Air pollution
description
Transcript of Air pollution
Air pollution
Air Pollution
The challenges of air pollution legislation
• Challenges of Risk Assessment
• Economic consequences of over-regulation
• Geographic Variation• Fairness and the
Precautionary Principle
Modeling of Air Pollution
Emission
Transport
Deposition
ChemicalChanges
Major Air Pollutants
• Particulates• Nitrogen Oxides• Sulfur Oxides• Carbon Oxides• Hydrocarbons• Ozone
– Stratospheric– troposheric
• Lead (included with particulates in the text)• Air Toxics (hazardous air pollutants)
• Primary and Secondary Pollutants
• Mobile and Stationary Sources
• Smog• Photochemical Smog
Air Pollutant Sources (CA)
• Respiratory Disease– Emphysema– Bronchitis– Asthma
• Lung Cancer• Toxic Responses
– Mental impairment and Death– CO – reduction in blood’s ability to transport oxygen– Neurotoxic responses and effects on development
• Teratogenic and Mutagenic Effects– (less common for airborne pollutants)
Effects of Air PollutionHazard Identification and Dose Response
Effects of Air PollutionHazard Identification and Dose Response
• Loss of plant productivity• Damage to wildlife
populations• Corrode metals and
concrete
Issues associated with Exposure Assessmentfor outdoor air pollution
Exposure Assessment
Hazard CharacterizationEstablishment of standards
• Chronic vs. acute exposures• Sensitivity of the receptor• Precautionary principle?• Go through Risk Assessment
– Effects on human health– Effects on the ecosystem– Effects on buildings and
structures– Calculation of dosage– Inversions/Climatic
Effects
Establishment of Limits
• Maintain or improve conditions?• Who bears the burden?• Economic consequences of over-protection vs. the environmental
and health risks associated with the pollutants:
Technology to Control Air Pollution
• Stationary sources– Scrubbers…– Reduce pollution in material being burned– Higher stacks (greater dilution)– Hotter temperatures (more rapid dispersal)
• Mobile Sources– Catalytic converters– Cleaner fuels– Inspections
Legislation to Control Air Pollution
• Clean Air Act (1963, 1970, 1990)
• Common Pollutants– Criteria Pollutants
• Mobile Sources• Acid Rain• Toxic Air Pollution• Stratospheric Ozone
• Mobile Sources– Cleaner Cars– Catalytic converters– Lead and other toxins– Reformulated Gasoline– Low Sulfur Fuels– Alternative Fuels– Cleaner Trucks and Buses– Transportation Policies– Inspection and Maintenance Programs
Stationary Sources
Ozone Depletion
http://www.bom.gov.au/lam/Students_Teachers/ozanim/ozoanim.shtml
Acid Precipitation
Global Distillation Effect
Indoor Air Pollution