Tim EdwardsAir Force Research Laboratory

Propulsion Directorate

MACCCR Fuels Research Review, September 9, 2008

88ABW-2008-0011

Air Force Future Fuel Utilization

2

AF Alternative Fuel Program

• Near-term goal: 50/50 F-T (SPK)/JP-8 blend certified in all AF vehicles by 2011 (POC: ASC Alternative Fuel Certification Office(AFCO))

– Coordinating w/ Commercial Aviation Alt. Fuel Initiative (CAAFI)– Revisions to Jet A (ASTM D1655) and JP-8 (MIL-DTL 83133F)– Goal: “drop-in” replacement for current fuels

• SPK characteristics

0.7

0.75

0.8

0.85

0.9

1.95 2 2.05 2.1 2.15 2.2 2.25 2.3

World Survey U.S. JP-8/Jet A (-35 to 70 C)Shell/JP-8 50/50 blend (1 to 35 C)S-8/JP-8 50/50 blend (1 to 35 C)Sasol IPK/Jet A-1 50/50 blend World Survey (-35 to 70 C)Sasol fully synthetic World Survey (-35 to 70 C)JP-4 CRC Handbook average values (-40 to 80 C)JP-5 CRC Handbook average values (-40 to 80 C)

Den

sity

/Spe

cific

Gra

vity

Dielectric constant

Jet (avg) SPKDensity 0.81 0.75Aromatics, % 17 0Cetane (IQT) 45 60Sulfur, ppm ~500 ~0ΔHc, BTU/lb 18600 18900

3

SpecificationPropertiesFail

Fit ForPurpose

Properties(FFP)

Comp/RigTesting

FurtherEvaluation?

EngineTesting

Fail

Fail

Fail Pass

Pass

Pass

Pass

No

Start

Yes

Yes

No

No

Fuel Evaluation(ASTM Guidance)

FurtherEvaluation?

FurtherEvaluation?

Report

Yes

ASTM Turbine Engine Fuel Approval Process

Equipment Evaluation/Approval

FAAReview

OEMSpec/SB

Approved

OEMInternalReview

Reject

Report

Fail

Add’l DataAs Required

Pass

Fuel Specification Approval

(ASTM Process)

ASTMSpecification

Accept

ASTMReview& Ballot

Re-EvalAs Required

Reject

ATA/IATA Meeting Federal AviationAdministrationAug 19, 2008

Mark Rumizen, ANE-110

4

Property “Experience Base”

JP-8 Spec Limits(0.775-0.839)

Synt

role

um 5

0/50

Ble

nd(0

.786

)

Shel

l 50/

50 B

lend

(0.7

77)

Synt

role

um 1

00%

FT

(0.7

55)

Shel

l 100

% F

T(0

.737

)

Composition?

55 10 15 20 25 30

5303 Jet A

5304 Jet A

5305 Jet A

5308 Jet A

5309 Jet AC7

C11

C16

Composition?

65 10 15 20 25 30

5314 Jet A

5317 Jet A

5321 Jet A

5322 Jet A

5327 Jet AC7

C11

C16

7

Overall Jet Fuel Composition

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0 8 16 24 32 40 48 56 64 72 80

paraffinscycloparaffins

Range

mean=58.78median=59.6std dev=7.66

mean=10.89median=9.3std dev=4.77

~Jet fuel: 20% n-paraffins, 40% iso-paraffins, 20% naphthenes (cycloparaffins), 20% aromatics

AIAA 2006-7972

8

Alternative Fuel Composition

Cliff Moses, SwRI, June 2008 ASTM, Warsaw Poland

Cetane ~ 60

Cetane ~ 60Cetane ~ 35?

9

Lean Blowout Characteristics

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0 100 200 300 400 500Reference velocity , ft/s

Fuel

/ ai

r rat

io

LBO, JP-8 (Ign range)LBO, JP-8 (Idle range)LBO, FT (Ign range)LBO,FT (Idle range)

Ignition Characteristics

0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0.012

0.014

0 20 40 60 80 100Reference velocity, ft/s

Fuel

/ ai

r rat

io

Ign, JP-8 (Ign range)Ign, FT (Ign range)

R-R LibertyWorks, Jan 2008

• AE3007 full annular combustor• JP-8 and 100% F-T (S-8)

• No significant performance differences

Combustion Results (1)

10

Combustion Results (2)

• CFM 56 engine combustor• Jet A-1 and 100% F-T (S-8), blend

• No significant performance differences

GEAE, Aug 2008

LBOLight-off delay

50/50 Blend Results

• No difference (except soot) seen in B-52, C- 17, B-1, F-15, F-22, …

• So, further combustion research unnecessary, right? ....

11

• Well, ….NO. Specifying 50/50 SPK and moving beyond has identified a number of deficiencies in understanding:– Maximum flash point (vs density, viscosity)– Cetane requirement– Minimum aromatics

• On to biokerosene! (?)

12

All Alternative Fuels the Same?C

once

ntra

tion

5 10 15 20 25 300

Time-->

C11C12

C13

C14

C15

C16

C17C18

C10

C9

C8

C7

C19

JP-8Fuel X (-55 C f.p.)

Fuel Y (-44 C f.p.)

C11

C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

C10C9C8C7 C19

C11

C12 C13 C14 C15 C16 C17 C18

C10C9C8C7 C19

Fuel Z (74 C flash, -78 C f.p.)

S-8

controlled by flash controlled by freeze

Fuel W (-55 C f.p.)

13

F/T swell lubricity issues solved

Synthetic biology jet fuels developed

Advanced aviation fuel dev

Bio-jet tests done

Boeing/ Virgin 747 Test

High energy deoxygenated bio-jet fuel from algae

Generic mat.

Compat list

F-T and biojet blend tests done

Bio-jet fuel approved

2nd gen bio-jet Labteste d

Category 2010 2015 20302007 20502005

CAAFI Aviation Alternate Fuels Roadmap (Level 2 / Scenario 1 - Long Term)

B-52 syn-fuel flight test

1st genbio- jet Lab ested

AlternativeFuel Products

Economics& Business

Certification

Environmental

R&D

DOE Step Gain in CO2 Sequestration Efficiency

70% USAF Domestic CTL Sourcing (2025)

Future Aircraft for Advanced Fuel

Spec for 50% SASOL Blend

ASTM Lists 100% FT Generic

Advanced Aviation Fuel Spec

AF Approval of F/T Fuels

AF Alt-Fuel Approval Process developed

Spec for 100% SASOL

Low emissionsBio-fuel certified

F-T Fuel Carbon Sequester

CTL & Bio-fuel EmissionsTest

ASTM Bio Fuel Spec

50/50 Generic FT Blend Listed in ASTM

Status as of April, 2008

B-52 emissions

Scoping study HBR TF

emissions

New bio- fuel impacts

Adv bio fuel emissions

Operational assessmen t

Impactsassessmen t

Benefits assessmen tGE/cruise ships

burn biofuel in turbines

Jet fuel spec revis

50% USAFSyn fuel use

CTL Economics –Scully Financial

ACRP Handbook complete

Coal to

liquids

Tar SandsOnline

BiofuelTested, CFM

C17 test

Qatar GTLProduction

SASOL Jet Fuel

Syntroleum Jet fuel in B- 52

Nigeria GTLChina CTL

Shell Bintulu GTL

Cellulose ethanol for ground use

Ocean Bio-fuel Factories

Bio-butanol for ground use

Future EnergySource

US CTL BiomassCo-fired

Start of Hydrogen Economy

US CTLProductio n

Boeing/ VirginBiojet Demo

Bio-jet fuel

approve d

Boeing/ Air New Zealand Demo

C17 FT Fuel Test

Either Industrial SolarEnergy or Resurgence in

Nuclear PowerAirbu s GTL Demo

14

Category 20072006

(Level 3 / Scenario 1, R&D Near Term Only)Aviation Alternate Fuels Roadmap

DoD

Engine Companies

Boeing

Other Airframers

FAA/NASA

Others

Lab Test Of TecBio Biofuel

B-52 demo 2- engines F/T blend

Lab Test - Purdue & TBD Biofuels

Combustor test of FT&bio-fuel blends (NASA)

Breakpoint test of bio- fuel blend (NASA)

Supply bio-fuel blends to NASA & SwRI

6/06

1st generation Bio-fuel blend matrix performance tests (SwRI)

Supply 2 bbl biojet to NASA

Bio-kerosene from Algae & palm oil created

Lab test of Algae & palm oil bio-fuel2 Bio-fuel Sustainability

ReportsBiofuel materials test

Algae & palm oil sustainability & cost report

Test for lubricity and seal swell for Bio-jet / synthetic blend

B-52 demo All engines F/T blend

Bio-jet tests T63

Engine

N Dakota Biojet studies

Research Combustor

Combustor operability and relight tests F/T Expand material

compatibility FT toxicology assessment

Check that other companies agree with materials test protocol

Hi PR test data (incl. emiss.)Bio Fuel &FT

combustion kinetics

100% F-T SASOL Fuel approved

Compare 3 F-T fuels

Tests to support F- T approval process

FT seal swell etc.

DARPA biofuels 1/07 – 6/08

SAE conf. 9/07

Engineering OEM protocol

Bio-thermal stability test defined

Bio- fuel therm stabilit y in Hx

Atmomiser cold flow on biojet

Fuel tank foam tests

Define mat. compatibility

Emissions goals

APU testing on biojet

Design studies for other than “drop in”

APU cold start on biofuel

Deoxy studies of biojet

Combustor design for reduced toxics with oxygenated fuels

Densit y of FT study

DARPA biojet samples to AFRL

Analysis of DARPA biojet fuels

Utilization/design range of comm. Aircraft.

Quantify deposits on

ellipseometer

Combust or Blend data

Cruise Range impact of F-T fuel , Air Canada

Status as of November 08, 2007

Boeing/ Virgin 747 Test

20092008

FT evaluation in diesel engine

FT APU evaluation

FT evaluation with AC fire protection

Materials compatibility test matrix between airframers Embraer Biojet

demo

Alt.Fuel Ground test performance + Emissions (NASA)

UHBypass engine test FT Fuels (NASA/PW)

CTL feasibility study, Indiana PSU, coal

derived JP900, check status

Swift develop. Syn+ renewable Jetfuel as chem. blend

Swift compl. D1655 Labtesting

Indiana compl. Agreement with CTL company

CFD FT-JP8 blends, TVC Combustor

Combustor test of Syn&Bio fuel belnds (HPR Emissions (NASA)

FT fuel Engine test (NASA/USA F/PW)

Biofuel+JP8blends, TVC or other Combust.Sector, Perform+Env (NASA/ AFRL/WPAFB)

ISAH conf. 10/07

Sxnfuel+JP8blends, TVC or other Combust.Sector, Perform+Env (NASA/ AFRL/WPAFB)

- AAA -

- AAA -

15

Triglycerides (fats, oils)

Production of “Bio” Jet Fuel

Typical jet fuel molecule

Cellulose

pyrolysis/hydroprocessing

CO + H2 “BTL”

“first generation”“second generation”

Lignin gasification(or co-gasification with coal)

“HXO”“HFO”“HAL”

C18:0

C16:1

Sugars“direct fermentation”

16

Jet Fuel vs Biodiesel

Key jet fuel requirement: -47 C freeze point

17

Ongoing “Biojet” Programs

• DARPA – 3 contract awards in 2007– General Electric (GE)– Universal Oil Products– University of North Dakota’s EERC

• Syntroleum/Tyson/Conoco - “waste animal fat”• Boeing/Virgin fuels flight demo in 2008• AFRL analyzing other submitted samples• Key issues are production potential (“gallons/acre”), cost, and

environmental impact

…the emission factor for [jet] fuel produced from biomass will be zero.

EU working document on aviation emissions trading*

*COMMISSION STAFF WORKING DOCUMENT, Accompanying document to the Proposal for a DIRECTIVE OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL amending Directive 2003/87/EC so as to include aviation activities in the scheme for greenhouse gas emission allowance trading within the Community

The Payoff

18

ATA/IATA Meeting19Federal Aviation

AdministrationAugust 19, 2008Mark Rumizen, ANE-110

FAA

ATA

AIA ACI

Timeline Summary

July Aug

FT ASTM Research Rpt Issued

Draft FT ASTM Research Rpt

FT ASTM Research Rpt OEM App’l

FT ASTM Research Rpt ASTM Ballot

FT Fuel Spec ASTM Ballot

ASTM Approval of Spec and Research Rpt

Sept Oct Nov Dec

HRJ Task Force

2008 2009 2010 20122011 2013

DXXXX Spec Wrkg Grp HRJ ASTM Research Rpt Issued

DARPA Fuel Samples at WPAFB DXXXX Spec Ballot

HRJ xx% Blend ASTM App’l HRJ ASTM App’l

Longer-Term Strategy

Near-Term Strategy

2008

Evolving Combustion Program

• Biofuel/synfuel combustion program similar to early 80s program “Fuel Effects on Combustion”

• Referee fuels developed for team use• Data developed from basic research to full-

scale combustor/engine data• Product: “Rules and Tools” for fuel

properties/composition effects on combustion

20

21

Summary

• Air Force alternative fuel program has high-level backing and momentum– Near-term goal – certification of all AF systems on 50/50

JP-8/F-T blend by “early 2011”.– Examining biofuels as possible next target

• Key issues• Consistency of jet fuels between manufacturers,

processes and feedstocks– How to ensure consistent product in specification?– What are the limits of the fuel composition – property

trade space?• Environmental Performance• Economic Viability