 (between 0.056 and 18 microns)

Model 125

Flow Rate 10 LPM




INTRODUCTION

Airborne Particle Sampling and Analysis play key roles

in determining the physical and chemical properties

of particulate matter that are critical to environmental

characterisation. In many cases, the physical properties will

determine their effect and the chemical properties the source

and formation of the particulates concerned.

Aerosol characterisation is becoming increasingly important

because of the well-documented environmental changes,

health hazards and, in some instances, health benefits

brought about by airborne particulates. Such areas include

atmospheric research into global climatic and air quality

changes, diesel emission monitoring, occupational health

studies, military/civil defence and industrial/medical research.

Various sizing techniques are available for this purpose:

particle time of flight (TOF), laser diffractometry (LD), Phase-

Doppler particle size analysis (PDA), etc. However only

cascade impaction allows chemical analysis of the various

sized fractions collected thus providing the capability to

differentiate and quantify the particles making up the sample

mass according to particle type as well as particle size.

The other methods provide no differentiation between one

particle and another; they simply measure overall particle size

distribution.

With a range from 56 nanometres to over 10 microns, the MSP

range of Cascade Impactors has been specifically designed to

sample, size and analyse airborne particles in the coarse, fine

and ultrafine size categories.

Cascade impactors operate on the principle of inertial

impaction. Each stage of the impactor comprises a single or

series of nozzles or jets through which the surrounding air is

drawn, directing any airborne particles towards the surface

of the collection plate for that particular stage. Whether a

particular particle impacts on that stage is dependent on its

aerodynamic diameter. Particles having sufficient inertia will

impact on that particular stage collection plate whilst smaller

particles with insufficient inertia will remain entrained in

the air stream and pass to the next stage where the process

is repeated.The stages are normally assembled in a stack in

order of decreasing particle size. As the jets get smaller, the

air velocity increases and finer particles are collected. Any

remaining particles are collected on an after-filter.

At the end of the test, the particle mass relating to each stage

collection plate can be measured gravimetrically and/or

recovered using a suitable solvent and then analysed using

an appropriate technique to determine the chemical makeupof the particles concerned.

Air Sampling and Particle Analysisin the Coarse to Ultrafine Range

17��



18

AIR SAMPLING AND PARTICLE ANALYSIS IN THE COARSE TO ULTRAFINE RANGE

3-STAGE IMPACTOR FOR PM1, PM2.5 ANDPM10 SAMPLING MODEL 100-S4

Airborne particles entrained in the air are a complex mix of varying

sizes and chemical composition, some of which can be hazardous

to health. Some examples are more common than others ieasbestosis, silicosis,etc.

The particulate matter (PM) results from a variety of sources

including fuel combustion from power stations, industrial

operations and vehicle exhaust.Fine particles also form in the air

when combustion gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

oxides are chemically transformed into particles.

PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 are airborne particles less than 1 (ultrafine),

2.5 (fine) and 10 (coarse) microns respectively.

The 3-Stage Impactor Model 100-S4 is a high-resolution cascade

impactor intended for general purpose sampling and is ideal for

atmospheric, industrial and health related studies.The unit has

three stages with nominal cut-points of 10,2.5 and 1.0 micronsrespectively.

The design of the impactor incorporates several unique features

that you, the user,advised as being essential to the ‘ideal’ air

sampler.The most important of these is the use of interchangeable

impaction plates and filter holders.This allows the user to add and

remove the impaction substrates, for example, in the comfort of

the laboratory as opposed to risking disturbance of the particle

deposits in the field.Sealed transport covers are used to protect

the impaction plates and filter holders from contamination during

transport (to and from the test site) and to minimise evaporative

loss and chemical reaction with ambient gases of samples during

storage.

The sized particles are collected on 47 mm diameter aluminium

foil impaction substrates secured by a ring to the impaction

plate of each stage.In some cases, it may be necessary to apply a

sticky surface (a silicone spray is suitable for this purpose) to the

substrate to reduce particle bounce.Two coating masks (essentially

a plastic sheet with a 37 mm diameter hole punched in the centre)

are provided with each pack of substrates to facilitate this. Simply

centre the mask on the substrate and apply the spray.

Particles less than 1 micron are captured by a 47 mm diameter

glass fibre filter positioned in the final filter holder.The M100-S4

measures 80 mm diameter x 216 mm high and weighs 1.5 kg.

Sampling is carried out at 30 L/min.The Copley Low Capacity Pump

Model LCP5 is suitable for this purpose.Connect the impactor to

the pump and adjust the air flow to 30 L/min using a suitable flow

meter (see below).

Cat.No. Description

9412 3-Stage Impactor for PM1, PM2.5 and

PM10 Sampling Model M100-S4

9413 Spare Set of 4 Impaction Plate Holders, 47 mm

and 1 x Final Filter Holder,47 mm

9414 Pack of 300 Aluminium Foil Substrates,47 mm

8603 Pack of 100 Glass Fibre Filters, 47 mm

Accessories

7903 Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5


Model 100-S4: Stage dis-assembled

Model 100-S4: Component Parts

3-Stage Impactor Model 100-S4

Model 100-S4

Flow Rate 30 LPMStages 3 ( 1, 2.5 and 10 microns)



19


5-STAGE MARPLE-MILLER IMPACTORMODELS 150/160

Originally designed for the size distribution analysis of

pharmaceutical inhalers, the Marple-Miller Impactor Model 160

is a 5-stage cascade impactor,which has subsequently been usedin a wide range of applications (eg the aerodynamic sizing of oil

mist and soot particles from crankcase blowby of diesel engines).

Two other versions of the impactor are available, such that

between the three impactors, a flow range of 4.9 to 90 L/min is

covered.

The Marple-Miller Impactor Model 160 has five impaction stages

and is calibrated for operation between 60 and 90 L/min.

Each stage has a removable collection cup capable of holding

10 ml of solvent to assist in the quick and simple recovery of

the particles, with low inter-stage losses.The interchangeable

aluminium cups act as both a collection surface and a convenient

cup in which to begin chemical analysis.Delrin caps are providedas standard to seal the collection cup after the sample has been

collected to prevent sample evaporation.

A GLA-5000 PVC Membrane Filter is incorporated after Stage 5 to

ensure total mass balance.

At a volumetric flow rate of 60 L/min, the cut-off aerodynamic

diameters of Stages 1 to 5 are as follows:

• Stage 1: 10 microns

• Stage 2: 5 microns

• Stage 3: 2.5 microns



The actual cut-off diameters of each of the individual stages of the

impactor at the flow rate, Q, may be calculated as follows:

D50’Q

= D50’Qn

(Qn /Q)1/2

where,D50’Q

is the cut-off diameter at the flow rate, Q, and the

subscript, n, refers to the nominal values determined when

Qn

equals 60 L/min.Thus when Q equals 40 L/min,the cut-off

diameter of Stage 2 is given by the formula:

D50’40L/m

= 5 microns x [60/40]1/2 = 6.1 microns

In this impactor,particles are deposited directly onto the bottom of

the stage collection cups which can then be easily removed after

each test without dismantling the impactor.

Because the impactor is designed to have very low interstage

losses, it is not necessary to frequently clean the interstage

passageways between tests.

The Marple-Miller Impactor Model 150 has half the number of jets

per stage, compared with Model 160, such that the same cut-points

apply at 30 L/min, rather than at 60 L/min.This version is calibrated

for use through the flow rate range 30 to 60 L/min.

A low flow rate version, the Model 150P, is also available for

operation at between 4.9 L/min and 12 L/min.

Cat.No. Description

6901 Marple-Miller Cascade Impactor Model 160

6902 Marple-Miller Cascade Impactor Model 150

6903 Marple-Miller Cascade Impactor Model 150P

Schematic of Marple-Miller Impactor

Marple-Miller Impactor

Model 150 or 160

Flow Rate 12, 30 or 60 LPM




20

8-STAGE ANDERSEN IMPACTORS

The potential health hazards associated with exposure to fine

particles have long been recognised and led to the development

of the Andersen Cascade Impactor,which has evolved over a

number of years.

In many respects, the human respiratory tract resembles an

aerodynamic particle size classifying system, filtering out

progressively smaller particles the deeper into the airways the air

flow penetrates.

In the same way,a cascade impactor is assembled from a series

of stages with progressively decreasing cut-sizes such that an

incoming aerosol is divided into a number of size related fractions.

It is therefore logical that cascade impactors be used to provide a

guide as to the deposition of particles in the respiratory tract.

The Standard 8-Stage Non-Viable Impactor has been designed for

use at 28.3 L/min with eight cut-sizes between 0.4 and 10 microns.

The eight stages correspond approximately to the various parts of

the respiratory system as follows:

• Stage 0: 9.0 - 10.0 microns

• Stage 1: 5.8 - 9.0 microns

• Stage 2: 4.7 - 5.8 microns (pharynx)

• Stage 3: 3.3 - 4.7 microns (trachea & primary bronchi)

• Stage 4: 2.1 - 3.3 microns (secondary bronchi)

• Stage 5: 1.1 - 2.1 microns (terminal bronchi)

• Stage 6: 0.7 - 1.1 microns (alveoli)

• Stage 7: 0.4 - 0.7 microns (alveoli)

A preseparator is normally mounted on top of the impactor stack

to remove particles larger than 10 microns and to prevent particle

bounce and re-entrainment errors.


MODIFIED CONFIGURATIONS FOR USE AT 60 AND 90 L/MIN

In addition to the standard 28.3 L/min version, two further versions

of the Impactor are available for operating at flow rates of 60 and

90 L/min respectively.

In the 60 L/min version, stages 0 and 7 are removed and replaced

with two additional stages,-0 and -1. Similarly, in the 90 L/min

version, stages 0, 6 and 7 are removed and replaced with three

additional stages, -0, -1 and -2. Changes are also made to the

configuration of the collection plates (with and without centre

holes).

These changes result in a new set of ‘target’ cut-points as follows:

60 L/min 90 L/min

• Stage -2 : ------ 9.0 microns

• Stage -1 : 9.0 microns 5.8 microns

• Stage -0 : 5.8 microns 4.7 microns

• Stage 0 : ------ ------

• Stage 1 : 4.7 microns 3.3 microns





• Stage 6 : 0.4 microns ------

• Stage 7 : ------ ------

This restores the 28.3 L/min target cut-points at the increased flow

rates of 60 and 90 L/min respectively.

Andersen 8-Stage Non-Viable Impactor

Diagram of the Human Respiratory System



21


8-STAGE ANDERSEN IMPACTORS

DESCRIPTION

The Andersen 8-Stage Impactor has been designed to measure the

aerodynamic size distribution and mass concentration of solid and

liquid particles in the surrounding environment.

The impactor comprises of eight aluminium stages each equipped

with a removable stainless collection plate capable of accepting

approximately 10 mg of particulate matter, plus a final filter stage.

Each stage of the stack contains a series of precision-drilled

holes through which air is drawn, directing any airborne particles

towards the surface of the collection plate for that stage.The size

of the jets get progressively smaller for each succeeding stage.

Whether a particular particle impacts on that stage is dependent

on its aerodynamic size.Those particles having sufficient inertia will

impact on the collection plate whilst those of insufficient inertia

will remain entrained in the airstream and will pass to the next

stage where the process is repeated.

The stages are assembled in a stack in order of decreasing particle

size. As the jets get smaller, the air velocity increases and finer

particles are collected. Any remaining particles are collected on the

after filter.

At the end of the test, the stainless steel collection plates relating

to each stage are removed for analysis.The particle size distribution

is determined by weighing the mass of particles impacted on each

plate or by analysing the chemical composition of the particles at

each stage.

With knowledge of the chemical, biological and/or radiological

properties of the material collected, the exact nature and extent of

the health hazard can be assessed.

A constant volumetric air flow rate is generated by a suitablevacuum pump.

Each impactor is machined to the same precision tolerances in

order to guarantee reproducibility between impactors and is

mensurated (calibrated) on a Mitutoyo QV404 Vision Inspection

System prior to despatch.

The unit measures 216 x 95 mm diameter, weighs 1.6 kg and comes

in a carrying case.

Stainless steel and titanium versions are available on request.

Cat.No. Description

8301 28.3 L/min Andersen Cascade Impactor

8301-60 60 L/min Andersen Cascade Impactor

8301-90 90 L/min Andersen Cascade Impactor

Preseparators

8401 28.3 L/min Preseparator

8420 60 L/min Preseparator

8420-90 90 L/min Preseparator

Conversion Kits for the Standard 28.3 L/min ACI

8318 Conversion Kit for 60 L/min operation

8319 Conversion Kit for 90 L/min operation



Impaction Stages and Reports

Preseparator, Stages and Plates

Model 140

Flow Rate 28.3, 60 or 90 LPM




22


5-STAGE HI-FLOW IMPACTOR MODEL 130

The Hi-Flow MOUDI Model 130 is a 100 L/min 5-stage cascade

impactor for aerosol sampling and collecting size-fractionated

particle samples in the range of 0.25 to 10 microns for gravimetric

and chemical analysis.

The unit provides the same sharp cut-size characteristics as all

MSP Impactors. However, at 100 L/min, the Model 130 has more

than three times the flow rate, making it the ideal impactor for

sampling in relatively clean environments with low particulate

concentrations.

In more polluted environments with high particulate

concentrations, the high sampling flow rate of the Model 130

makes it possible to sample for shorter periods, if desired, and still

collect sufficient sample for analysis. It also means that sample

substrates can be sub-divided to provide multiple samples for

analysis by differing chemical techniques.

The standard Hi-Flo MOUDI Model 130 has five impactor stageswith a 10 micron cut inlet and collecting stages at 2.5, 1.4, 0.80,

0.44 and 0.25 microns, plus final filter. Alternative 3, 4 and 6 stage

versions are available and are listed below.

Deposits are collected in four 90 degree quadrants on 75 mm

aluminium foil impaction substrates, making it possible to divide

each substrate into two or four equal parts for compositional

analysis by differing techniques.

Nozzle plates are hard-coat anodised aluminium to ensure

dimensional stability of the nozzles with no oxide build-up or

corrosion. Multiple nozzles at each stage provide flow conditions

that result in sharp cut characteristics at each stage with

predictable and stable cut-points and low pressure drops.

The unit measures 18 cm diameter x 11 cm high and weighs 1.4 kg.

Cat.No. Description

9415 Standard 5-Stage Hi-Flow Impactor Model 130

(2.5, 1.4, 0.80, 0.44 and 0.25 microns)

9416 Pack of Aluminium Foil Substrates, 75 mm diameter

9417 Pack of 100 Glass Fibre Filters, 90 mm diameter

(final filter)

9418 3-Stage Hi-Flow Impactor Model 128

(10, 2.5 and 1.0 microns)


(10, 2.5, 1.0 and 0.25 microns)


(10, 2.5, 1.4, 1.0, 0.4 and 0.25 microns)

Accessories



Model 130: Impactor Plate

Model 130: Component Parts

5-Stage Hi-Flow Impactor Model 130

Model 130

Flow Rate 100 LPM

Stages 3 to 6 (dependent on model)



23


SINGLE-STAGE MICRO-ENVIRONMENTALMONITOR MODEL 400 (FOR PM2.5AND PM10 SAMPLING WITH CHEMICALSPECIATION)

The Micro-Environmental Monitor Model 400 (MEM) is a

compact aerosol sampler comprising a single stage impactor and

an after filter for indoor/outdoor air quality studies.

The MEM uses a sampling flow rate of 10 L/min and is equipped

with either a PM2.5 or PM10 sampling head for determining

the concentration of airborne particles in the surrounding

environment of less than 2.5 and 10 microns respectively.

The impactor/classifier is based on multi-nozzle technology.In

both PM2.5 and PM10 versions, ten nozzles are used in parallel -

thus, each nozzle is designed to operate at 1 L/min.

The MEM can be equipped with an optional ultra-compact 4-Stage

Diffusion Denuder Model 450 (DDS) if required.This providesup to three stages of final filtration and is used to separate out

SO2,

NO2,

NH3

and other gases from the particles for acid aerosol

measurement.

The MEM Model 400 includes an omni-directional filter, a PM2.5

or PM10 impactor classifier,a 37 mm after filter and supporting

pumps, timer, flow meter and manual flow control valve.

A schematic of the complete 400/450 System is shown below. Air

is sampled at 10 L/min from the ambient atmosphere through an

omni-directional, cylindrical inlet.

Particles with aerodynamic diameters greater than the impactor

cut-size (2.5 or 10 microns) are removed from the sample stream

by an appropriate impactor.

If the Diffusion Denuder is installed,up to four different gases can

be removed from the airstream by diffusion deposition on porous

plates and then analysed using,for example, ion chromatography.

The remaining fine particles are collected on a 37 mm diameter

after filter where the concentration can be determined by either

gravimetric or chemical analysis.

Cat.No. Description

9421 Micro-Environmental Monitor MEM (2.5 microns)

9422 Micro-Environmental Monitor MEM (10 microns)

9423 Diffusion Denuder DDS Model 450

Spare Parts


Micro-Environmental Monitor (MEM)

The sampling flow rate is maintained by two compact, quiet

vacuum pumps with a near-critical flowmeter.

Under typical, indoor conditions, the 10 L/min sampling flow rate

can be maintained within +/- 5% for up to 2 weeks.

The sampling time is controlled by a seven-day, solid state timer

capable of multiple start-stop functions.The unit can, for example,be programmed to start each day at 6.00 am and stop at 6.00 pm

to allow daytime samples to be collected over a seven day period.

Extremely compact, the MEM measures 240 x 230 x 300 mm and

weighs 3.6 kg (4.6 kg with Diffusion Denuder).

Schematic - Complete 400/450 System

Model 400

Flow Rate 10 LPM

Stages 1 (2.5 or10 microns)



24


SINGLE-STAGE UNIVERSAL AIR SAMPLERMODEL 310 (FOR PM1, PM2.5 AND PM10SAMPLING)

The Universal Air Sampler Model 310 (UAS) is a general purpose

air sampler for atmospheric aerosol sampling and mass,organic

and inorganic analysis.

Ideal for air pollution and air quality research, the Sampler is

provided with an omni-directional inlet, a PM10 (10 micron) virtual

impactor classifier,a second PM2.5 (2.5 micron) or PM1.0 (1 micron

classifier), a fine particle filter and a polyurethane foam (PUF)

sampler.

Virtual impactors differ from cascade impactors in that the

impaction plate is replaced by a receiving tube which accepts and

directs larger particles to one sampling substrate whilst the rest of

the flow carrying smaller particles below the cut-point is diverted

around the receiving tube downstream.

The use of two virtual impactors in the UAS allows the unit to

operate as a high volume dichotomous sampler for the size

fractionation of airborne particles in the 0-2.5 and 2.5-10 micron

aerodynamic size ranges (0-1 and 1-10 micron in the case of the

PM1.0 version).

In the case of the UAS,air is sampled at 300 L/min through the

omni-directional, cylindrical inlet. Particles greater than 10 microns

are removed from the sampled air by the PM10 classifier and

discarded.

The remaining particles less than 10 microns flow to the PM2.5 (or

PM1.0 in that version) classifier located down stream whereupon

particles in the 2.5-10 (1-10) micron range are collected on one

filter and those smaller than 2.5 (1) micron are captured on a finalafter filter.

PUF SAMPLER

The filtered airstream is then directed through a polyurethane

foam sampler (PUF) to collect any semi-volatile organic

compounds eg PCBs,PAHs, etc.

The air flow in the sampler is maintained by a vacuum pump

controlled by means of a variable frequency drive.

The flow entering the PM2.5 (PM1.0) vir tual particle classifier is

measured by the pressure differential across one of the classifier

nozzles and should be set to 285 L/min.

The two coarse particle minor flows are monitored by the

differential pressure across a calibrated orifice flow meter in each

line and adjusted by two manual flow control valves to 15 L/min

each.

The sampling time is controlled by a seven-day, solid state timer

capable of multiple start-stop functions.The unit can, for example,

be programmed to start each day at 6.00 am and stop at 6.00 pm

to allow daytime samples to be collected over a seven day period.

The UAS measures 762 x 406 x 1422 mm and weighs 43 kg.

Cat.No. Description

9425 Universal Air Sampler UAS (PM2.5/PM10 Version)

9426 Universal Air Sampler UAS (PM1.0/PM10 Version)

UAS Flow Schematic

Universal Air Sampler UAS

Model 310

Flow Rate 300 LPM

Stages 1 (1 or 2.5 + 10 microns)



INTRODUCTION

Unlike the stationary environmental Air Samplers described

in the previous section, Personal Air Samplers are small,

portable, lightweight impactors designed to monitor actual

individual exposure levels.These accompany the user during

the performance of their duties wherever they may be.The

Air Sampler itself is normally clipped to the operator’s lapel or

pocket and serviced by a Personal Sampling Pump strapped

to the waist band.

Personal exposure is determined by weighing the mass of

particles on the particle collection stage(s) or by analysing

the chemical composition of the particles at each stage for

specific compounds.

Whilst various sizing methods are available to measure

airborne particulate matter, only inertial impaction provides

the means to differentiate and quantify the various particles

making up the sample mass by chemical means.

Copley Scientific offers three types of personal sampler.

The Model 200 Series of Personal Environmental Monitors

(PEM) provides a range of single stage impactors with

cut-points at either 2.5 or 10 microns in accordance with the

specifications laid down in the US EPA IP-10A method forDetermination of Fine Particulate Matter in Indoor Air at

inlet flows of 2, 4 or 10 L/min.

Because of the complex nature of airborne particulate matter

(PM), the components responsible for a specific health

hazard are not always obvious.The Model 240 Personal

Microenvironmental Aerosol Speciation Sampler (PMASS) is

a single-stage impactor designed to collect particles smaller

than 2.5 microns (PM2.5) whilst simultaneously differentiating

between its organic and inorganic components.To

accomplish this, the PMASS uses two sampling channels: one

with quartz filters used to measure elemental and organic

carbons and one with Teflon filters to measure particle mass

and inorganics such as sulphates, nitrates and ammonium.

Whilst the PEM Model 200 and PMASS Model 240 give an

accurate assessment of an individual’s personal exposure to

ambient particles based on a 10 or 2.5 micron cut-off, that is

to say, they collect all particles smaller than 10 or 2.5 microns,

they do not in themselves provide information on the overall

size distribution and corresponding chemical composition of

the particulate matter concerned.

The Model 135 Series of Marple Type Multiple-Stage Personal

Environmental Monitor is a miniaturised cascade impactor

designed to overcome this problem. It is currently availablein four versions (6,8, 10 and 13 stages) depending on the

particle size ranges required.

Personal Air

Samplers

25��



26

PERSONAL AIR SAMPLERS

SINGLE-STAGE PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTALMONITORS SERIES 200 (PEM)

Airborne particles entrained in the air are a complex mix of

varying sizes and chemical composition some of which can can be

hazardous to health. Some hzards are more obvious than others,asbestosis and silicosis, for example.

This particulate matter (PM) results from a variety of sources

including fuel combustion from power stations, industrial

operations and vehicle exhaust.Fine particles also form in the air

when combustion gases such as sulphur dioxide and nitrogen

oxides are chemically transformed into particles.

PM2.5 and PM10 are airborne particles less than 2.5 (fine) and 10

(coarse) microns respectively.These criteria are consistent with

the International Standards Organisation (ISO) definition for

distinguishing particulate matter between thoracic (that penetrate

through the larynx into the lung airways = 10 microns) and

respirable (that penetrate beyond the terminal bronchioles = 2.5

microns).

The Personal Environmental Monitor Model 200 (PEM) is a

small, lightweight, personal sampling device for collecting airborne

particles in the PM2.5 or PM10 size ranges at 2,4 or 10 L/min

sampling flow rates.

It has been designed in accordance with the specifications laid

down in the US EPA IP-10A Method: Determination of Fine

Particulate Matter in Indoor Air using Size-Selective Impaction.

The PEM is designed to be worn on the operator’s lapel. Small,

light and unobtrusive, it measures 60 x 65 x 22 mm and weighs

48 grams.The appropriate flow rate is provided by a small personal

sampling pump secured to the operator’s belt and connected to

the PEM by means of a flexible tube.

Cat.No. Description

9427 Personal Environmental Monitor PEM-2 (2.5 microns)



9430 Personal Environmental Monitor PEM-2 (10 microns)



9433 Personal Sampling Pump 909300/601900(for 2 and 4 litre versions)

9434 Personal Sampling Pump 909500/601900

(for 10 litre versions)

Spare Parts

9435 Calibration Cap


Specifications

Part Inlet Cut- Colour Pressure

Number Flow Point Drop*

(LPM) (microns) (inwg)

PEM-2-2.5 2.0 2.5 Blue 1

PEM-4-2.5 4.0 2.5 Black 3

PEM-10-2.5 10.0 2.5 Red 13

PEM-2--10 2.0 10.0 Green 1PEM-4-10 4.0 10.0 Outside Gold 2

PEM-10-10 10.0 10.0 Inside Gold 12

*Vacuum at hosebarb with glass fibre filter in place

Filter Diameter: 37 mm

Dimensions: 60 x 65 x 22 mm

Weight: 48 g

The sample air enters the PEM through a multi-nozzle single-stage

impactor which removes any particles above 2.5 or

10 microns,dependent on model. Particles smaller than the

cut-size are collected on a 37 mm filter which can then be

removed and analysed for potential health hazards.

The filter may be analysed gravimetrically for particle mass and

chemically for specific chemical compounds.

Whilst the original unit was developed to assess the exposure

to PM hazard in the individual,the PEM is equally well suited

to indoor/outdoor air pollution and quality studies as well as

industrial health and safety applications.

The Personal Environmental Monitor is available in a number of

variants (see specification table below).

Personal Environmental Monitors (PEM)

Personal Sampling Pump

PEM VARIANTS

Model 200

Flow Rate 2,4 or 10 LPMStages 1 (1 or 2.5 microns)



27


PERSONAL MICROENVIRONMENTALAEROSOL SPECIATION SAMPLER MODEL 240(PMASS)

Because of the complex nature of airborne particulate matter (PM),

the components responsible for a specific health hazard are notalways obvious.

The Personal Microenvironmental Aerosol SPECIATION Sampler

Model 240 (PMASS) is designed to collect particles smaller than

2.5 microns (PM2.5) whilst simultaneously differentiating between

the various chemical constituents - both organic and inorganic.

Light and compact enough to be worn by the operator, the PMASS

consists of a dry non-greased size-selective inlet (cyclone principle)

which removes any particles above 2.5 microns.

The resulting air flow is split into two parallel sampling channels.

Each channel accommodates a carbon multicell denuder which

removes any unwanted gases, whilst at the same time allowing

passage of particles to the main filters.

By varying the filter media employed in the main filters, the various

chemical constitutents can be collected and analysed.

Typically,one channel is used for inorganic and mass analysis and

the other for organic carbon analysis.

An adsorbing backup filter recovers particulate matter volatilised

from the primary filter eg nitrate during sampling.

The result is a lightweight, compact personal sampler capable of

the simultaneous measurement of PM2.5 mass concentration,

elemental carbon,organic carbon,sulphates and nitrates in a

single instrument.

Air is sampled through the cyclone inlet at a flow rate of 4 L/mingiving a flow rate of 2 L/min in each channel.A single battery -

powered belt mounting pump provides the flow for both channels.

To prevent electrostatic losses, all surfaces coming into contact

with the aerosol upstream of the filter are made of aluminium.The

sampler body itself is made of low density polyethylene.

This and other design elements ensures a light (300 g), compact

(106 x 65 x 45 mm) design suitable for both general and use by

children and the elderly.

APPLICATIONS

• Simultaneous measurement of inorganic and organic aerosols

• Personal exposure to PM 2.5 mass, nitrates,sulphates,

organic and elemental carbons

• Studies of personal exposure in various environments

• Microenvironmental sampling / epidemiology studies

Cat.No. Description

9437 PMASS Model 240


Cyclone inletPolyethylene

body

Filter channel

screw cap

Denuder

holderUpper filter

support ring Teflon

separatorBackup filter

Total denuder-

filter pack w/

carbon multi-

cell denuder

Personal Microenvironmental Aerosol SPECIATION Sampler (PMASS)

PMASS Schematic

Model 240

Flow Rate 4 LPM

Stages 1 (2.5 microns)



28


The particle size distribution is determined by weighing the mass

of particles impacted on each stage or by analysing the chemical

composition of the particles at each stage.

The 10-stage (Model 135-10) and 13-stage (Model 135-13)

configurations require a less portable vacuum pump due to the

larger pressure drop requirements and, for that reason,are suited

to more general,as opposed to personal, sampling applications.

The 10-stage unit has similar cut-points to Model 135-8 but with

further cut-points at 0.1 and 0.056 microns whilst the 13-stage unit

adds three further stages, namely 0.032, 0.018 and 0.010 microns.

MULTIPLE-STAGE PERSONALENVIRONMENTAL MONITOR SERIES 135(MARPLE TYPE)

Whilst the Personal Environment Monitor Model 200 (PEM) and

Personal Micro-environmental Aerosol SPECIATION SamplerModel 240 (PMASS) give an accurate assessment of an individual’s

personal exposure to ambient particles based on a 10 or 2.5 micron

cut-off,that is to say, they collect all particles smaller than 10 or

2.5 microns, they do not in themselves provide information on the

overall size distribution and corresponding chemical composition

of the particulate matter concerned.

The Marple Type Multiple-Stage Personal Environmental

Monitor Series 135 is a miniaturised cascade impactor designed to

overcome this problem. It is currently available in four versions (6, 8,

10 and 13 stages) depending on the particle size ranges required.

Like other cascade impactors, the Series 135 is designed so that

as the aerosol stream passes through each stage, particles having

sufficient inertia will impact upon that particular stage whilst

smaller particles with insufficient inertia will remain entrained in

the air stream and thus pass to the next impaction stage where the

nozzles are smaller,the air velocity through the nozzles is higher

and the cut-size is therefore smaller.This continues on through the

cascade impactor until the smallest particles unable to impact on

the last impaction plate are collected by a final filter.

The 6-stage unit (Model 135-6) separates the aerosol cloud into six

size classifications based on cut-points of 10, 5.6, 3.2, 1.8, 1.0 and

0.56 microns.The 8-stage unit (Model 135-8) has similar cut-points

to that of the 135-6 but with the addition of two further stages

having cut-points of 0.32 and 0.18 microns.

The resulting overall design is compact (86 x 57 x 40 mm) andlight allowing the impactor to be attached to the lapel or pocket

in a similar manner to the PEM.The sampling flow is 2 L/min.Like

the PEM, the appropriate flow rate is provided by a small personal

sampling pump secured to the operator’s belt and connected to

the impactor by means of a flexible tube.

Cat.No. Description

9438 Marple Multiple-Stage PEM Model 135-6

9439 Marple Mutliple-Stage PEM Model 135-8


9440 Marple Multiple-Stage PEM Model 135-10

9441 Marple Multiple-Stage PEM Model 135-137903 Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5


Spare Parts

9442 Pack of 300 Aluminium Foil Impaction

Substrates 37 mm diameter

9424 Pack of 100 Glass Fibre Filters 37 mm diameter

Marple Model 135 Substrate

Marple Model 135

Marple Model 135

with Pump

Model 135

Flow Rate 2 LPM

Stages 6 - 13 (dependent on model)



INTRODUCTION

This section of the catalogue covers those items of

equipment that do not readily fall within the remainder

of the brochure and also general details relating to the

ancillaries used with the various impactors and samplers

that we offer.

The Aerosol Generator and Monitor (AGM) Model

1500 is a versatile system for generating mono-disperse

test aerosols in order to standardise and calibrate

other aerosol instrumentation. It can also be used as a

differential or scanning mobility spectrometer.

The Aerosol Concentrator Model 4200 was originally

designed for use in the detection of biological

weapons.The detection of these airborne weapons is

difficult because of their lethal nature at relatively low

concentrations. One method of identifying biological

aerosols is by mass spectrometry, a technique capable of

detecting the presence of potential threats as low as one

particle per litre of air. However, this technique requires a

sample stream flow rate of 1 L/min whereas the sampling

rate necessary to initially capture the bio-aerosol is of the

order of 300 L/min. As a result, the need arose for a device

capable of concentrating particles from several hundred

L/min into a low flow rate – a need fulfilled by the 4200.

The Real-Time Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD meets

an industrial concern, that of asbestos.The ability to

detect potentially hazardous fibres in air is essential

before, during and after asbestos removal. It is also a key

analytical device in manufacturing operations that use

any fibrous raw material and for monitoring air safety

following uncontrolled releases such as fires, earthquakes

or explosions. Designed to automatically detect and

count airborne fibres such as asbestos, mineral wool,

advanced composites, ceramics and glass, the 7400AD

emits a visible and audible alarm when concentrationsexceed preset user-defined levels.

Finally, the section covers those Ancillaries that are

required in addition to the sampler itself to make up a

complete air sampling system such as pumps and flow

meters, and covers the essential subject of instrument

calibration.

Specials and

Ancillaries

29��



30

SPECIALS - AEROSOL GENERATION AND MONITORING

AEROSOL GENERATOR AND MONITORMODEL 1500 (AGM)

Introduction

The Aerosol Generator and Monitor Model 1500 (AGM) is a multi-

function aerosol system with aerosol generation, classification and

monitoring capabilities for:

• generating mono-disperse aerosols using mobility classification

with automatic concentration detection and monitoring

• size distribution by differential mobility and scanning mobility

size spectrometry

It incorporates three main elements, (a) an atomiser aerosol

generator, (b) a differential mobility analyzer (DMA) and (c) a

condensation particle counter (CPC).

As a stand-alone aerosol generator, the AGM is eminently

suitable for use in corporate standards laboratories to generate

mono-disperse test aerosols for standardising and calibrating

aerosol instruments for quality assurance purposes including

aerosol particle counters, diesel exhaust monitoring, etc. to ensure

consistency of measurement results.

The AGM generates a mono-disperse aerosol by atomisation and

electrostatic classification.The resulting aerosol concentration is

continuously monitored by the built-in CPC to provide a stable

output of known particle size and aerosol concentration (10 nm to

1000 nm).

The built-in combination of differential mobility analyser (DMA)

and condensation particle counter (CPC) also means that the AGM

can also be used as a differential mobility spectrometer (DMS)

or as a scanning mobility spectrometer (SMS) to measure aerosol

distributions from 10 nm to 1000 nm.The aerosol can be sampledfrom an external source or generated internally by the built-in

atomiser to provide a poly-disperse aerosol with a known and

monitored size distribution.

The generation and measurement capabilities of the AGM also

means that two such systems can be used together to perform

studies using the tandem differential mobility analysis (TDMA)

method. In a typical TDMA study, one DMA is used to classify an

aerosol into a mono-disperse fraction having a uniform and known

particle size.This aerosol is then subjected to a physical or chemical

change leading to a change in particle size which is then measured

by the second DMA operating in DMS or SMS mode as an aerosol

size distribution analyser.

Operational control of the AGM is maintained by a powerful in-built

computer running on Windows XP using software specifically

written for the purpose. User interface is provided by a mouse in

conjunction with an in-built plasma display.The AGM measures

525 mm x 610 mm x 450 mm (w x d x h) and weighs 40 kg.

Description

The figure on page 31 provides a simplified schematic diagram of

the AGM.

The AGM Model 1500 comprises three main elements:

1. Atomiser Aerosol Generator

The built-in compressed-air atomiser is used to generate a spray of

fine droplets suspended in air.The atomiser can also be operated

by other compressed gases to generate an aerosol of particles

suspended in the atomising gas.This droplet aerosol is then dried

to form a poly-disperse aerosol comprised of residue particlesformed from the dissolved non-volatile material in the atomised

liquid.

Common materials used for laboratory aerosol generation include:

NaCl, other soluble salts and ammonium fluorescence dissolved

in water; polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres suspended in water; and

organic materials such as oleic acid dissolved in ethanol.

The atomiser used is a single jet Collison-type device operated by

compressed air.The droplet spray is about 2 microns in volume-

mean diameter for an aqueous solution. Drying is accomplished by

allowing the droplet aerosol to flow through a NafionR membrane

dryer to evaporate water from the droplets to form dry solid or

liquid particles of the dissolved non-volatile material.

For NaCl aerosol generation, a solution of, say, 1% NaCl

concentration by weight can be prepared by dissolving 1 gram

of NaCl in 100 ml of Dl water.This solution when atomised and

dried will result in a solid NaCl having a volume-mean diameter

of approx. 0.33 microns.When a liquid, such as water, containing

suspended solid polystyrene latex (PSL) spheres of a unit size,

is atomised and dried, a PSL aerosol comprised of uniform PSL

spheres can be generated.

AGM Model 1500

Left: AGM Model 1500 DMA



31

SPECIALS - AEROSOL GENERATION AND MONITORING

Cat.No. Description

9443 Aerosol Generator and Monitor (AGM) Model 1500

9444 Tandem Aerosol Generator and Monitor ModelM1040 XP (with 2 x DMAs)

2. Differential Mobility Analyser (DMA)

The DMA flow is first passed through a charge neutraliser in the

form of an electrical ioniser such that the emerging particles carry

a Boltzmann distribution of charges.The charged particles can then

be classified electrically by mobility via the in-built DMA to provide

a mono-disperse aerosol at the output.

The DMA is cylindrical in shape and has an overall height of

400 mm.When operated with a sheath flow of 10.0 L/min, the DMA

has a mobility range to allow particles as small as 10 nm to be

classified. At 3 L/min, particles as large as 1000 nm can be classified.

The aerosol particle size selected for size classification can be

adjusted by varying the DC high voltage applied to the DMA using

the built-in power supply in the AGM.

The DMA is operated in a re-circulating sheath flow mode with

the sheath flow being accurately maintained using a feedback

control system. A heat exchanger is used to maintain the sheath

flow at temperatures close to ambient.The temperature and

absolute pressure in the DMA are measured and used to correct fortemperature and pressure effects when particle size is determined

by electrical mobility.

3. Condensation Particle Counter (CPC)

The AGM uses a condensation particle counter to monitor the

aerosol output concentration.The CPC is of patented MSP design,

with two separate fluid reservoirs: one containing the working fluid,

typically 1-butanol and the other for collecting the condensate

of butanol and condensed moisture in the condenser.When

operating with a 35° C saturator temperature and a 10° C condenser

temperature, the CPC has a nominal detection limit of 10 nm in

particle diameter.The nominal flow of the CPC is 0.3 L/min.

The output aerosol concentration in the AGM is automatically

monitored by the built-in CPC so that the aerosol concentration

is also known. Under normal operation, the concentration range

of the CPC is from approx.1 to 10,000 particles/cm3. A feedback

control system maintains the CPC flow rate at a constant 0.3 L/min.

The aerosol leaving the CPC is mixed with clean, dilution-air flow at

the rate of about 2 L/min and passes through an activated-carbon

filter before it is exhausted.

AGM Model 1500 Control Screen

AGM Model 1500 Schematic

AGM Model 1500 Atomiser



32

SPECIALS – AEROSOL CONCENTRATION

AEROSOL CONCENTRATOR SERIES 4200

Originally designed for the detection of airborne biological

weapons, the Aerosol Concentrators Models 4220 and 4240 are

high-performance particle concentrating aerosol samplers which

can be used in any application where particle concentration

presents a problem.

In many cases of particle sampling from ambient air, the

concentration of particles is so low that it becomes necessary to

sample for prolonged periods of time in order to obtain sufficient

mass for chemical or biological characterisation.

One such case is the identification of biological aerosols by mass

spectrometry. In this application, the aerosol sampler delivers a

representative sample of the airborne particles to a pyrolysis tube

which, periodically, converts the sample thermally and chemically

to components that are then analysed by mass spectrometry.

In so doing, it is essential, firstly, that the mass rate of delivery

of material to the pyrolysis tube is sufficient to allow biologicalaerosols having concentrations in the order of 1 particle per litre

of air to be detected. Secondly, for obvious reasons, any delay in

analysis could be potentially fatal and is therefore to be avoided.

Indeed, a response time in the order of minutes is essential.

As a result, the need arose for a device capable of concentrating

particles from several hundred litres per minute of air into

a low flow rate compatible with the spectrometric technique

outlined above.

The Aerosol Concentrator Series 4220 draws air at 300 L/min

from the surrounding environment and then splits the air into

a particle-rich stream and a particle-depleted reject stream.The

resulting particle-rich stream contains only 0.3% of the inlet air

ie 1 L/min, but up to 90% of the ambient particles in the sizerange 2.5-10 microns thus increasing the sensitivity of the analysis

by up to 300 times (1-10 microns in the case of Model 4240).

The Aerosol Concentrator is effectively a 3-stage virtual impactor.

In a conventional impactor, particles with sufficient inertia (size)

impact and hence are collected on a series of collection plateswhere they remain for later analysis.

In a virtual impactor, particles are drawn through a series of nozzles

and upon exit encounter a receiving tube.The design is such that

those particles with sufficient inertia (above the desired cut-point)

continue forward with a small portion of the flow into the receiving

tube whilst the rest of the flow carrying only small particles below

the cut-point is diverted around the receiving tube.

Ambient air is sampled at 330 L/min through an initial impactor

which removes particles larger than 10 microns and discards

them along with 30 L/min of the air flow.The remaining 300 L/min

sampled air flow then passes through a 2-stage concentrating

virtual impactor which concentrates particles in the 2.5 to 10

micron (or 1 to 10 micron in the case of Model 4240) diameterranges into a single 1 L/min stream for output to an external

collector or detector (not provided).

Two lightweight, high performance vacuum pumps draw

the inlet air flow through the system.The air flow streams are

precisely balanced and no valves are used to control the flow.The

Concentrator measures 356 x 394 x 254 mm and weighs 16 kg.

Cat.No. Description

9445 Aerosol Concentrator Model 4220

(2.5 – 10 micron range)

9446 Aerosol Concentrator Model 4240

(1.0 – 10 micron range)

Aerosol Concentrator Model 4240

4200 Showing Access to CVI

Concentrating

Virtual Impactor



33

SPECIALS - REAL-TIME FIBRE MONITORING

REAL-TIME FIBRE MONITOR MODEL 7400AD

Description

The Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD is a technologically advanced

real-time fibre monitor that automatically detects and counts

potentially hazardous airborne fibres such as asbestos, mineral

wool, advanced composites, ceramics and glass whilst ignoring

non-fibrous background particles. Operating on the proven

principle of electric-field-induced fibre alignment, the 7400AD is

laboratory calibrated prior to despatch to NIOSH Method 7400 for

asbestos fibres.

The rechargeable battery pack and hence portability of the Fibre

Monitor makes it the ideal instrument to check and verify worker

safety during asbestos remediation and removal operations,

giving an instantaneous visible and audible alarm when fibre

concentrations exceed preset user-defined levels. Fully charged,

the 7400AD will operate unattended for eight hours, periodically

recording fibre data at preset intervals for further examination.

The 7400AD includes a filter positioned ahead of the exhaust outlet

which can be used to collect samples for later chemical or physical

analysis such as comparison with phase-contrast microscopy.

The operational control of the Fibre Monitor is maintained by a

powerful in-built computer running on Windows XP using software

specifically written for the purpose. User interface is provided by a

stylus in conjunction with a touch screen. Under normal conditions,

the computer software assumes full control of system operation

including sample flow rate, AC and DC high voltages, signal

detection settings for the photomultiplier tube and subsequent

signal processing, data acquisition and file storage, and

user-selected settings for scheduled or continuous sampling.

The 7400AD measures 370 mm x 295 mm x 360 mm (w x d x h) and

weighs between 7.8 and 12.6 kg dependent on whether the battery

pack is fitted or not.

Features

• Measures and reports fibre concentrations in real time

• Saves measured data over user-selectable periods• USB port allows easy upload of data

• Alarm mode warns when fibre concentrations exceed

user-selected concentration levels

• Calculates time-weighted-average exposure limits

• Back-up filter enables comparison with phase-contrast

microscopy

• Colour touch-screen LCD provides easy operation and

data display

• Fibre sampling intervals adjustable between 1 minute and

24 hours or up to 168 hours continuous

• Easily portable

Applications

• Use before and after asbestos abatement to monitor success

and ensure safety

• Measure fibre concentrations in manufacturing operations

that use fibrous raw materials

• Monitor airborne fibres resulting from uncontrolled releases

such as fires, earthquakes or explosions.

Cat.No. Description

9447 Real-Time Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD

9448 Pack of 100 Cellulose Ester Filters 0.8 micron

Ref. M/AAWP02500

9449 Pack of 100 Cellulose Backing Filter Pads 5.0 micron

Ref. M/AP1002500

Fibre Monitor 7400AD Schematic

Fibre Monitor 7400AD



634

ANCILLARIES - SAMPLING PUMPS, FLOW METERS AND CALIBRATION

ROTARY VANE VACUUM PUMPS

The Copley LCP5 and HCP5 represent the very latest in high

performance, low maintenance, oil-free rotary-vane vacuum pump

technology. Both pumps come complete with the appropriate

fittings to connect to your impactor/sampler and to allow the userto position the pump to either right or left of the system concerned

for space efficiency. Provision is also made to vent the exhaust to

waste should this be required.

Both pumps are fully encased with an internal acoustic lining and

vibration damping to reduce noise levels to less than or equal

to 60 db (A). Being oil-free, neither pump requires regular top-

ups of oil, routine lubrication or regular replacement of oil filters.

Importantly, the exhaust gases produced are guaranteed to be free

of oil contamination and can therefore be vented to atmosphere if

desired.

Self-sealing compound carbon vanes continually adjust so that the

pump effectively performs with ‘as new efficiency’ throughout their

service life.

The Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5 is a small footprint, rotary

vane vacuum pump designed for optimal operation at low flow

rates.This makes it ideal for low-resistance impactors and particle

samplers requiring flow rates up to 100 L/min.

The unit employs a 0.42 kW motor capable of generating a

maximum of 133 L/min free flow (at 50 Hz mains frequency).The

flow rate can be adjusted between 0 and the 133 L/min maximum

using the flow control valve mounted on the front panel for this

purpose.

Cat.No. Description


7901 High Capacity Pump Model HCP5

The pump has an in-built cooling fan located on the top of the

pump which, during operation, draws air through the ventilation

grill on the front of the pump to cool the interior.Two handles are

located on the top of the pump for lifting and positioning.

The LCP5 measures 270 x 310 x 300 mm (w x d x h) and weighs18 kg.

The High Capacity Pump Model HCP5 is a well-established, high

capacity pump suitable for high-resistance multi-stage impactors

and samplers requiring flow rates up to 400 L/min.The unit

employs a 0.90 kW motor capable of generating a maximum of

416 L/min free flow (at 50 Hz mains frequency).The flow rate can

be adjusted between 0 and the 416 L/min maximum using the

flow control valve mounted on the front panel for this purpose.

Like the LCP5, the pump is provided with two vacuum inlets

such that the user can decide whether to place the pump on the

right or left side of the impactor/sampler concerned and has an

in-built cooling fan located on the top of the pump which, duringoperation, draws air through the ventilation grill on the front of

the pump to cool the interior.Two handles are located on the top

of the pump for lifting and positioning.

The HCP5 measures 320 x 560 x 390 mm (w x d x h) and weighs

45 kg.

HCP5 (230 v, 50 Hz)

HCP5 (110 v, 60 Hz)

2 x HCP5 (230 v, 50 Hz)

2 x HCP5 (110 v, 60 Hz)

1000

900

800

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

090 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0

LCP5 (230 v, 50 Hz)

LCP5 (110 v, 60 Hz)

Performance Chart Key

Absolute Pressure (kPa)

FlowRate(L/min)

High Capacity Pump Model HCP5 (left) and

Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5 (right)



FLOW METERS AND CALIBRATION

The majority of impactors and samplers operate on the principle

of inertial impaction which divides the aerosol cloud into various

particle size classifications on the basis of particle inertia, which in

itself is a function of aerodynamic particle size and velocity.

Because velocity is directly related to the flow rate, it is essential

that the inlet flow rate (the flow rate at the entrance to the

impactor/sampler) employed both prior to and during testing is

both accurate and consistent.The normal procedure is to check the

flow rate concerned prior to testing using a suitable flow meter.

The flow meter concerned must:

• Be capable of measuring volumetric flow as opposed to

mass flow

• Be calibrated for exit flow as opposed to inlet flow

• Allow prevailing environmental conditions to be taken

into account

Copley Scientific provides two flow meters that meet these

criteria:;the final decision must rest with the user based on the

accuracy required and the price.

The DFM3 operates on the Differential Pressure (Venturi) principle,

has a range of 15-100 L/min, a resolution of 0.1 L/min and an

accuracy of 0.75% FSD.

The DFM 2000 operates on the principle of thermal mass, has a

range of 0-200 L/min, a resolution of 0.01 L/min between 0 and

90 L/min and 0.1 L/min between 90 and 200 L/min and an accuracy

of +/- 2% of flow rate. It is fitted with automatic temperature and

pressure compensation as standard. Cat.No. Description

9451 Re-calibration – MOUDI-II Impactor Model 121

9452 Re-calibration – MOUDI-II Impactor Model 125

9453 Re-calibration – Andersen 8-Stage Impactor

Calibration

The performance and reproducibility of an impactor/ sampler is

dependent on a number of factors, the most critical being the

dimensions and spatial arrangement of the nozzles that make

up the size classification stages.

In practice, impactor stages can corrode and wear with repeateduse.This leads to changes in impactor aerodynamics and hence

particle collection characteristics.

Stage mensuration is an optical process used to calibrate

impactors to ensure that the manufacturing tolerances that

determine the stage nozzle dimensions critical to accurate particle

size measurement are within specification.

Copley Scientific provides a calibration service for all types of

impactors featured in this brochure.

Cat.No. Description

8002 Flow Meter Model DFM3


9450 Flow Meter to Impactor Inlet Adapter

35

Flow Meter Model DFM 2000

ANCILLARIES - SAMPLING PUMPS, FLOW METERS AND CALIBRATION

Close-up of Single Impactor Stage

Mitutoyo Vision Inspection System



INDEX

A

Aerosols 4



Aerosol Generator and Monitor Model 1500 (AGM) 30

Airborne Particles 4Andersen Impactor 20

Anthropogenic Aerosols 4

Asbestos Monitor Model 7400AD 33

B

Bio-concentrator Model 4220 32

Bio-concentrator Model 4240 32

C

Calibration 35

Coarse Particles 4

Condensation Particle Counter Model CPC 9

Contents,Table of 3

F

Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD 33

Fine Particles 4

Flow Meter Model DFM 2000 35

H

High Capacity Pump Model HCP5 34

High Flow Impactor Model 130 22

I

ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System 1

L

Low Capacity Pump Model LCP5 34

M

Marple-Miller Impactor Model 160 (MMI) 19

Marple Multi-stage PEM Series 135 28

Mensuration 35

Micro-Environmental Monitor Model 400 (MEM) 23

Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactor (MOUDI) 13

MOUDI Wide Range Impactor 13

MSP Corporation 2

Multi-Stage PEM Series 135 (Marple Type) 28

P

Particle Concentrator Model 4220 32

Particle Concentrator Model 4240 32

Particulate Matter (PM) 4

Particulates 4

Personal Air Samplers 25

Personal Environmental Monitor (PEM) 26

Personal Speciation Sampler Model 240 (PMASS) 27

PM (Particulate Matter) 4

Primary Particles 4

Pumps 34

Q

Quality Management System ISO 9001:2008 1

R

Real-Time Fibre Monitor Model 7400AD 33

Rotary Vane Vacuum Pumps 34

S

Secondary Particles 4

Selection Guide 5

Stage Mensuration 35

T

Table of Contents 3

Tandem Aerosol Generator and Monitor Model 1040 XP 31

Three-Stage Impactor for PM1, 2.5 & 10 Model 100-S4 18

U

Ultrafine Particles 4

Universal Air Sampler Model 310 (UAS) 24

V

Vacuum Pumps 34

W

Wide-Range Particle Spectrometer Model 1000 XP (WPS) 6



U S A & C a n a d a :

M S P C o r p o r a t i o n

5 9 1 0 R i c e C r e e k P a r k w a y

S u i t e 3 0 0 , S h o r e v i e w

M i n n e s o t a 5 5 1 2 6

U S A

A u s t r i a , F r a n c e , G e r m a n y, I t a l y & S w i t z e r l a n d :

C o p l e y S c i e n t i f i c A G

E r l e n s t r a s s e 2 7

P o s t f a c h 1 5 2

C H - 4 1 0 6 T h e r w i l

S w i t z e r l a n d

U K , I r e l a n d & I n t e r n a t i o n a l S a l e s :

C o p l e y S c i e n t i f i c L i m i t e d

C o l w i c k Q u a y s B u s i n e s s P a r k

P r i v a t e R o a d N o . 2 , C o l w i c k

N o t t i n g h a m N G 4 2 J Y

U n i t e d K i n g d o m

T e l : + 4 4 ( 0 ) 1 1 5 9 6 1 6 2 2 9

F a x : + 4 4 ( 0 ) 1 1 5 9 6 1 7 6 3 7

e - m a i l : s a l e s @ c o p l e y s c i e n t i f i c . c o . u k

w e b s i t e : w w w . c o p l e y s c i e n t i f i c . c o m

Air Sampling Brochure

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