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What are Emissions? The term used to describe gases and

particles which are put into the air or

emitted by various sources. The amount and types of emission changesevery year. These changes are caused bychanges in the nations economy, industrial

activity, technology improvement, traffic,and by many other factors.

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Air pollution causes the death ofmore than 22,000 adults and 700

children in Pakistan every year inaddition to a loss of Rs 365 billion tothe countrys economy annually.

Mortality rate

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What makes up Emissions?

These are the criterias for airpollutants:

Carbon monoxide (CO) Nitrogen oxides (NOx)

Volatile organic compounds (VOC)

Sulfur dioxide (SO) Particular matter (PM)

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The 2 major sources of

emission?

Carbon monoxide (CO)

Nitrogen oxide (NOx)

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How YOUR car

contributes to emission? On-road vehicles are major contributor of

nitrogen oxide, it accounts for 31% of

total national emissions. On-road vehicles are major contributorsto carbon monoxide emissions,representing 57% of total national CO

emission.

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What are the effects of

CO (carbon monoxide) Carbon monoxide (CO), enters the bloodstream

and reduces the delivery of oxygen to the bodysorgan and tissues.

Exposure to elevated levels of CO is associatedwith: chest pain vision problems damage to nerves Learning ability

Prolong exposure can lead to death

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Carbon monoxide, CO

C + O2 CO

CO is minimized by control of thecombustion process (air/fuel ratio,

residence time, temperature orturbulence).

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NITROGEN OXIDE AND

NITROGEN DIOXIDE Both are produced when fuel (gas,

kerosene) is burned, especially in powerplants and motor vehicles. These oxideshelp ozone formation, and are a healthproblem themselves too.

This gas changes in the atmosphere toform acidic particles and liquid nitric acid,

and a reddish-brown layer can be seenover urban areas where it forms.

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Combustion controls: Modification of combustion

configuration: Reburning Staged Combustion (air/fuel)

Post combustion controls: Injection of reduction agents in flue gas.

Post-combustion denitrificationprocesses.

NOx Reduction