AIRPOLLUTION

MukeshKhareProfessor, Department of Civil Engineering

Indian Institute of Technology Delhi (IIT Delhi)Hauz Khas, New Delhi - 110016

Introduction

LectureTopics Introduction HistoricalBackground AirPollutionEpisode AirPollutionduetoTerrorism GreatEarthSphere AirPollutionandPollutants

WhatisAirPollution SourcesofAirPollutionandtheirclassification AirPollutantsandItstypes AirPollutionIndianScenario

AirQualityMonitoring MeteorologyandAirQualityModelling EffectsofAirPollution GaussianDispersionModel AirPollutionControl IndoorAirQuality GlobalAirPollution AcidRain OzoneDepletion GlobalWorming

HistoricalBackground

Woodburning LeadpollutionfromRomansmelters SewagepollutioninRomeduring312 B.C

PollutionofriverTiber. UsageofPlasticsandsyntheticchemicalslikeDDT,PolychlorinatedbiphenylsetcduringWorldwar II

1272 - King Edward I of England bans use of seacoal

1377 1399 - Richard II restricts use of coal 14th century- Lack of planned disposal of food waste

caused plague epidemic in Europe 1413 1422 - Henry V regulates/restricts use of

coal 1661 - By royal command of Charles II, John Evelyn

of the Royal Society publishes Fumifugium, or theinconvenience of the aer and smoke dissipated,together with some remedies humbly proposed.

1784Watts steam engine; boilers to burnfossil fuels (coal) to make steam to pump waterand move machinery

Smoke and ash from fossil fuels by powerplants, trains, ships: coal (and oil) burning =smoke, ash

1888- First urban sanitary act prohibitingthrowing of solid waste in UK

1907 - Formation of the Air & WasteManagement Association in USA

1953 Hooker chemical factory episode nearNiagara falls (chemical dump of 21000 tons )

1955 - First Federal Air Pollution Control Act -funds for research (USA)

1960 - Motor Vehicle Exhaust Act - funds forresearch (USA)

1963 - Clean Air Act (USA) Three stage enforcement Funds for state and local agencies

1965 - Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act(USA)

1967 - Air Quality Act (USA) Criteria documents Control technique documents

1970 - Clean Air Act Amendments (USA) National Ambient Air Quality Standards New Source Performance Standards

1972 Cleanwateract(USA).

IndianScenario Air(PreventionandControlofPollution)Act,1981. TheAir(PreventionandControlofPollution)Rules,1982.

CentralMotorVehiclesAct, 1988 Environment(Protection)Act,1986(EPA).

Presently,almostallthecountriesarehavingtheirownenvironmentalpollutionacts.

MajorEpisodes

December,1930 MeuseValley,Belgium

T h e rm a l In v e rs io n

MeuseValley:

Rivervalley,denselypopulated&Highlyindustrialized

Highbarometricpressure&Thermalinversion

Culpritgaseswere:

SO2,sulfurdioxideSO4 sulfuricacidmistDisaster:

63diedduetosorethroats,shortnessofbreath,cough,phlegm,nausea,vomiting

Donora, PA

Donora, PA

Donora,PAOct.1948Donora,PennsylvaniaMonongahelaRiverValleyIndustrialtownsteelmill,sulfuricacidplant,freightyard,etc.Population14,000SteephillssurroundingthevalleyOct26temperatureinversionStableair,fog,lasted4.5days

Culprits:

Sulfurgases+particulates,sulfuricacidmist

Disaster:

6000peoplebecameill,20peopledied

U.S.PublicHealthServicecalledin firsttimeairpollutionofficiallyrecognizedaspotentialpublichealthproblem

Dec.1952GreatLondonSmogLondon Deaths

London Deaths

Mainculprits:

Coldfront,Londonersburnedsoftcoalinfactoriesandpowerplants.

Temperatureinversion

Disaster:

5daysofworstsmogcityhadeverseen.

publictransportationstopped.Indoorconcertshadtobecancelledbecausenoonecouldsee

thestage,etc.

Nov. 1954 Los Angeles SmogMainculprits:

VehicularPollution Temperatureinversion

Disaster:Brownishhazeandpainfuleyes

Powerfulrespiratoryandeyeirritant

Toxicaswellascarcinogenic

Higherconcentrationsleadtoextensivedamageofvegetation

Bhopal,IndiaDec.3,1984MajorCulprit:

UnionCarbidepesticideplantleakedMethylisocyanate (MIC)usedasanintermediaryinmanufactureCarbaryl.

HealthEffects:

MICirritanttothelungs,edema,fluid(causeofdeathswerebronchospasms,cornealopacity.

Disaster:

killedupto2,000withupto350,000injuredand100,000withpermanentdisabilities.

AirPollutionduetoTerrorism

In the 2 years since attack,thousands of New Yorkers havecontacted the World Trade Centerhealth registry, reporting cases ofpersistent coughs, wheezing,shortness of breath and sinusinflammation.

11th September, 2001, New York City

500 employees had to be retiredearly as a result of respiratorydisability or chronic breathingproblems caused by theirexposure to dense clouds of dust

8,000 air samples collected amile from the complex, foundhigh levels of very fine airborneparticles that could increase riskof lung damage and heartattacks.

TajHotel,Mumbai,2008

GreatEarthSpheres

IntroductionofContaminants intotheenvironmentthatcauses

Instabilitytotheecosystem Disordertotheecosystem Discomforttotheecosystem

Ecosystem:It referstoaphysicalsystemorlivingorganismsoftheenvironment.Alllivingorganismsandnonlivingorganismsinteractinadefinedphysicalarea.

AtmosphereAir

Water

Hydrosphere

Soil/rock

Lithosphere

Ecosphere

Living things(Biosphere)

TheEarthsGreatSpheres

AirPollutionandPollutants

Whatisatmosphere?Itisamixtureofgasesthatformsalayerofabout250milesthickaroundtheearth.

WhatisAirPollution?

Transfer of harmful and/or natural/synthetic materials into theatmosphere as a direct/indirect consequence of human activity,which can affect the health of living and /or non living things.

WhatareAirPollutants?The substances causing air pollution are known as air pollutants. Theyoccur as a result of industrial discharge/emissions from motorvehicles and /or from natural sources.

AirpollutiontypesPersonalairpollutionOccupationalairpollutionCommunityairpollution

AirPollutionDefinitionBasedonSystemApproach

SourcesofAirPollution

Meteorology&Topography

AirQuality

EffectsonReceptors Control

ClassificationofPollutionSource

PointsourceAstackemittinggases

NonPointsourceAroadwaywithnumberofvehiclesplyingoneitherdirection(linesource)

DifferencesbetweenPollutantsandContaminants

Pollutants Manmade Presentinmaterialform

Contaminants Naturallyoccurred Maybeinmaterialformorenergyform

TypeofPollutantsPrimarySecondary

PrimaryPollutants: Directlyemittedfromsources. Carbonmonoxide(CO) Oxidesofnitrogen(NOx) Sulfuroxides(SOx) Particulatematter Volatileorganiccompounds(VOCs) Lead

SecondaryPollutants: formintheatmospherethroughchemical/photochemicalreactionsfromprimarypollutants.

Acidmist&fumes(H2SO4,HNO3) Photochemicalsmog Ozone(O3) Peroxy acil nitrate(PAN)

Precursors : Primary pollutants that react to form secondary pollutants in presence of UV/ solar radiations.

FormationofSecondaryPollutants

RPM

PM10

Fine, PM2.5Coarse

PM2.5- PM10

9Crushing, grinding9Windblown dust, resuspended dust,

Mining9Natural bioaerosols

55% of total mass of suspended particles

1/5th of the width of human hair

91/20th the width of human hair9sulfate, Amm. nitrate, Organic

compounds, trace metals, soot (EC)9Derived from combustion material or

reaction of precurser gases

RespirableParticulateMatter

Natural:-Dust storms, volcanoes, forest fires, oceans, plant and animaldecay.

Anthropogenic:-Mobile- vehicular exhaustsStationary - Electric power generation, industrial, agricultural, construction, solid waste disposal and incineration.

Sources

SourcesofMajorAirPollutants

S. No. Pollutant Sources1 SO2 Coal Combustion, oil burning and other sulphur

containing fuels, refineries, smelters, paper industries2 Particulates Fuel combustion, industrial processes, construction,

forest fires, dust storms, incineration of solid waste, automobiles.

3 NO2 Automobiles, fertilizer industry4 CO Combustion of fuels (gasoline)5 VOCs Automobiles- carburetors, evaporation from gasoline

tank; Industrial processes involving solvents.6 Lead Combustion of leaded petrol, lead smelting

operations7 Photochemical

OxidantsPhotochemical reactions in the atmosphere- involves HCs, NO2 and sunlight.

8 Hg Paper, chemical and paint industries, pesticides etc.

IndianScenario

Annual Average Conc.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

De lhi Mum ba i Che nna i Kolka ta Ba nga lore Hyde ra ba d Ahm e da ba d

City

C

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t

r

a

t

i

o

n

(

u

g

/

m

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)

SO2 NO2 SPM RSPM

SPM Standard (Industrial)

SPM Standard (Residential)RSPM Standard (Industrial)RSPM Standard (Residential)

Year 2005

ComparisonAirQualityofSevenIndianCities

NationalAmbientAirQualityStandards(2009)Pollutants TimeWeightedAverage Concentration in Ambient Air

Industrial,Residential,RuralandOtherAreaAreas

EcologicallysensitiveArea(notifiedbyCentralGovernment)

SulphurDioxide(SO2) Annual* 50g/m3 20g/m324hours** 80g/m3 80g/m3

NitrogenDioxide(NO2) Annual* 40g/m3 30g/m324hours** 80g/m3 80g/m3

ParticulateMatter(sizelessthan10g/m3)or

PM10

Annual* 60g/m3 60g/m324hours** 100g/m3 100g/m3

ParticulateMatter(sizelessthan2.5g/m3)or

PM2.5

Annual* 40g/m3 40g/m324hours** 60g/m3 60g/m3

Ozone(O3) 8hours** 100g/m3 100g/m31hours** 180g/m3 180g/m3

Lead(Pb) Annual* 0.50g/m3 0.50g/m324hours** 1.0g/m3 1.0g/m3

Ammonia(NH3) Annual* 100g/m3 100g/m324hours** 400g/m3 400g/m3

CarbonMonoxide(CO) 8hours** 02mg/m3 02mg/m3

1hour** 04mg/m3 04mg/m3

Benzene(C6H6) Annual* 05g/m3 05g/m3Benzo()Pyrene(BaP)particulatephaseonly Annual* 01ng/m3 01ng/m3

Arsenic(As) Annual* 06ng/m3 06ng/m3

Nickel(Ni) Annual* 20ng/m3 20ng/m3

*Annual Arithmetic Mean of minimum 104 measurements in a year taken twice a week 24 hourly at uniform interval.**24hourly/8hourly values should be met 98% of the time in a year. However, 2% of the time, it may exceed but not on the twoconsecutive days.

Air Quality Monitoring

WhyMonitoring/Samplingisessential?For controlling contaminants essential to know wherethe contaminants are and at what concentrations?

WhatisEnvironmentalsample?A small portion of air, water, soil biota or otherenvironmental media (Indoor, paint, wood ) thatrepresents a large entity.

Ex: A sample of air in a bag having definite volume isa representative of a portion of air mass under study .

WhatisSampling?Onsitegravimetric/absorption/adsorptioncollectionofcontaminantsusingsamplers

WhatisMonitoring?AutomaticContinuousanalysisofsamplesusinginfrared/chemiluminiscencebasedtechniques

FormsofSamples

Grab :Sampleatsinglesiteatonetime

Composite :Mixingphysicallymultiplegrabsamples(fromdifferentlocationsandtimes)physicalaveraging.

Multiplecompositesample:Mixingphysicallyvariouscompositesamples.

NumberandFrequency

Minimumnumberofsamples3,(oneupwind,twodownwind)

FrequencyForparticulates:24hoursaverageForgases :Dependsuponstandards

andlimitsstatutes

AmbientAirPollutionMonitoring

ParticulateSampling

Respirable DustSampler(PM10) PM2.5 Sampler

NOx MonitorSOX Monitor

GRIMMaerosolspectrometer

WeatherMonitor

COMonitor

Table 1. Methods of Measuring and Analyzing Air Pollutants

Method Variable Measured Principle

Gravimetric PM10, PM2.5Particles are trapped or collected on filters, and the filters are weighed to determine the volume of the pollutant.

Atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS)

more than 60 metals or metalloid elements (e.g. Pb, Hg, Zn)

This technique operates by measuring energy changes in the atomic state of the analyte. Emitted radiation is a function of atoms present in the sample.

Spectrophotometry SO2, O3Measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs. The amount of light absorbed indicates the amount of analyte present in the sample.

Chemiluminescence NO2, O3Based upon the emission spectrum of an excited species that is formed in the course of a chemical reaction.

Gas chromatography (GC) - flame ionization detector (FID)

VOC Responds in proportion to number of carbon atoms in gas sample.

Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)

VOC Mass spectrometers use the difference in mass-to-charge ratio (m/z) of ionized atoms or molecules to separate them from each other.

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

CO, VOC, CH4Sample absorbs infrared radiation and difference in absorption is measured.

Meteorology&AirQualityModeling

AtmosphericCharacteristics

Meteorology is the interdisciplinary scientific study ofthe atmosphere that focuses on weather processesand short term forecasting (in contrast withclimatology).Characteristic of atmosphere is its ability to resist

vertical motion: StabilityAffects atmospheric ability to disperse pollutantsWhen parcel of air is displaced upward Encounters lower pressure Expands to lower temperature Assume no heat transfers to surrounding atmosphere

(adiabatic )

Lapserate()Rateofchangeoftemperatureoftheparcelofair(smoke)withheight.

TypesofLapseRate( dT/dz)DryAdiabaticLapserate(d): 1C/100mor(DALR) 5.4F/1000ftSaturatedAdiabaticLapseRate(sat): 0.60C/100m(SALR)EnvironmentalLapseRate: Actualchangein

temperatureofthe(ELR)surroundingenvironment

Significance of Comparison of d to ELR classifies

stability of atmosphere.

Degree of stability is a measure of theability of the atmosphere to dispersepollutants

WhatisStability?An air parcel (or smoke) in which there is relativelyinsignificant mixing per unit distance travelled.

StabilityandAtmosphereClassifications

d > ELR or Tparcel < Tenv Stable, Sub adiabatic

d < ELR or Tparcel > Tenv Unstable, Super adiabatic

d = ELR or Tparcel = Tenv Neutral

d >> ELR or Tparcel

Stable

Verystable

Unstable

Neutral

Pasquill GiffordStabilityClasses(Source:D. Bruce Turners,WorkbookofAtmosphericDispersionEstimates )

A VeryunstableB UnstableC SlightlyunstableD NeutralE StableF Verystable

Pasquill Gifford Stability Curves for y and z

Dispersion = Advection (Transport) + Dilution (Diffusion)

Diffusion of pollutants occur due to turbulence, which further depends upon many factors:a. Ambient temperatureb. Temperature of emissionsc. Roughness factorsd. Wind velocitye. Wind directionf. Humidityg. Stability

Source ReceptorTransport

Re-entrainment

Dispersion

ScaleofMotionMolecularscale

ThemotioniscalledMolecularDiffusionEx Diffusionwithinsediments

GlobalscaleThemotioniscalledDispersion

Ex Transportofgasesandaerosolsbylargeairmasses

DiffusioninAir Diffusioninwater

Advection x

yz

TurbulentDiffusion

TurbulentEddies

x

zy

Dispersion

a

b

c

Advection,DiffusionandDispersion

Deterministic Statistical Physical

Steady State Time Dependent Regression Empirical Wind Tunnel Simulation

Gaussian Plume

Box Grid Spectral Puff Trajectory

Lagrangian Eulerian

Air Quality Models

AirQualityModeling

PlumeModel

A simple Gaussian Plume model commonly used forregulatory purposes

In the Gaussian plume model, the source is consideredas a point source

Features:GaussianPlumeModel

SteadyState

NormalDistribution(Gaussian)ofPollutantconcentrationintheplume

Passivepollutants

Pollutantconcentrationsareconservedwithintheplume

GaussianPlumeDispersionWhatdoesitmeantobeGaussian?

CoordinateSystemShowingGaussianDistributionsintheHorizontalandVerticalPlanes

GaussianPlumeModel

GaussianPlumeEquation

++

=

2

2

2

2

2

2

2)(exp

2)(exp

2exp

2

),,,(

zzyzy

M HzHzyu

Q

Hzyx

=concentration(gm3)He =Effectivestackheight(m)z=receptorheight(m)y=crosswinddistance(m)QM =sourcestrength/emissionrate(gs1)U=meanwindspeed(ms1)y =horizontaldispersioncoefficient(m)z=verticaldispersioncoefficient(m) } f (Stability, x)

MostSimplifiedGaussianEquationforGroundLevelSource

Where=Maximumgroundlevelconcentrationatcentreline(gm3)He =Effectivestackheight(m)=0z=receptorheight(m)=0y=crosswinddistance(m)=0QM =sourcestrength/emissionrate(gs1)U=meanwindspeed(ms1)y =horizontaldispersioncoefficient(m)z=verticaldispersioncoefficient(m)

(x,0,0,0)

Effective Stack Height = Hs + h

h

Hs

u

h

Hs

Hs + h

Vertical plume Bent over plume

WindSpeedandDirectionWinddirectionwilldeterminethedirectioninwhichtheplumewillmove.

Increasingwindspeeddecreasesplumerise,thusincreasegroundlevelconcentrations.

Increasingwindspeedwillincreasemixing,thusdecreasinggroundlevelconcentrations.

TheseeffectsalsodeterminethedistancefromthesourcewherethemaximumGLCoccurs.

AirPollutionEffects

AirPollutionandhealthEffects

Exposuretoelevatedconcentrationsofambientairpollutantscausesadversehealtheffectsonhumanhealth,onmaterialsstrengthandonplantgrowth.

Affected by particulate matter

1. PM>10 micron2. PM10 and PM2.53. PM2.5, PM1..0

1

Pollutants Effects

Ozone Respiratorytractproblem,Eyeirritation,nasalcongestion,reducedlungfunction

Particulates Eyeandthroatirritation,Bronchitis,Lungdamageandimpairedvisibility

CO Cardiovascular,Nervous,Pulmonarysystemaffected.

SOx Respiratorytractproblem,harmfultolungtissue.

NOx Respiratoryillness&lungdamage.

Lead Retardation&damageofbraininchildren

Hg Brainandkidneyaffected

Benzene Leukemia

VinylChloride Lungandlivercancer

On StonesDeterioration of limestone, widely used as building material. SO2 + H2O + CaCO3 CaSO4 +

CaSO4. 2H2OOn Metals

Corrosion of the surface.

On Fabrics and Dyes

Loss of tensile strength, fading of colors of fabrics.

Rubber

Ozone cracks the rubber products under tension.

Pollutants Effects

Ozone Spotting,Pigmentation,coniferneedletipsbecomebrownandnecrotic.

PAN Glazing,silveringandbronzingoflowersurfaceofleaves.

H2SO4 Necroticspotsonuppersurfaceofleaves.

SOx Bleachedspots,chlorosis,insectinjuries.

NOx Irregular,whitebrowncollapsedlesionsonintercostaltissueandnearleafmargins.

Hg Chlorosis andabscission.Brownspottingandyellowingofveins.

Global Consequences of Air Pollution

Acid Rain

Acid rain is a rain or any other form of precipitation that is unusually acidic, i.e. elevated levels of hydrogen ions (low pH). i.e acid deposition

Acid Rain

Effects of Acid Rain

1. On buildings/ materials 2. Trees and forests 3. On aquatic life

OzoneLayerDepletion

Ozone layer The ozone layer is a layer in

Earths Atmosphere whichcontains relatively highconcentrations of ozone.

It absorbs 9799% of the sunshigh frequency ultraviolet light,which is potentially damaging tolife on earth.

Over 90% of the ozone in Earth'satmosphere is present here

Ozone Depletion

Sources Chemistry of ozone hole formation

This chlorine is very active and can breakthousands of ozone molecules in stratosphere

DepletionofOzoneLayer A thinning ozone layer leads to a number of serioushealth risks for humans.

Causes greater incidences of skin cancer and eyecataracts, with children being particularly vulnerable.

Serious impacts on biodiversity. Increased UVB rays reduce levels of plankton in theoceans and subsequently diminish fish stocks.

Adverse effects on plant growth reduces agriculturalproductivity.

A direct negative economic impact is the reducedlifespan of certain materials like plastics

DestructionofOzone

Fourmainfamiliesofchemicalsresponsibleforcatalyzingozonedestruction:

1. Nitrogenoxides:NOx NO+NO2

2. Hydrogenoxides:HOx OH+HO2

3. Chlorine:ClOx Cl+ClO

4. Bromine:BrOx Br+BrO

3 2

2

Y+O YO+OYO+O Y+O

A common type of catalytic destruction cycle (there are others)

where Y = NO, OH, Cl or Br

TheOzoneHole

The ozone hole is the region over Antarctica with total ozone 220 Dobson Units or lower. (The avg total column ozone in the atmosphere is about 300 DU.)

Ozone hole in Sept 2005. Source: NASA

One DU= 0.01mm thick layer of ozone under standard temperature and pressure.

GlobalWarming

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature ofearth nearsurface air and oceans since the mid20th century andits projected continuation.

TheGreenHouseEffect

GreenHouseEffectandGlobalWarming

Green house gases

9CO29N2O9CH49CFCs9 Water Vapors9Trifluoromethyl sulphur

pentaflouride (SF5CF3)

Deforestation9 Trees play a unique role in the global carbon cycle.

9 Largest landbased natural mechanism for removing CO2 from the air.(CO2 is also removed by the oceans and ocean organisms.)

9 An acre of forest absorbs about 10 times the CO2 absorbed by anacre of cropland or grassland.

9 One tree absorbs about 13 pounds of CO2 per year, and each oneacreof forest absorbs about 2.8 tons of CO2.

9 Everyday over 5500 acres of rainforest are destroyed, and over 50million acres are destroyed every year.

9 Global CO2 levels rise approximately 0.4 percent each year

Populationgrowth

9The industrial revolution caused a rapidincrease in the population growth resultinginto increased energy production and use.

9 There is a clear link between the problems ofglobal warming and over population, asincreases in CO2 levels follows growth inpopulation.

GHGases TheirStatisticsinAtmosphere

S.No. Air pollutants Atmosphericconcentrat-ion (ppm)

Life span inatmosphere(Years)

Annuallyincreasingrate (%)

Humancontribution(%)

1. CO2 355 500 1.5 552. CFCs 0.00225 110 0.5 24

3. CH4 1.675 7-10 1.0 184. N2O 0.3 140-190 0.2 6

5. Trifluoromethyl sulphur pentaflouride (SF5CF3)

-- 3500 In 1960s -0.12 ppt .In 1999-1012 ppt.

Source still

unknown*

*Researchers think that the new gas may be a by-product of the manufacture or decomposition of SF6 and they both can absorb heat radiating from the earth surface.

GasesdeadlierthanCO2!

CFCs Heat trapped by one mole of CFCs ~ 15001700 times as muchheat per molecule as CO2

CH4 Heat trapped by one mole of CH4 ~ 25 times as much heat permolecule as CO2

N20 Heat trapped by one mole of N2O ~ 230 times as much heat permolecule as CO2

SF5CF3 Heat trapped by one mole of Trifluoromethyl sulphurpentaflouride (SF5CF3) ~ 1800022,000 times as much heat permolecule as CO2

Global temperature Increase

Rise in sea level

Effect on health

Impact on agriculture

Impact on ecology

Impact on water resources

Impactonairquality

EffectsofGlobalWarming

Effects of Global Warming

Melting of Glaciers

Hurricane Storms

Rise In Sea Level Threat to polar beers

Air Pollution Control

Sedimentatione.g. Settling chamber

Electric field migratione.g. Electro Static Precipitator (ESP)

Inertial depositione.g. Cyclones; scrubbers; filter bags

Brownian diffusione.g. Fabric filters

Physicalmechanismofcontrolparticulates

Control Devices

1. Cyclone Collector 2. Scrubber

3. Electro Static Precipitator

WhatisIAQ??

9 IAQ stands for Indoor Air Quality.

9 It refers to the nature of the conditioned (heat/cool) air that circulates throughout space/area,where we work and live i.e. the air we breathe mostof the time (almost 80 % of the time).

WhatCausesIndoorAirPollution??

AirtightnessofbuildingsPoorlydesignedairconditioningandventilationsystemsIndoorsourcesofpollutionOutdoorsourcesofpollution

SourcesofIndoorAirPollutioninaTypicalOfficeBuilding

SourcesofIndoorAirPollutioninaTypicalHousehold

ParametersAffectingIAQ

Rateofexchangeofairfromoutdoors(ventilation) Concentrationofpollutantsinoutdoorair Rateofemissionfromsourcesindoors Rateofremovalofpollutants(Sinks) Indoortemperature Indoorhumidity Ageofindoorstructure Typeoffoundationsoil

StepsforInvestigatingIAQProblems

Document employee health complaints. Examine floor plans and ventilation system specifications. Analysis of data collected from above steps for SBS score

calculations. Study of building layout, position and location of windows,

doors, vents, openings etc. Ventilation measurement. Monitoring of indoor pollutants and other environmental

parameters and development of IAQ model. Develop a plan for reducing and eliminating the IAQ

problem.

Stop Pollution Save Environment-Save Mother Earth

Slide Number 1IntroductionLecture Topics Historical Background Slide Number 5Slide Number 6Slide Number 7Slide Number 8Slide Number 9Major Episodes Slide Number 11Slide Number 12Slide Number 13Slide Number 14Slide Number 15Air Pollution due to TerrorismSlide Number 17Slide Number 18Taj Hotel , Mumbai, 2008Great Earth SpheresSlide Number 21Slide Number 22Slide Number 23Slide Number 24Air Pollution Definition Based on System ApproachClassification of Pollution SourceDifferences between Pollutants and ContaminantsSlide Number 28Slide Number 29Slide Number 30Slide Number 31Sources of Major Air PollutantsIndian Scenario Slide Number 34Slide Number 35Slide Number 36Slide Number 37Slide Number 38Forms of SamplesNumber and FrequencySlide Number 41Particulate SamplingSlide Number 43Slide Number 44Slide Number 45Slide Number 46Slide Number 47Atmospheric CharacteristicsLapse rate ()Slide Number 50Significance of What is Stability? Stability and Atmosphere ClassificationsSlide Number 54Slide Number 55Slide Number 56Slide Number 57Slide Number 58Scale of MotionSlide Number 60Advection, Diffusion and DispersionSlide Number 62Plume ModelFeatures: Gaussian Plume ModelGaussian Plume DispersionSlide Number 66Gaussian Plume Equation Most Simplified Gaussian Equation for Ground Level SourceSlide Number 69Wind Speed and DirectionSlide Number 71Slide Number 72Slide Number 73Slide Number 74Slide Number 75Slide Number 76Slide Number 77Slide Number 78Slide Number 79Ozone Layer Depletion Slide Number 81Depletion of Ozone LayerDestruction of OzoneThe Ozone HoleGlobal Warming The Green House Effect Slide Number 87 Deforestation Population growthSlide Number 90Gases deadlier than CO2 !Slide Number 92Slide Number 93Slide Number 94Physical mechanism of control particulatesSlide Number 96Slide Number 97What is IAQ??What Causes Indoor Air Pollution??Slide Number 100Slide Number 101Parameters Affecting IAQSteps for Investigating IAQ ProblemsSlide Number 104