Air pollution and smog

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AIR POLLUTION AND SMOG By- Ashutosh Gupta (101030026)

Transcript of Air pollution and smog

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AIR POLLUTION AND SMOG

By-

Ashutosh Gupta (101030026)

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What is Air Pollution

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Dust Storm

Forest Fire

Volcanic eruptions

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Pollutants

1. Carbon monoxide :-

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2. Sulphur Dioxide :-

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3. Nitrogen Dioxide :-

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4. Particulate Matter (PM)

Figure 1. The size of

various particles in

comparison to the

width of a human hair.

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Alveolar sac

(sectioned)

Alveoli

Bronchioles

Alveolar duct

Goblet cell

(secreting

mucus)

Mucus

Epithelial cell

Cilia

Major components of respiratory system

Stage 1 (5-9)

Stage 3 (4-5)

Stage 2 (5-6)

(Diameter in mm)

Stage 4 (2-3)

Stage 5 (1-2) Stage 6 (0.5-1)

PM and Their Targets

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Type Size (aerodyanmic diameter mm )

TSP (Total suspended

particles)

Between 20-50 micrometers

PM10 less than 10 micrometers

• may reach the upper part of the airways and lung.

PM2.5 2.5 micrometers and smaller

• regarded as more dangerous because they penetrate

more deeply into the lungs and may reach the

alveolar region

Ultrafines Particles with aerodynamic diameters 0.1 micrometers

and smaller

Particulate Matter (PM) Standards in Asia

Table 1. Categories of PM according to size

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5. Ground Level Ozone :-

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These five

together form…..

SMOG

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a familiar and serious problem in London from the 19th century

to the mid 20th century during the industrial revolution

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Sulphurous Smog Industrial Smog (London)

Created when fossil fuels are burned in power plants and home furnaces.

contains soot particulates from smoke, sulfur dioxide and other components.

Gray colored

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Photochemical Smog Derived from

◦ Vehicular emission

◦ internal combustion engines

◦ industrial fumes

that react in the atmosphere with

sunlight to form photochemical

smog.

A common sight in Los

Angles , USA

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Cause Of Smog

Nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds—that combine with sunlight to form ozone.

Major smog occurrences often are linked to heavy motor vehicle traffic, high temperatures, sunshine, and calm winds.

Weather and geography affect the location and severity of smog, as temperature regulates the length of time it takes for smog to form

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Cause Of Smog(continued) Ozone levels :-

Photochemical (summer smog) forms when pollutants such as nitrogen oxides and organic compounds react together in the presence of sunlight. A gas called ozone is formed.

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Cause Of Smog(continued)

When temperature inversions occur (that is, when warm air stays near the ground instead of rising) and the wind is calm, smog may remain trapped over a city for days.

Ironically, smog is often more severe farther away from the sources of pollution, because the chemical reactions that cause smog take place in the atmosphere.

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Smog and Temperature Inversion

Smog is ,when the warm air

mass moving over an area is

capped , due to the warmer air

layer sitting over a city and

prevents the normal mixing of

cooler, denser air. The air

instead becomes still and over

time the lack of mixing causes

pollutants to become trapped

under the inversion, developing

significant amounts of smog.

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Historic Tragedy due to Smog

In December 1952, for example,

such an inversion occurred in

London. Because of the cold

December weather at the time,

Londoners began to burn more coal,

which increased air pollution in the

city. Since the inversion was present

over the city at the same time, these

pollutants became trapped and

increased London’s air pollution. The

result was the Great Smog of

1952 that was blamed for thousands

of deaths.

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Effects Of Smog

Compromise human health, harm the environment,

and even cause property damage.

Cause health problems such as asthma, emphysema,

chronic bronchitis etc.

Eye irritation

Reduced resistance to colds and lung infections.

The ozone in smog also inhibits plant growth and can

cause widespread damage to crops and forests.

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Risk From Smog

Anyone who engages in strenuous outdoor activity—

from jogging to manual labor—may suffer smog-related

health effects. Physical activity causes people to breathe

faster and more deeply, exposing their lungs to more

ozone and other pollutants.

Four groups of people are particularly sensitive to

ozone and other air pollutants in smog:

1. Children

2. Adults who are active outdoors

3. People with respiratory diseases

4. People with unusual susceptibility to ozone

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1. Children :-

◦ Active children spend a lot of time playing

outside.

◦ children are also more prone to asthma—

the most common chronic disease for

children—and other respiratory ailments

than adults.

2. Adults who are active outdoors :-

◦ Healthy adults exercise or work outdoors as

they have a higher level of exposure

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3. People with respiratory diseases :-

◦ No medical evidence that the ozone in smog causes

asthma or other chronic respiratory diseases, but

◦ people who live with asthma or such diseases are

more sensitive and vulnerable to the effects of ozone.

◦ they will experience adverse effects sooner and at

lower levels of exposure than those who are less

sensitive.

4. Elderly people are often warned to stay indoors on

heavy smog days. According to the most recent medical

evidence, elderly people are not at increased risk of

adverse health effects from smog.

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How Do We Recognize/Detect It?

Smog is a visible example of air pollution.

In addition, most cities measure the concentrations of

pollutants in the air and report the results to the public.

Standardized measures have been established, like Air

Quality Index, which compares pollution levels from city to

city.

Air Quality Air Quality Index

(yardstick) Protect Your Health

Good 0-50 No health impacts are expected when air quality is in this range.

Moderate 51-100 Unusually sensitive people should consider limiting prolonged

outdoor exertion.

Unhealthy for

Sensitive Groups

101-150 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease,

asthma, limited prolonged outdoor exertion.

Unhealthy 151-200 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease,

such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion,

everyone else, especially children should limit prolonged outdoor

excretion.

Very Unhealthy

(Alert)

201-300 Active children and adults, and people with respiratory disease,

such as asthma, should limit prolonged outdoor exertion

everyone else, especially children, should limit outdoor exertion.

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So, What can YOU do?

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