The impact of the thermal power industries from the Beijing-

Tianjin-Hebei regions on Beijing haze studied by the two-way

coupled WRF-CMAQ model (Preliminary results)

Shaocai Yu1, Qingyu Zhang1, Renchang Yan1, Pengfei Li1, Bixin Chen1, Yanqun Li1, Weiping Liu1, David Wong2, Kiran Alapaty2, Jon Pleim2 and Rohit Mathur2

1 Research Center for Air Pollution and Health, College of Environmental and Natural Resources, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China.

2Atmospheric Modeling and Analysis Division, NERL, U.S. EPA, RTP, NC 27711, USA

Air pollution and heavy haze have become China’s biggest environmental problem

Introduction (Motivation)

Number of haze days in 2013 are the biggest since 1960

2012

Beijing

Shanghai

WenzhouFuzhou

NanjingChongqing

Xian

Nanchang Guangzhou

Taiyuan Tianjin

Chengdu

Hazy days in 2012:103-225 day

Air pollution and heavy haze have become China’s biggest environmental problem

Introduction (Motivation)

AQI on 10/24/2014, 8:00, major pollutant is PM2.5

Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) regions

Superior (green), good (yellow), slight （ Orange), moderate (red), severe (purple), serious (maroon)

Objectives

Study the impact of the thermal power industries from the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions on Beijing haze formation by the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model.

Evaluations of model performance on PM2.5, PM10, O3, SO2, NO2, CO, AQI and aerosol optical depth (AOD) by comparing with surface and satellite observation over the eastern China.

Model Description (Configuration)

WRF, CMAQ models

Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model Most popular meteorological model (V3.4)

U.S. EPA CMAQ: (public release)most popular air quality CTM model (V5.0)

Aerosol indirect effects on grid-scale clouds have been implemented in the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ model:

“Aerosol indirect effect on the grid-scale clouds in the two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ: model description, development, evaluation and regional analysis” by Yu et al., (2014)

Meteorological ModelWRF modeling System:

x=36, 12 km, 4km29 layersLand-Surface: PX LSMPBL: ACM2Cloud Physics: MorrisonCumulus: Kain-Fritsch, not for 4kmShortwave: RRTMg, or CAMLongwave: RRTMg, or CAM

Coupler

Chemical Transport ModelCMAQ Modeling System:

Photochemistry: CB05 59 organic and inorganic species, 156 chemical reactions

Aerosol module: AE6 3 lognormal modes, organic and inorganicEmission: SMOKE In-line emission for biogenic species

AQPREPPrepares virtual CMAQ compatible input met. files

CMAQ-mixactivate:cloud drop, ice number conc.

Direct forcing:Aerosol size, composition, conc.

Two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ modeling System (Interaction and feedback) (Yu et al., 2014)

Model Description (Configuration)

Model Description (Configuration)China WRF-CMAQ simulations and emissions

WPS runs: NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis

Surface analysis nudging: NCEP ADP Operational Global Surface Obs

Emissions over the eastern Asia: Anthropogenic: Emissions Database for Global

Atmospheric Research (EDGAR): HTAP V2 (0.10*0.10)Biogenic VOC: GEIA (Global Emission Inventory Activity)

Observations

National Surface Observation network PM2.5, PM10, SO2, CO, NO2, O3

Satellite observations

CERES data: • COD, cloud fraction, cloud and ice effective radius

MODIS, MISR, CALIOP data:

• AOD, LWC, cloud effective radius, COD, ice particle size

Model domain

36 km domain over eastern Asia

Simulation period: 2013

12 km domain over eastern China

4 km domain over BTH region

Results (Preliminary)PMfine, CO and SO2, and NO2missions over the domain

PMfine

NO2

CO

SO2

Results (Preliminary)Model simulation results over the domain (1/2/2013)

NOx

PM2.5

CO

SO2

Results (Preliminary)Observations of PM2.5 in Beijing

Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014

PM2.5 observations at 10 sites in Beijing: 1/20/2013-5/27/2014

0100200300400500600700800

PM

2.5 (g

m-3

)

0

200

400

600

800

1000

PM

10 (

g m

-3)

0

50

100

150

200

250

SO

2 (g

m-3

)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

CO

(m

g m

-3)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

NO

2 (g

m-3

)

0

20

40

60

80

100

Feb/8 Feb/12 Feb/16 Feb/20 Feb/24 Feb/28

O3 (g

m-3

)

Time (local time, 2014)

Results (Preliminary)Observations of PM2.5 in Beijing

Study period: 2/8-2/27/2014

Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014

PM2.5

PM10

SO2

CO

NO2

O3

Results (Preliminary)Impact of local and transport sources on the haze formation in Beijing

The results of PM2.5 in Beijing (Preliminary)

Air mass back trajectory cluster analysisClean (PM2.5<75 g m-3)

Haze (PM2.5:75-200 g m-3)

Heavy Haze (PM2.5>200 g m-3)

Five clusters: S (South), E (East), W-NW (West-NouthWest), NW (NorthWest) and N (North).

Study period: 2/8-2/27/2014Weekly heavy haze: 2/20-2/27/2014

All Data

The results of PM2.5 in Beijing (HYSPLIT)

Air mass back trajectory cluster analysis

Percent (%)

Mean_PM2.5

(μg m−3)P_Percent

(%)WS

(m s-1) 

All dataN 16.1 15.93 0.1 8.7

N-NW 7.0 64.16 2.9 4.2NW 3.6 18.33 0.1 15.4E 30.1 170.91 36.7 1.3S 42.5 268.4 60.2 2

CleanPM2.5<75 g m-3

N 74.2 15.26 1 9.1N-NW 7.5 54.32 1 5.6NW 18.3 18.33 1 15.4

HazePM2.5:75-200 g m-3

N 4.3 22.55 0 4N-NW 16.4 66.77 9.0 3.8

E 43.5 95.31 41.9 1.3S 35.8 142.57 49.1 2.5

 Heavy Haze PM2.5>200g m-3

E 34.4 318.56 34.4 1.3S 65.6 291.81 65.6 1.8

The results of PM2.5 in Beijing: PSCF and CWT analyses

PSCF CWT

CleanPM2.5<75 g m-3

HazePM2.5:75-200 g m-3

 Heavy Haze PM2.5>200g m-3

Contacts:

Brian K. Eder

email: eder@hpcc.epa.gov

www.arl.noaa.gov/

www.epa.gov/asmdnerl

Conclusions (Preliminary) Two-way coupled WRF-CMAQ has been set up to simulate

air pollution over the eastern Asia for some days but has some problems with “NaN”

Based on the trajectory cluster, PSCF and CWT analysis for weekly haze (2/20-2/27/2014) at BeijingFive clusters: S, E, W-NW, NW, and N Heavy haze from SW province (such as Handan, Baoding

etc., Hebei)Haze from S and SW provinces (such as Heze, Liaocheng

etc., Shandong, Baoding etc., Hebei)Clean air from NW and N with very fast air massesTherefor, need control emissions in Hebei and Shandong

We will continue model test and use the model to explain the sources and formation of haze in BTH region in the future

Hope to finish the China simulations for 2013 soon