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Air Pollution Monitoringgurme/Dec 09 - 01... · Air Pollution Monitoring 33 USA on August 1, 1995,...
Transcript of Air Pollution Monitoringgurme/Dec 09 - 01... · Air Pollution Monitoring 33 USA on August 1, 1995,...
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GURME
Air Pollution Monitoring
Dr. Sarath Guttikunda@ Desert Research Institute, Reno, USA & UrbanEmissions.Info
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GURM Why do we Monitor?E
y
• ComplianceCompliance• Trends in ambient pollution• Spatial and temporal analysisSpatial and temporal analysis• Hot spot analysis• Model verification• Model verification• General issues
– Uses of data– Uses of data– Variability among monitor types– Spatial representativeness
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p p
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GURM and ForecastingE
… and Forecasting
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GURM Type of MonitoringE
Type of MonitoringForecasting Data Sources
Parameters Time Resolution
Real-time availability
Cost/Resources
Written records of ∼PM - - LowWritten records of episodes
∼PM - - Low
Meteorological Data
Visibility ∼PM HourlyDaily
Yes Lowy
Reports of smoke/haze ∼PM Varies Possible Low
Satellite images ∼PM HourlyDaily
Yes Low
Air Quality DataQua ty ata
Surface
Continuous PM, O3, CO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and more Hourly Possible Moderate
Samplers PM, O3, CO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and more Typically Daily
No ModerateDaily
Passive samplers PM, O3, CO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and more Integrated No Low
Upper-Air
Ozonesonde O3 Periodic No High
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Aircraft PM, O3, CO, NO2, NOx, SO2, and more Episodic No Very high
LIDAR PM, O3, CO, others Hourly Yes Very high
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GURME
Monitors
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GURM Typical Continuous Gas MonitorsE
Typical Continuous Gas Monitors● Ambient air is continuously drawn into the monitor, pre-treated
(e.g. particles, hydrocarbons, and/or H2S removed), and(e.g. particles, hydrocarbons, and/or H2S removed), and measured either directly or via chemical reaction using a spectroscopic method
● Direct measurement● Direct measurementCO: gas filter correlationSO2: UV fluoresenceO UV h t t iO3: UV photometric
● After reaction with O3
NO2: by difference (NOx-NO) using chemiluminescence and catalytic converter
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GURM Typical Particle MonitoringE
yp g
● Filter sampler for 24-hr (daily) PM massp ( y)– Single channel or sequential
● Continuous (hourly) monitors● Continuous (hourly) monitors– Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance
(TEOM)(TEOM)– Beta Attenuation Monitors (BAM)
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GURM Daily Filter SamplersE
y pFilter Sampler
• Ambient air is drawn through inlet (to remove largerAmbient air is drawn through inlet (to remove larger particles)
• Material collects on the filter; filter is later analyzed f h i l ifor mass or chemical species
• Problems– Potential loss of volatile materialPotential loss of volatile material– Not available for short time intervals– Not available in real time
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GURM Continuous Particle Monitors (1 of 2)E
Tapered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM)• Determines mass by variation
in frequency of filter element on an oscillating arm
• Differential mass for each hour• Problems
– Negative mass values due to volatilization
– Volatilizing nitrates and carbon species, particularly during cold weather or high humidity causes underestimation of
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underestimation of PM mass
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GURM Continuous Particle Monitors (2 of 2)E
Beta Attenuation Monitor (BAM)• Mass of PM collects on a filter and is
exposed to beta ray, the attenuation of which is proportional to the mass on the filter
• Problems– PM species attenuate beta rays differently – Relative humidity (RH) can influence
calculation of PM mass from attenuation data causing under or overestimation of PM mass during periods of fluctuating RH values
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GURM PM2 5 Federal Reference Method (FRM)E
PM2.5 Federal Reference Method (FRM)
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GURM
Speciation Monitors (EPA speciation network)
E Mass Aerosol Sampling System (MASS)URG Corporation, Raleigh, NC
Reference Ambient Air Sampler (RAAS)Andersen Instruments Smyrna GAAndersen Instruments, Smyrna, GA
Spiral Aerosol Speciation Sampler (SASS)Met One Instruments, Grants Pass, OR
Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual
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g y gEnvironments (IMPROVE) SamplerAir Resource Specialists, Ft. Collins, CO
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GURM
Other Speciation MonitorsE
Partisol 2300 Speciation SamplerRupprecht & Patashnick, Albany, NY
Dual Channel Sequential Filter Sampler q p
and Sequential Gas SamplerDesert Research Institute, Reno, NV
Dichotomous Virtual ImpactorAndersen Instruments, Smyrna, GA
Paired Minivols
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Airmetrics, Inc., Springfield, OR
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GURM
I. Inlets . . . Fine Particle InletsCut Point Slope
ECut Point Slope
Type (d50) (√d84/d16) Flow Rate
Harvard sharp cut impactor 2.5 µm 1.02 4 L/min
R&P sharp cut cyclone 2.5 µm 1.23 5 L/min
GRT sharp cut cyclone 2.5 µm 1.24 6.8 L/min
Harvard sharp cut impactor 2.5 µm 1.06 10 L/minURG cyclone 2.5 µm 1.32 10 L/min
/EPA WINS impactor 2.48 µm 1.18 16.7 L/minBGI sharp cut cyclone 2.5 µm 1.19 16.7 L/minURG cyclone 2.5 µm 1.35 16.7 L/min
Harvard sharp cut impactor 2.5 µm 1.25 20 L/min
Andersen/AIHL cyclone 2.7 µm 1.16 24 L/min
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IMPROVE cyclone 2.3 µm 1.18 28 L/min
Bendix/Sensidyne 240 cyclone 2.5 µm 1.7 113 L/min
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GURM
Inlets . . . Examples of InletsE WINS impactor Bendix cyclone
AirmetricsAirmetricsimpactors
PM10
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10
PM2.5 Sharp cut cyclone
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GURM
I. Inlets . . . PM10 InletsCut Point Slope
ECut Point Slope
Type (d50) (√d84/d16) Flow Rate
Harvard sharp cut impactor 10 µm 1.11 4 L/min
Harvard sharp cut impactor 10 µm 1.09 10 L/minHarvard sharp cut impactor 10 µm 1.09 10 L/min
Andersen 246B impactor 10.2 µm 1.41 16.7 L/min
Harvard sharp cut impactor 10 µm 1.06 20 L/min
Andersen med-vol impactor 10 µm 1.6 113 L/min
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Andersen hi-vol impactor 9.7 µm 1.4 1,133 L/min
TEI/Wedding cyclone 9.6 µm 1.37 1,133 L/min
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GURM
Inlets . . . Examples of PM10 InletsE
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GURM
Filter HoldersDichotomous samplerE Dichotomous sampler polyethylene 37mm filter holder
FRM samplerDelrin 47mm filter holder ring with stainless steel gridg
Nuclepore polycarbonate filter holderholder
Savillex molded FEP filter h ldholder
Speciation sampler
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Teflon-coated aluminum filter holder
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GURM
Sampling Substrates . . . Types of Media
E Teflon membrane
• Mass and elemental analysis, sometimes ions
Nylon membrane
• Nitric acid, also adsorbs other gases (SO )sometimes ions
• Not for carbon
Quartz fiber
other gases (SO2)
Etched polycarbonate
• Scanning electronQuartz fiber
• Ions and carbon (after annealing)
• Scanning electron microscopy, elements, mass with extensive de-charging
• Not for mass or elements
Cellulose fiber
de charging
• Not for ions or carbon
Teflon-coated glass fiber• Gas sampling with
impregnates (citric acid/NH3, triethanolamine/NO2, sodium
Teflon coated glass fiber
• Mass, ions, organic compounds (e.g., PAH)
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/ 2,chloride/HNO3, sodium carbonate/SO2)
• Not for carbon or elements
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GURME
Optical Sensorsp
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GURM
Continuous Mass Surrogates (particle scattering measurements)
E TSI DusTrak Optec NGN-2
Greentek RadianceM903nephelometernephelometerwith smartheater
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GURM Visibility SensorsE
y
● Nephelometers● Transmissometer (weather
visibility sensors)Measurements● Measurements
– Measures light scattering– Provides continuous data– Correlated with PM– Lower cost PM measurement
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GURM Bangkok Visibility IndexE
Bangkok Visibility Index
20
14
16
18
m)
8
10
12
Vis
bili
ty (
km
2
4
6V
0
Jan
-60
May
-61
Oct
-62
Feb
-64
Jul-
65N
ov-6
6A
pr-
68A
ug
-69
Dec
-70
May
-72
Sep
-73
Feb
-75
Jun
-76
Nov
-77
Mar
-79
Jul-
80D
ec-8
1A
pr-
83Se
p-8
4Ja
n-8
6Ju
n-8
7O
ct-8
8F
eb-9
0Ju
l-91
Nov
-92
Ap
r-94
Au
g-9
5D
ec-9
6M
ay-9
8Se
p-9
9F
eb-0
1
23Air Pollution MonitoringSource: Climatology Division, meteorology department, Thailand
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GURM NephelometersE
p● Nephelometers
– Measure light scatter from particles– Sensitive to aerosols < 2.5 µmSensitive to aerosols 2.5 µm– Heater dries air (removes affect of humidity)– Not sensitive to flow rate– Lower maintenance costsLower maintenance costs
● Problems– Sensitive to humidity
Carbon can absorb light and bias data– Carbon can absorb light and bias data
Light Extinctionbext
Light Absorption babs
Light Scattering bscat
Light Scatteringby Gases
bsg
Light Scatteringby Particles
bsp
Light Absorptionby Particles
bap
Light Absorptionby Particles
bag
Light Scatteringby Coarse Particles
bscp
Light Scatteringby Fine Particles
bsfp
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The relationship of the components of light extinction.
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GURME
Satellite
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GURM Satellite (1 of 5)E
● Polar-orbiting or geostationary
● Advantage– Data available from around the world
● Visible imagery● Aerosol optical depth
● Disadvantage– No direct pollutant measurements– Only works during daylight and when O y o s du g day g a d e
skies are cloud-free– No vertical resolution
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Images courtesy of University of Wisconsin, Madison
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GURME
Ground Based
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GURM OzonesondeE
● Sensor attached to a radiosonde● Measures vertical profile of ozone● Examines aloft ozone conditions
Problems for forecasting● Problems for forecasting– Expensive– Very sparse, non-routine networksy p ,
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Courtesy of T&B systems
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GURM Ozonesonde – ExampleE
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Morning (6 a.m.) and afternoon (4 p.m.) ozonezonde data showing ozone concentration (black line), temperature (red), dew point temperature (blue), and winds from Las Vegas, Nevada, USA on July 1, 2005. Courtesy of T&B systems.
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GURM LidarE
Lidar
An early transportable LIDAR from CSIRO on location during a plume tracking experiment
Cross section of a plume displayed during data acquisition obtained by LIDAR (located to the left), showing the height of the mixing layer (red) and structure in the plume (blue). If an appropriate wave-length is used, LIDAR can measure SO2 concentration in the plume
a plume tracking experiment.
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a app op ate a e e gt s used, ca easu e SO2 co ce t at o t e p u edirectly.
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GURME
Aircraft
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GURM AircraftE
● Provide multi-pollutant monitoring● Able to fly in area of concern● Useful for monitoring aloft carryover, transport g y p
of pollution, and mixing processes● Morning flights profile useful forecasting
information● Problems
– Expensive– Data not available in real-time
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GURM Aircraft – ExampleE
2500 FreeAtmosphere
2500 FreeAtmosphere
1500
2000
de (m
agl
)
NOy T O3 ResidualLayer
1500
2000
de (m
agl
)
NOy T O3 ResidualLayer
500
1000
Alti
tud
Surface
LowLevelJet500
1000
Alti
tud
Surface
LowLevelJet
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Concentration (ppb) Temperature (oC)
SurfaceLayer
00 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Concentration (ppb) Temperature ( oC)
SurfaceLayer
Temperature (C) 10 m/s NorthAircraft Spiral and Upper-Air Winds at Gettysburg, PA
(0600 EST on August 1, 1995)
Temperature ( oC) 10 m/s North
Aircraft measurement of ozone, NOy, temperature, and winds provide aloft information about the air quality conditions in the nocturnal low-level jet. In this example, aircraft data collected near Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, USA A t 1 1995 t 0600 EST h d t l j t th t t t d i ll ti l h d d
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USA on August 1, 1995, at 0600 EST showed a nocturnal jet that transported air pollution over several hundred kilometers during the overnight hours. This aloft pollution mixed to the surface during the late morning hours.
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GURME
How many are enough?y g
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GURME
Google Earth, Delhig
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GURM
Monitor Density and LocationAnalysis TechniquesE Analysis Techniques
More the MerrierMore the Merrier
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Penfold et al., 2003
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GURM
Monitor Density and LocationAnalysis Techniques
E
Points Lines Population ElevationInput Data:
Analysis Techniques
Point, line, or polygon geographic data
Gridded Data: Create distanceCreate distance contours or density plots from the data sets
Reclassified Data:Reclassified Data: Reclassify them to create a common scale
Weight and combine datasetsWeight and combine datasetsHigh Suitability
Low Suitability
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Output suitability model
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GURME
Google Earth, Delhig
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GURM Monitor RepresentativenessE
● Representativenessp– Do monitors measure the prevailing conditions at
site, location, or region?– Do collocated monitors measure similar
conditions (variations can exist among monitoring techniques)tec ques)
– Do closely located monitors measure similar conditions?
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GURM Data AvailabilityE
● Regional maximum differences from evolving and changing networks– Adding or removing sites from a network can affect overall network
monitoring results
y
– The same is true for sites removed from the network● Data availability
– Filter sampling may measure PM on different schedules (daily or every third or sixth day), which makes analysis more difficulty), y
CPCB – Real Time Datahttp://164 100 43 188/cpcbnew/movie htmlhttp://164.100.43.188/cpcbnew/movie.html
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GURM SummaryE
● Monitor types– Gas monitors– Particle samplers and monitors– Continuous – real-time, good for forecasting– Samplers – not real-timeSamplers not real time– Other
● Visibility sensors● Satellite measurements● Satellite measurements● Ozonesondes
● General issuesUses of data– Uses of data
– Variability among monitor types– Spatial representativeness
41Air Pollution Monitoring
– Data availability
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GURME
Thank You
Dr Sarath GuttikundaDr. Sarath GuttikundaNew Delhi, India
More details @ www.urbanemissions.info