AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION POLICY

A i t t D t F V hi l E i i P ll ti C t lAssistant Deputy For Vehicles Emissions Pollution Control State Ministry of Environment

14 February 2008

OUTLINE

• Existing Air Quality Status• Existing Air Quality Status• Air Pollution Status• Air Pollution Impacts• Blue Sky Program• Blue Sky Program

Existing Air Quality Status

Urban Air Quality Status

Photochemical smogVisibility Decreasing

BandungJakarta

Surabayay

D S iDoc: Swisscontact

PM10 and O3 exceedances

Pollutant Standard Index (PSI), 2001 - 2006

80%

90%

100%

60%

70%

80%

30%

40%

50%PSI

10%

20%

30%

0%Jakarta Bandung Denpasar Medan Pekanbaru Pontianak Palangkar Semarang Surabaya

CitiesGood Moderate Unhealthy Very unhealthy Dangerous Data not available

Ambient Air Quality StandardPollutant Time WHO (2005) PP 41/99

PM24 hour (99 th percentile) 25 μg/m3 65 μg/m3

PM2.5 1 year 10 μg/m3 15 μg/m3

1 hour 235 μg/m3

PM10 24 hour (99 th percentile) 50 μg/m3 150 μg/m3

1 year 20 μg/m3

1 hour 235 μg/m3

Ozon, O3

1 hour 235 μg/m8 hour, daily maximum 100 μg/m3

1 year 50 μg/m3

Nitrogen dioksxida, NO2

1 hour 200 μg/m3 400 μg/m3

24 hour 150 μg/m3

3 31 year 40μg/m3 100 μg/m3

10 minute 500 μg/m3

1 jam 900 μg/m3

Sulfur dioksida, SO2

1 jam 900 μg/m24 hour 20 μg/m3 365 μg/m3

1 year 60 μg/m3

Air Pollution Issues

Source of Air Pollution and its pollutants

SO2, NO2, PM, etc

PM10 CO HC NOx etc

DominanS

PM10, CO, HC, NOx, etc

t Source

PM, SO2, CFC

CH4 PM10, CO

Emission load in Jabodetabek 1995-2002, Dolaris, 2006 (tons)

19267100%

42204930

8142

1970980%

90%

642

9563168933

9873860%

70%

T t ti

9607742697

59840%

50%Transportation

Domestic

Industry42697

47970

13581

15476 49627164

20%

30%

47970

36832

0%

10%

SO2 2002 1995 PM10 2002 1995 NOx 2002 1995SO2 2002 1995 PM10 2002 1995 NOx 2002 1995

Indonesian population living in urban areas

Year % citizens that live in urban inIndonesia

% citizens that live in urban area in Java island

1920 5,8 % (2,88 mill.)1920

1980

, ( , )

17,0 %

1990 25,4 % (46,48 mill.) 30%2020 60 %2025 59,5 %

2020 60 %

Motorvehicles Population in Metro Jakarta (1990-2015)

Note: *) Metro Jaya includes Jakarta, Bekasi, DepokSource: Ditlantas Polri (1990-2000) and prediction (2001-2015).

8 0117

11.3740

10

12

milli

on)

4 15945.7275

8.0117

6

8

ulat

ion

(m

1.64903.0211

4.1594

2

4

6

icle

Pop

u

0

2

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015

Veh

990 995 000 005 0 0 0 5Year

Passenger Cars Trucks Buses Motorcycles Total

VEHICLE POPULATION BASED ON TYPE

30 000 000

35,000,000

)

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

ON

(Uni

t)

10,000,000

15,000,000

OPU

LATI

O

0

5,000,000

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

PO

SOURCE: POLICE REGISTRATION YEAR

Passenger cars Comm. Veh. Bus Motorcycles

CO2 Emission From Energy in Indonesia (MoEMR, 2005)

250.00

300.00

200.00

100.00

150.00Ton Million

50.00

0.001990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Years

Power Plant Industry Commercial Transportation Other Totaly p

N2O Emission From Energy in Indonesia, ESDM, 2005

2.50

2.00

1.50

TonThausand

1.00

0 00

0.50

0.001991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Years

Power Plant Industry Commercial Transportation Other Total

GHG emissions from transport in China, India, and emerging Asia 1971 - 2000

Air Pollution Impacts

Human body significantly reacts to diesel Nano-particles. Small particles are too dangerous to nervous system.

Deposition intoLarge

High numbers and large surface area

Nasal

Oral

Extra-thoracicInflammation, Congestion

Asthma

Largeparticles

T h

Bronchial

AsthmaBronchitisCongestion

Obstructive diseaseEd

Trachea

Fatal damage to lung

and other organs? Bronchioles

EdemaEmphysema Ultra-fine

particlesAlveolar

100 nm10 nm1 nm 1 μm 100 μm10 μm0.1 nm 1 mm

Alveolar duct

μ μμ

Molecule Virus Bacterium Fuel Spray RainMolecule

PMSMOG

Tobacco Smoke

SPM and PM10

PM 2.5Nano-PM

Health Effect of PM

Visible Effect of PM

Persib Monument

LAPAN, Maret 2001

Blue Sky Program

Blue Sky Program

Mission :

Controlling pollution of air pollution g p pthrough coordinated and integrated policy implementation implementation

Policy

• Developing national policy on air pollution controlcontrol

• Improving monitoring and evaluation • Developing regional capacity • Enhance stakeholders participation in air• Enhance stakeholders participation in air

pollution control

Strategy and countermeasures for mobile sources

Developing emissionCl F l Inspection &Developing emission

Standard / technologyCleaner Fuels Inspection &

Maintenance (I/M)

Mobile Source Pollution Control

Environmentally sustainable transport Public Participation

1 Developing emission standard/ technology1. Developing emission standard/ technology

a. Implementation of Euro standard in Indonesia

Petrol Light Duty and Diesel light Duty (GVW<3.5 ton ; Category : M1 (Euro-4) Planned

g y g y ( g y

YearEnforce to

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Enforce to

o ce toNew Model ECE 83-04 (Euro-2) Idle

Idle

(Euro-4)

(E 4)ECE 83 04 (Euro 2)

Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3 5 ton ; Category : M2 M3 N2 N3 O3 & O4)

Existing Model

Idle (Euro-4)ECE 83-04 (Euro-2)

Year 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012

Diesel Heavy Duty (GVW>3.5 ton ; Category : M2,M3,N2,N3,O3, & O4)

Enforce to New Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)

Enforce to Existing Model Idle ECE 49-02 (Euro-2)

b. In-used vehiclesStipulating emission standards for in-used vehicles based onStipulating emission standards for in-used vehicles based on idle condition for gasoline and free acceleration for diesel-fuelled vehicles (Min. Decree 35/93 replaced by Min. Decree No 5/2006 )No. 5/2006 )Issuance of standards crucial as reference national standard and to anticipate implementation of autonomy law (Act N 32/2004)No.32/2004)Emission measurement procedures standardized nationally (3 Indonesian National Standard)Local governments can develop tighter emission standards on I&M.

D l i l tic. Developing regulation• Vehicle noise for type approval test

2. Cleaner Fuels

Energy Consumption (Ariati, DJLPE, MoEMR Energy Consumption (Ariati, DJLPE, MoEMR gy p (gy p (2007) 2007)

250,000

200,000

100,000

150,000

u SB

M

0

50,000Ribu

0

1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2004

TahunDomestic Industries Transportationo est c dust es a spo tat o

Avg. growth energy final in the year 1970Avg. growth energy final in the year 1970--2004 = 2004 = ++ 7 %/an7 %/an

-- 1970, Domestic sector was the biggest consumer1970, Domestic sector was the biggest consumerSince 1984, Industries sector consumes the highest Since 1984, Industries sector consumes the highest

Since 1996, Transportation sector become the biggest consumer Since 1996, Transportation sector become the biggest consumer Since 2001, Industries sector become the highest consumer Since 2001, Industries sector become the highest consumer

Results of Fuel Quality MonitoringLead content in gasoline

0.5

0.6

0.4

Pb)

0.2

0.3

Lead

(P

0.1

0

Band

ung

Bata

m

Den

pasa

r

Jabo

deta

bek

Mak

asar

Med

an

Pale

mba

ng

Sem

aran

g

Sura

baya

Yogy

akar

ta

Ambo

n

Balik

papa

n

Banj

arm

asin

Kupa

ng

Man

ado

Mat

aram

Pada

ng

Palu

Peka

nbar

u

Soro

ng

Band

a Ac

eh

Band

ar

Beng

kulu

Gor

onta

lo

Jam

bi

Jaya

pura

Kend

ari

Pala

ngka

ray

Pang

kalp

ina

Pont

iana

k

2005 2006 2007 Standard 0.013 gr/l

– 30 cities unleaded gasoline– 10 cities shown undetectable lead– Gasoline quality is better than

2006

Sulfur content in Diesel

4000

4500

2500

3000

3500

pm)

1500

2000

2500

Sulfu

r (pp

500

1000

0

Band

ung

Bata

m

Den

pasa

r

Jabo

deta

bek

Mak

asar

Med

an

Pale

mba

ng

Sem

aran

g

Sura

baya

Yogy

akar

ta

Ambo

n

Balik

papa

n

Banj

arm

asin

Kupa

ng

Man

ado

Mat

aram

Pada

ng

Palu

Peka

nbar

u

Soro

ng

Band

a Ac

eh

Band

ar

Beng

kulu

Gor

onta

lo

Jam

bi

Jaya

pura

Kend

ari

Pala

ngka

ray

Pang

kalp

ina

Pont

iana

k

2005 2006 2007 Standard 35002005 2006 2007 Standard 3500

– Sulfur content meets Dept. ESDM’s specification– 4 cities do not comply (Manado, Jayapura, Bandar Lampung,

Mataram)Mataram)– Non meets EURO 2 specification 500 ppm – Diesel fuel quality is worst compare to 2006 (Avg. sulfur

content in 2006: 1.494 ppm; 2007: 2.156 ppm

Cleaner Fuel (promises and reality)

• Gasoline– Introducing unleaded gasoline in nationwide, July 2006 g g , y– Continuity supply of unleaded gasoline ????– Open up private sector to provide unleaded gasoline in

Indonesia (Downstream Govt Regulation No 36/2004))Indonesia (Downstream Govt. Regulation No. 36/2004))– Use of additives as octane booster taking into account health,

environment and automotive industries consideration

• Increased use of natural gas for transport to reduce gasoline market demand– Draft Presidential Instruction (Decree) on CNG already submitted

by MoEMR through stakeholders study by MoE. Jakarta at present already using CNG for busway program.

National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) National Energy Policy (KEN) (Presidential Reg. No. 5/2006)(Presidential Reg. No. 5/2006)

National Energy Mix 2025:National Energy Mix 2025:

Biofuel

• Competition between food supply and fuelL d il bilit• Land availability

• Financial aspect (subsidies, tax)p ( , )

3. Inspection & Maintenance

Under traffic and road transportation Act I&M is under MoTUnder traffic and road transportation Act, I&M is under MoT

MoE responsible for developing emission standards for in-used vehiclesvehicles

Local government initiatives includes developing emission standards, I&M l ti d bli iI&M regulation and public campaign

Result of Emission Test in 12 Cities (2007)

4. Environmentaly Sustainable Transport (EST)

• Modal shift from private car to public transportationpublic transportation

• Promote non-motorized vehicle– Walking along 1 km reduce CO2

around 222 gr• Developing MRT• Introduce EST concepts among• Introduce EST concepts among

stakeholderD l i it i f l ti EST• Developing criteria for evaluating EST implementation in big cities

CriteriaCriteria Chosen

Shortlist indicators…(1/2)(Most likely available indicator for Indonesian condition)

I. Awareness level and effort to minimize air pollutions problem 1. Is local government conducting air

quality monitoring for transportation 2. Budget allocation for air quality

monitoring 3. Air quality monitoring activities 4. Program activity to reduce air

contamination level from traffic effect a. Activity type in reducing air

contamination level from traffic effect b. Number of programs/activities

Shortlist indicators…(2/2)

II. Urban Characteristics1. Measurements of air pollution

contaminate from traffic2. Urban traffic performance

a Speed operationa. Speed operation b. Traffic density (traffic volume ratio

t d iti /VCR)to road capacities/VCR)c. Average daily journey d. Public transport utility

Note: Data available at Local Transport Depts

Artist Impression at Dharmala Flyover (Blue line Alignment)

5. Public participation

• Improving awareness regarding air quality issuesissues

• Access to information• Emission contests among offices• Developing NGO/society movement on• Developing NGO/society movement on

AQM issues

Issue related with climate change…..

Energy securityEnergy securityAir quality and health

T ffi d ti

Co-benefits of Climate

Traffic and congestion Quality of life

of Climate change

mitigation

Economic developmentTransport efficiencyTransport efficiency

ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAM, MoE

RELATED TO CLIMATE CHANGE ISSUES IN INDONESIA

NO AREA ACTIVITIES OUTPUT LOCATION

1 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

CONTROL OPEN BURNING CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION24 METROPOLITAN

& LARGE CITIES

3R PROGRAM WASTE AMOUNT REDUCTION

METHANE RECOVERY PROGRAM METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION

2

RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM (SMALL MEDIUM INUSTRIES &DOMESTIC

REDUCED WASTEWATER DISCHARGE TO RIVERS

WASTE REDUCTION10 METROPOLITAN

AND LARGE CITIESWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

&DOMESTIC

3INDUSTRIAL

POLLUTION CONTROL

REDUCED POLLUTION LOAD FROM WASTE WATER AND EMISSIONS

AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION (SOx, NOx,PARTICULATES)

1000 INDUSTRIESEMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME FOR

INDUSTRIESWATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT

4 SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES

WASTE MINIMISATION CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTION 10 SMALL SCALE CENTRAL INDUSTRIES

WASTE UTILIZATION (BIOMASS TO BIOGAS)

METHANE EMISSIONS REDUCTION

URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL AIR POLLUTION REDUCTION

5 AIR POLLUTION CONTROL

SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT (EST)

(SOx, NOx,PARTICULATES) 24 METROPO-

LITAN & LARGE CITIES

FUEL QUALITY MONITORING CLEANER FUEL

EMISSIONS TRADING SCHEME FOR TRANSPORT

CO2 EMISSIONS REDUCTIONTRANSPORT

6 POLLUTION INVENTORY

SOLID WASTE EMISSIONS FACTOR FROM INDUSTRIES AND TRANSPORT

VALUATION OF EMISSIONS FACTOR IN INDONESIAN

WASTE WATER

EMISSIONS

Indonesia’s Action Plan for Climate Change

• MitigationEnergy sector– Energy sector

– LULUCF (Land use, land use change & F )Forestry) sector

Energy sector :Energy sector :TransportationIndustryIndustryPower planDomestic & commercial

Transportation Sector

• 2007-2009– GHG inventory and potential reductionGHG inventory and potential reduction– Mass transportation planning which has low GHG

emission– Usage of renewable energy

• 2012-20252012 2025– Emission reduction target of 30% BAU (Business as

usual))– Operate mass transportation system in big cities

• 2025-20502025 2050– Emission reduction target of 50% BAU (Business as

usual)u ua )

Countermeasures

•• Land use planning Land use planning Fi i l h i i i ti fFi i l h i i i ti f•• Financial mechanism: economic incentives for Financial mechanism: economic incentives for fuel, env. friendly motor vehiclesfuel, env. friendly motor vehicles

•• Law enforcement Law enforcement •• Sustainability supply of cleaner fuelSustainability supply of cleaner fuely pp yy pp y•• More efficient car fuel consumption More efficient car fuel consumption • Self declaration: consumption fuel exhaust gas• Self declaration: consumption fuel, exhaust gas

emission including CO2 for new type vehicles